The Antioxidant Activity Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of Banana

Peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) with DPPH Method

Novia Ariani

, Laela Hayu Nurani

Akademi Farmasi ISFI Banjarmasin, Jl. Flamboyan III No. 7B Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soepomo, S.H. Janturan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Banana peel, Flavonoid, Antioxidant, DPPH, IC

Abstract: Oxidative stress is one of the triggers of various degenerative diseases and metabolic syndrome. Antioxidants are

compounds that exhibit the activities of neutralizing and scavenging radical molecules, which induce the process

of oxidative reactions in the body. One of the many antioxidant compounds found in plants is avonoids. Banana

peels are known to contain avonoid compounds. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of the

ethanolic extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica). The ethanolic extract of banana peel (Musa

paradisiaca forma typica) was prepared using maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The product was

concentrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator and water bath. The antioxidant activity test was performed with the

DPPH method using various concentrations of extract, namely 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm. This research found that the

ethanolic extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) had an IC

value of 4.4 ppm. The ethanolic

extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) has a very strong antioxidant activity.

Banana plants are fruit-producing plants widely

available in Indonesia, and one of them is the Kepok

banana (Musa paradisiaca forma typica). Regarding

plantation area and commodity production in Indonesia,

bananas occupy the rst place among the other types of

fruits. Nevertheless, their utilization in the community is

so far limited to the fruits alone. They can be consumed

either directly or indirectly after being processed rst

into snack foods, but either way, the banana peel is

disposed of as a waste product without adequate options

of optimum application (Khorudin, 2016).

Chemical compounds, existing with different

properties in many plants, are spread throughout

the plant’s organs. Banana peel contains avonoid

compounds whose properties include the potential for

antioxidants (Atun et al., 2007). It also contains many

carbohydrates, minerals such as potassium and sodium,

and cellulose. Based on a phytochemical analysis of

banana peel extract, Salau and Ajani (2012) afrm that

banana peels contain secondary metabolites, such as

saponins, tannins, alkaloids, avonoids, phlobatannins,

anthraquinones, and quinones, that have antibacterial

activity (Fadhilah et al., 2014).

Flavonoids are active compounds that can have

benecial properties, for instance, they function as

antioxidants (Sjahid, 2008; Sousa et al., 2004) and

exhibit anti-dermatosis (Rajendra et al., 2004) chemo-

preventive, anticancer (Galati and O’Brien, 2004),

antiviral (Wei et al., 2004), antibacterial and anti-

inammatory activities (Sjahid, 2008). Horry and Jay in

Harborne (1993) isolate and identify several avonoid

compounds from the banana peel of M. acuminata

species. These compounds are cyanidin, delphinidin,

petunidin, and malvidin-3-ramnosil-1,6-glucoside.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant

activity of the ethanolic extract of banana peel (Musa

paradisiaca forma typica). Musa paradisiaca forma

typica is still considered one family with Musa

acumianta, which chemotaxonomically has similar

secondary metabolite compounds.

2.1 Materials

The tools and materials used in the research were a

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientic

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

INTRODUCTION

Ariani, N. and Nurani, L.

The Antioxidant Activity Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) with DPPH Method.

DOI: 10.5220/0008239100440047

In Proceedings of the 1st Muhammadiyah International Conference on Health and Pharmaceutical Development (MICH-PhD 2018), pages 44-47

ISBN: 978-989-758-349-0

DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and Kepok

banana (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) from Jaro

Village, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan.

2.2 Methods

The ethanolic extract of Kepok banana (Musa

paradisiaca forma typica) was obtained from

extraction by maceration method. The antioxidant

activity testing was conducted by creating a stock

solution with a concentration of 1,000 ppm using 96%

ethanol as the solvent and then preparing a series of

solutions with different concentrations, namely 1 ppm,

2 ppm, 3 ppm, and 4 ppm. Each concentration was

added with the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)

solution, and its absorbance was measured with a UV-

Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 515 nm.

2.3 Data Analysis

The stages analysis of antioxidant activity of the

ethanolic extract of banana peel that is as follows:

2.3.1 The Calculation of Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant activity was expressed in percent (%)

and calculated with the formula (1).

Antioxidant Activity (%)

(Abs of control-Abs of sample )/

(Abs of control)

= x 100%

(1)

2.3.2 The Calculation of IC50 (Inhibitor

Concentration)

The IC

of the ethanolic extract of banana peel was

estimated with linear regression using the formula (2).

y = bx + a (2)

where:

y: % inhibition

x: % radical damping

a: sample’s concentration

b: % antioxidant activity

This research was conducted in several stages. The rst

stage determined the maximum wavelength, which

aimed to identify the maximum absorbance of DPPH.

The maximum wavelength represents maximum

sensitivity; and, therefore, it can produce the greatest

absorbance value (Kusumawardhani, Sulistyarti and

Veteran, 2015). The maximum wavelength obtained in

this stage was 517 nm (Figure 1). The second stage was

the measurement of the sample’s absorbance. It started

with measuring the absorbance of the control solution

(DPPH), followed by the absorbance of samples from

the lowest to the highest concentration. The results

showed that extracts with the highest concentration had

the lowest absorbance value and the greatest percentage

of antioxidant resistance. The results of the absorbance

measurements can be seen in Table 1.

The absorbance measurement results were

continued with the calculation of the antioxidant

activity (%) (Table 2). Then, the nal step was

classifying the resultant antioxidant activity based

on the IC

values. IC

is the concentration required

to reduce DPPH by 50%. In this research, it was

determined using a linear regression equation (Figure

2). A smaller IC

value would result in higher

antioxidant activity, meaning that the compound can

counter DPPH as a free radical effectively (Kristiana,

Ariviani and Khasanah, 2012). As proposed by

Figure 1: The maximum wavelength of DPPH.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Antioxidant Activity Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) with DPPH Method

Molyneux (2004), the antioxidant activity was

classied based on the IC

value (Table 3).

Based on the linear regression equation, the R

was 0.9606, and the IC

value was 4.44 ppm (Table

4). This IC

value indicates that the banana peel

extract exhibits excellent activity and ability to absorb

free radical from DPPH compound. Therefore, it can

be used as an additional therapy or prevention in

increasing the body’s antioxidants and, consequently,

the free-radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant

activity of banana peel extract was visible from the

color change in the DPPH solution. The original

DPPH solution was purple (violet), and this color

faded after its reactions with the extract solution. This

change occurred because of DPPH reduction, i.e.,

a process where the antioxidant compounds in the

extract donate protons or hydrogen to DPPH resulting

in the formation of new stable or non-reactive radicals

(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl).

The antioxidant activity originates from the

secondary metabolites contained in the banana peel

extract, namely alkaloids, avonoids, tannins, and

saponins (Ariani and Riski, 2018). Flavonoids are

strong antioxidants that can reduce free radicals

and produce avonoid compounds (Middleton,

Theoharides, and Kandaswami 2000).

Free radicals are highly reactive and harmful

substances that can damage the tissues of organs and

cause various diseases. Since antioxidants can inhibit

free radicals and increase endurance simultaneously,

their presence are crucial in countering the effects of

free radicals in the body (Winarsi, 2011).

This research also offers another benet, namely

the optimization of the use and utilization of Kepok

banana peel as antioxidants. Therefore, the most

favorable utilization of bananas can include not

only the fruit but also the peel to reduce waste

production.

Table 1: The absorbance values of the samples used in the

antioxidant activity testing.

No Samples Absorbance

1 DPPH 0.966

2 DPPH + Extract 1 ppm 0.735

3 DPPH + Extract 2 ppm 0.691

4 DPPH + Extract 3 ppm 0.614

5 DPPH + Extract 4 ppm 0.500

Table 2: The antioxidant activity (%) of the ethanolic extract

of banana peels.

No Samples % Antioxidant

Activity

1 DPPH + Extract 1 ppm 24.00

2 DPPH + Extract 2 ppm 28.50

3 DPPH + Extract 3 ppm 36.47

4 DPPH + Extract 4 ppm 48.29

Table 3: The classication of antioxidant activity based on

IC50 value (Molyneux, 2004).

Antioxidant Activity IC

Value

Very strong <50 ppm

Strong 50-100 ppm

Average 100-200 ppm

Weak >200 ppm

Figure 2: The XY graph showing the correlation between the sample’s concentrations and the percentage of antioxidant

activity.

MICH-PhD 2018 - 1st Muhammadiyah International Conference on Health and Pharmaceutical Development

The ethanolic extract of the raw banana peel (Musa

paradisiaca forma typica), originating from Jaro

Village, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan, has

very strong antioxidant activity with an IC

value of

4.44 ppm. This study proves that banana peel extract

can be used as an additional therapy or prevention

in increasing the body’s antioxidants, which play a

signicant role in free-radical scavenging.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank the Director of

Pharmacy Academy (Akademi Farmasi) of ISFI

Banjarmasin for the Lecturer Research Grant in

2017 and the permission to claim it as a Research

Institution.

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Table 4: The calculation of the IC50 of the Kepok banana peel extract.

Concentrations

(ppm)

% Antioxidant

Activity

Linear Regression

Equation

Classication

1 24.00

y = 8.0833x + 14.11

R² = 0.9606

4.44 ppm Very Strong

2 28.50

3 36.47

4 48.29

4 CONCLUSIONS

The Antioxidant Activity Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca forma typica) with DPPH Method