The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism
Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran
Herlina Agustin, Dadang Rahmat Hidayat and Rinda Aunillah Sirait
1
Faculty of Communication Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
Keywords: Coral Reefs, Sustainable Tourism, Education.
Abstract: Education is having an important role in developing sustainable tourism. Unfortunately, the regional
government of Pangandaran has no specific programs to establish in terms of the tourism development
through its human resources development. This research elaborates the absence of specific contents about
coral reefs conservation in Pangandaran tourism programs. Applying explanatory case study developed by
Robert K. Yin, the researcher uses 37 questionnaires for SMK Tunas Brilliant students, a review of
documentation on policies and publications obtained through documents from relevant agencies, relevant
stakeholders interview and internet searches as a guidance. The result shows the absence of coral reef
conservation materials in tourism vocational high school as a sustainable threat towards the tourism
development in Pangandaran.
1 INTRODUCTION
Various destructions towards nature life occur
massively and occasionally they emerge without
significant anticipating efforts both from
government and societies. One issue merely
neglected despite its capacity to prevent our nature
from destruction is education.
Education becomes a central issue due to its
capability of performing various efforts for the
preservation actions towards natural tourism
attraction. Furthermore, it is imperative to cover
relevant knowledge addressing issues of natural
destructions. In an ecotourism context, education is
one of integral parts of tourism, particularly in the
natural environment. It develops tourists’
interpretations and awareness to appreciate the areas
they are visiting.
Weiler and Davis (1993) note that interpretation
assists the visitors to appreciate the area they are
visiting. This includes an understanding and
awareness for the natural environment.
Interpretation has an aim to make the visit a richer
and more enjoyable experience’ (7, p.94). Luck
(2003) states environmental education and
interpretations become common components on
wildlife viewing tours. Hammit (1984) describes that
‘environmental education often involves a formal
approach to educating while environmental
interpretation is almost always informal. It is
sometimes said that “environmental education
involves students while environmental interpretation
involves visitors.”
It is now recognized that environmental
education takes place at formal education center,
such as tourism vocational high school,
diploma/undergraduate school majoring resort and
leisure management. Yani showed that curriculum in
school of resort and leisure management (RLM)
focused on tourist attractions, tourism activities and
community empowerment. However, he explained
no information on how environmental education was
involved in their curriculum. In the lower level, no
specific research relates to environmental education
in tourism vocational high school curriculum.
Pangandaran has been projected as one of the
leading tourist destinations of Indonesia since 2017,
growing as an opportunity in the development of
ecotourism based on coral reefs conservation. This
opportunity should be utilized by preparing relevant
infrastructure, tourism service standards and human
resources in order to support tourism activities in
Pangandaran. Unfortunately, among the three sectors
above, the development of human resources in
Pangandaran tourism seemingly is not a priority of
local government. Never has The Department of
Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Pangandaran
Regency conducted any socializations to the
regency’s tour guides about the guidance of coral
reef-based tourism conservation. It is found that
218
Agustin, H., Hidayat, D. and Sirait, R.
The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran.
In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (ANCOSH 2018) - Revitalization of Local Wisdom in Global and Competitive Era, pages 218-225
ISBN: 978-989-758-343-8
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

most of the tour guides accompanying tourists to
enjoy the coral reefs at Pangandaran beach have no
understanding about coral reef conservation. Their
tourists are allowed to step on the coral reef and take
photograph on it. Those activities, as example, lead
to the destruction and mortality of the coral reefs. In
the education sector, no local contents in the tourism
vocational high school curriculum are provided as
well as relevant materials on the development of
conservation-based coral reef eco-tourism services.
As one of the popular tourist destinations in
West Java, Pangandaran coastal area, visitors can
enjoy the beauty of the sea and the fish as well as
learn and have a recreation in the government
protected nature reserve. Given the enormous
potential of nature, Pangandaran is projected to
become one of the world's tourist destinations.
Beach atmosphere, adventure in the estuary, and the
beauty of coral reefs become the mainstay of tourist
attractions. Pangandaran has a nature reserve
previously designated as a 497-ha wildlife park area
and a 470- ha sea park. In the official site of tourism
and culture of West Java explains that the wildlife
sanctuary park changes its status into a nature
reserve since the discovery of very endangered
flower called Raflesia Padma (Rafflesia Arnoldii).
Administratively, the Marine Conservation Area
of Pangandaran Region covers 5 districts, namely
Pangandaran, Sidamulih, Parigi, Cijulang, and
Cimerak. The legal basis for the determination of
Regional Marine Conservation Area) Pangandaran is
Regulation of Ciamis Regent Number 15 Year
2008.The common tourist activities at Pangandaran
include swimming, boating, camping and surfing. As
the trend of snorkeling and diving grows, the rich
coral reef areas in Pangandaran are soon promoted
as well as offered to tourists. Based on the survey of
Natural Resources Conservation Agency West Java
Region in 1999, in the reserve park area have 38
species of reef fish with the index of species
diversity of 1,311 species, and neon damselfish
(Pomacentrus coelestis) is the most common. Some
fish are expensive ornamental ones such as Tiger
fish, Butterfly fish like Forcipiger longimanus,
Moorish idol (Zanclus cornutus), Copperband
butterfly fish (Chelmon rostratus), and Letter six
(Acanthurus hephatus).
(kkji.kp3k.kkp.go.id/index.php/basisdata-kawasan-
konservasi/details)
Pangandaran’s coral reefs are dominated by
massive corals with solid and hard ones. Underwater
observation has uncovered various coral species,
such as Goniastrea retiformis, G. favulus, G. aspera,
G. pectinata, Platygyra pini, P. lamellina,
Montastrea curta, M. annuligera, M. magnistellata,
Leptastrea transversa, Cyphastrea serailia, C.
Chaldium, Echinopora lamellose, E. gemmacea, E.
hirsutissima. The development of solid and hard
corals is caused by the water depth and hardness of
the Indian Ocean wave
(kkji.kp3k.kkp.go.id/index.php/basisdata-kawasan-
konservasi/details/1/80).
Coral reefs are complex, distinctive, and unique
ecosystems characterized by high diversity of
species of inhabitants. The relationship between the
biotic components and the abiotic components is
very close. Therefore, exploitation efforts of a biota
type may result in changes in other biota
populations.
The vulnerability of coral reefs to the damage is
a challenge in the development of coral-based
tourism in Pangandaran. One of the most
predominant causes of coral damage is the result of
human activities. The corals are extracted from the
wild for trafficking, consequently, the destruction of
coral reefs is inevitable.
In Pangandaran’s central trade area, coral reefs
are traded as souvenirs as well. Some traders claim
that the coral reefs they sell do not originate from
Pangandaran, but from Cilacap. The existence of
these coral reefs souvenirs shows the practice of
coral reefs destruction. The sale of coral reefs
emphasizes the businessmen’s instincts of the coral
reefs’ economy value despite their habitat
deprivation. This awareness is contrary to coral reef
conservation efforts undertaken by Natural
Resources Conservation Agency, Fisheries and
Marine Affairs Department. Pangandaran and local
communities. This condition creates a barrier in the
sustainability of coral reef tourism potential
development.
This article discusses the case study results on
the abandonment of materials for the management of
coral reef ecotourism potentials in the curriculum at
Vocational High School in Pangandaran. This study
emphasizes the findings of a survey of students'
understanding of coral reefs, in-depth interviews
with tourism business actors, information from
Natural Resources Conservation Agency West Java
Region staff as managers of Pangandaran ocean
national park and a review of documentation on
policies and publications obtained through
documents from relevant agencies and internet
searches.
2 METHODOLOGY AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
This research applies exploratory case study method
developed by Robert K. Yin, covering
questionnaires as a guidance. It is conducted when
the researcher feels that the preliminary data of the
The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran
219

study are considered dubious and requires certainty.
It is applied as well to respond the question why the
tour guides have no profound concerns in terms of
coral reef protections.
As a country with rich marine biodiversity,
Indonesia has a huge responsibility for coral reefs
conservation as well as their preservation. The
damage to the marine ecosystem itself is caused by
some factors, either nature or human actions. Some
significant factors addressing the deterioration of the
coral reefs quality into the vulnerable category cover
the destructive fishing, overfishing, coastal
pollution, physical unsustainable development and
according to the rules, sedimentation at the estuary
and global climate change.
Dahuri (1996) in the introduction of the book
called Terumbu Karang Yang Terancam di Asia
Tenggara (Coral Reefs Threatened in Southeast
Asia) by a marine researcher Laureta Burke and his
team:
"Coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to
environmental conditions that surround them either
physically or biologically. Due to a combination of
direct negative impacts on Indonesian coral reefs,
most of the coral reefs in the Indonesian territory are
now suffering severe damage. The pressure on coral
reefs is largely due to human activities."
Destructive activities are caused by humans,
among others, fishing with bombs, mining of corals
as raw materials for building by coastal communities
and so forth. According to the Status of Coral Reefs
of the World report: 2004 estimates that about 20%
of the world's coral reefs have been completely
destroyed and show no chance of recovering
anytime soon, 24% of the world's coral reefs fall into
the category of risk of destruction by human
pressures and 26% threatened in the long run
(Edward and Gomez, in Yusri et al, 2008).
Nevertheless, the rise of global climate change
symptoms has increased the coral reef damage,
rising sea water temperatures causing mass coral
bleaching and coral mortality. The threat of coral
reefs is inversely related to economic income gained
instantly by the people.
The mining of coral reefs as building materials,
for example, is a community activity as a continual
threat towards the sustainability and preservation of
reef fish resources (not applicable for offshore
fisheries and high seas). Obviously, it will surely
make marine resources a victim of subsequent
decline in resource function, in this case reefs corals
will gain negative impacts such as decreases in reef
fish stocks and reduced spawning and fish breeding
sites. The decline in fish stocks will then lead to a
scarcity of catches for coastal fishermen and this
will certainly also impact on their economies, even if
raised to a larger scale will impact the economy of a
country or region. As already well known, coral reef
is a fish house, which if the house is damaged then
the number of fish will be reduced with the loss of
their protective home, not to mention when viewed
from the side of world consumption of people who
like to consume seafood.
Viewed from the economic side, coral reefs
become one of the most valuable commodities,
however, the practice of marine economic activities
is often insensitive to natural conditions. In
Indonesia, for example, it is estimated that the net
profit earned by everyone from bomb fishing is US $
15,000 per km2, and vice versa the calculated loss to
society from this activity amounts to US $ 98,000 -
761,000 per km2. Hence, it can be said that the
losses suffered by the community due to this activity
is ten times compared with the value of profits when
viewed from the value of the numbers.
Here is the total amount of losses and benefits
gained either individually or individually-industry in
the form of a table.
Table 1: Total of net profit and loss can be calculated due
to various threats to coral reefs in Indonesia (current
value: 10% reduction, 25 years time).
Threatened
Total of net profit to
individual
Total net loss to the
public
Fish Poisoning
US$ 33.000 per km
2
US$ 43.000-476.000
per km
2
Fish Bombing
US$ 15.000 per km
2
US$ 98.000-761.000
per km
2
Coral mining
US$ 121.000 per km
2
US$ 176.000-
903.000 per km
2
Sedimentation
due to logging
US$ 98.000 per km
2
US$ 273.000 per
km
2
Over fishing
US$ 39.000 per km
2
US$ 109.000 per
km
2
Source: Cesar (2000), Collected Essays on the Economics
of Coral Reefs, CORDIO, Sweden, page 244
In addition to the economic potential of the
fishery sector, coral reefs provides the economic
potential of the tourism sector. The natural beauty
that was born from coral reefs and also the collection
of ecosystems attracts many people to come and
enjoy the panorama. This has impacts on the growth
of the economy from the side of natural tourism, the
surrounding community can use it as source of
income by building support locations for tourists
such as lodging, restaurants, or rental of diving
equipment. The table above illustrates the value of
net profit annually in every km2 of healthy coral
reefs in Southeast Asia, the economic value of which
is based on public benefits after deducting operating
costs.
ANCOSH 2018 - Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
220

The data only shows the amount of profit and
range of production made by the people of Indonesia
and the Philippines. In addition to these two
countries as a country with the largest number of
coral reefs in Southeast Asia region is also seen from
the potential value generated by the two countries.
When looking at the table on the potential benefits
through the tourism and recreation sector to be the
largest contributor to profits, it is then confirmed
clearly that the potential of coral reefs with good
conditions is very beneficial to many people,
especially those on the coast.
According to the West Java Regional
Environmental Control Agency in 2008, the
condition of coral reefs in this area has been
damaged, only 5 percent are healthy. In the data also
listed, that the condition of coral reefs in
Pangandaran has been damaged by 51.9 percent
(http://www.bplhdjabar.go.id/index.php/layanan/dokumen
/kegiatan/slhd/tahun-2008/32-bab-7-pesisir-dan-laut/file)
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tunas Brilliant Vocational School is one of 3
tourism vocational high schools in Pangandaran
Regency. It has the most students who are expected
to be able to meet the needs of Pangandaran tour
guide. This condition makes the Tunas Brilliant
Vocational School curriculum a barometer to
evaluate the extent to which efforts to prepare
human resources of Pangandaran tourism. In
particular, Tunas Brilliant Vocational School
educates students to become tour guides. Tour
guides need to know that coral reefs cannot be
trampled because it can break the tendrils, but the
knowledge of the student about this should be
evaluated. This is considered important because the
reef became one of the attractions sold to tourists. In
fact, the coral reef ecotourism in Pangandaran has
not been environmentally friendly.
Tunas Brilliant Vocational School is using
national vocational high school curriculum that is set
by Ministry of Education and Culture. There is no
particular material on coral reefs and protected
marine animals have been available to be involved
as well as to be presented in the educational
curriculum at Vocational School of Tourism. This
situation effected to students’ knowledge and
awareness.
The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran
221

Table 2: Subjects of vocational school/Islamic vocational school major of skill: tourism.
Subjects
Class and Semester
X
XI
XII
1
2
1
2
1
2
Group A (compulsory)
1
Religion and
ethics
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Pancasila and
Civic
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
Indonesian
language
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Mathematics
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
Indonesian
history
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
English
2
2
2
2
2
2
Group B (compulsory)
7
Art and Culture
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
Crafts and
Entrepreneurship
2
2
2
2
2
2
9
Physical, sport
and, health
education
3
3
3
3
3
3
Group C (specialization)
C1. Basic of Skill
10
Applied Natural
Science
2
2
2
2
11
Introduction to
Tourism
2
2
2
2
C2. Basic of Skill
Program
20
20
C3. Set of Skill
20
20
20
20
TOTAL
48
48
48
48
48
48
At the time of pretest, no one answered that the
coral reef is an important thing that is currently in
critical condition. In the coral reef questions section,
their answers can be seen in the following table:
Table 3: What do you know about coral reefs?
No
Answer
f
%
1
A unique and exciting ecosystem
21
56.7
2
Fish habitat
10
27
3
Do not answer
6
16.3
Total
37
100
The answer that coral reefs are a unique and
exciting ecosystem emerges after the training is
given. Previously, they were not attentive enough to
this material because of some difficulties in its
understanding. This answer actually is unexpected in
this training. Fish habitat is a better answer, because
it explains the function of coral reefs in the ocean.
Nevertheless, there are still 6 people who do not
answer anything.
The knowledge of students on the condition of
coral reefs in Pangandaran should be questioned.
Table 2 shows that respondents only guess the
answers to the questions about the coral reefs
situation. The condition of the coral reefs in
Pangandaran should be improved.
The corals growth is very slow. Especially with
the monument ship Viking placed on the East coast.
This ship covered the reef rejuvenation sites that had
been planted by Natural Resource Conservation
Agency West Java Region at Pangandaran Resort
and NGO Terangi. Coral reefs in this place
eventually died. Seven people who answered
conditions were not good said sometimes they heard
ANCOSH 2018 - Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
222

from tourists who said the reefs were not good
because they were not colorful. From the answers
above, shows that the coral reefs are not taken
seriously by students of Tunas Brilliant Vocational
School.
Table 4: How is the condition of coral reefs in
Pangandaran?
No
Answer
F
%
1
1
Good and
protected
19
51.3
1
2
Not good
7
18.9
3
3
Do not know
5
13.5
4
4
Do not
answer
6
16.3
The management of coral reefs in Pangandaran
is not adequate. The last coral reef planting was
done in 2008. The result of this planting, according
to the Head of Pangandaran Natural Resources
Conservation Agency, Pangandaran Resort, Yana
Heryana, showed satisfactory results, but the extent
area that need to be planted is still limited. The
Department of Marine and Fisheries of Pangandaran
Regency has not made coral reef planting as a
priority of their work program.
The knowledge of the students about the
management of coral reefs is still limited to the spot
where coral reef observations are commonly used as
tourist attractions. Only nine people said it was not
good management because they still often see dead
coral reefs on the east coast.
Table 5: How about coral reefs management in
Pangandaran today?
No
Answer
F
%
1
Fair enough
16
43.3
2
Not Good
9
24.3
3
Do not know
7
18.9
4
Do not answer
5
13.5
Total
37
100
To become prospective tourist business, the
students are required to begin designing educational
strategies to tourists as an effort to institute
sustainable tourism. The determination of this
strategy shows the extent to which knowledge and
awareness about sustainable tourism occur.
This condition becomes an indicator to evaluate
the extent to which the teaching and learning process
in school. Table 4 shows the students' desire to
involve the tourists involved in the conservation of
coral reefs. There are also answers to remind visitors
not to take and step on the coral reefs. This thinking
becomes the basic capital for vocational students
prospective in the process of awareness of coral reef
conservation.
Table 6: If you become tourist guide, how do you educate
tourists about coral reef protection?
No
Answers
F
%
1
Through
snorkelling and
diving
8
21.6
2
Invited tourist to
preserve coral reefs
5
13.5
3
Ask tourist to plant
coral reef
3
8.1
4
Ask them not to
step and buy coral
reef
3
8.1
5
Provide eco-
friendly dives
3
8.1
6
Do not know
7
18.9
7
Do not answer
8
21.6
Total
37
100
The high number of respondent’s responses with
the state of unknown or abstain above 40,5% seems
to be astounding, viewing that most of tour guide
candidates have no plans to be involved in the
protection work of coral reef. This condition
associates with average responses with the state of
unknown and abstain in cognitive questions (table
3,4 and 5) approximately 26,17%. The rise of the
responses above for table 5 reveals the state of the
students’ ignorance despite their knowledge of coral
reefs. This finding shows that the knowledge of
environment and nature barely improves the
students’ awareness.
A similar circumstance takes place in terms of
current Pangandaran’s tourism development efforts.
Abie, a professional tourist guide at Arnawa Hotel,
one of Pangandaran’s major hotels, explains that
since 2013, a term of Gundala (acronym of ‘gunung,
darat, laut’ translated to mountains, lands, and sea)
tourism package has been introduced. In
Pangandaran, marine tourism has not yet thoroughly
expanding, proven from the situation in which the
tourism spots are still prioritized to the tour of land
and mountains. According to Abie, this situation is
not due to the local tourism actors’ less
acknowledgment of coral reefs, however, it
emphasizes the present unpromising marine tourism
condition yet limited to specific tourist segments.
The Department of Marine and Fisheries
Pangandaran Regency has never conducted
socializations to the tour guide in Pangandaran
regency. Coral reef utilization activities at
Pangandaran Beach are mostly used as a tourist
The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran
223

attraction. In 2007, there was a community called
Komunitas Masyarakat Peduli Pangandaran
(Community of Concerned People of Pangandaran)
with their distinguished concern of coastal
conservation. They started to ask tourist to plant the
baby of coral reefs. Tourists were happy to get
involved to the action and they had no objection to
donate for the community. The donated money was
allocated for the tools to plant the corals. This action
was not running continuously, because some of the
members of the community moved to other cities
and got a job. This is a fact that some people are
concerned about their land, yet the government take
no attention to their responsibilities.
Abie states one of the causes of coral reefs
damage in Pangandaran is the mining of coral reefs
that occurred in the 90's. The craft makers took coral
reefs to land, cleaned, dried, and then sold for
decorations in the aquarium. Many craft products
sold in Pangandaran contain elements of coral reefs,
for example photo frames. The products sold there
are not always made from home industry in
Pangandaran area, since it is figured out that
Pangandaran is a center of sale. A major number of
finished good supplies with elements of coral reefs
do not originate from Pangandaran. Although a lot
of crafts are produced by home industries in the area
of Pangandaran, the number is insignificant and the
products are not as good as the ones from the
outside. Therefore, the tourism office in
Pangandaran District conducts a training to make
craft belonging to raw materials which do not
damage the marine biota ecosystem. They are
trained to make works from materials that are all not
from the sea, but from bamboo, and rattan.
Unfortunately, it turns out that most tourists strongly
want the crafts from the beach that must contain
elements of the sea. This makes the craftsmen re-
create handicrafts from sea creatures.
It turns to the thought that the local government
should educate the tourists to stop buying works
based on coral reefs. And to change the character of
tourist, the government cannot campaign only in the
coastal area, but also in the publication of the
program "Love West Java" in urban areas targeting
local tourists and foreign tourists who plan to travel
to the coast. So far, the level of awareness of local
communities, both fishermen, coastal residents, and
accessories traders has been adequate when talking
about nature sustainability, yet they feel lack of
counseling and attention from relevant agencies on
the issue of nature conservation. Furthermore, the
traders will sell coral-based goods because the
demand in the market is still high, hence, the
economic value for the sellers of goods is visibly
present.
Another problem causing coral reefs
conservation become unpopular is a tough
competition among boatmen. In addition to causing
the fall of tariffs to 75%, it affects the convenience
of tourists as well. This is caused due to the
excessive number of tourist boats with no rules and
control. Pangandaran’s peak season usually takes
place on the major holidays such as Christmas, New
year’s holiday, Idul Fitri, and school holidays. On
weekends, the white sand area is always crowded on
Saturday afternoon (12:00 to 17:00) and Sunday
morning (08:00 to 12:00).
"Now how a tourist can be comfortable when he
just asks how much boat tariff then he has directly
surrounded by boat brokers. The tourist will not be
released. He will tail the tourists until the tourists
ride his boat. This situation is not comfortable for
tourist.”
In the white sand there are people who
participate in utilizing the area financially with no
contribution to tax income for the local government.
On the other hand, those people are straight to the
tourist to remind not to buy and take coral reefs.
"They admonished visitors who took corals, at
least reminding or telling us. Until now, they are
even active guarding the coral in here, Sometimes,
they even fight to the tourist, because they remind
guests but his guests do not accept. We have to
mediate them " (Interview with Hidayat Kelaba)
Ocid, a local guide coordinator at white sand,
admits that there were about 18 young men renting
snorkeling equipment and become coral reefs tour
guide. The snorkeling and diving trend in this last 10
years gave them opportunity to get benefit from the
tourism activities. Ocid and his friends have no
formal education related to tourism management,
hospitality or even coral reef knowledge. Their
ability to swim and identify beautiful coral reef spots
becomes the main reason they run the business.
Their understanding about sustainable tourism
strategy is limited: keep the white sand area clean, or
don’t buy and take coral reef. None of local
government unit has any program to improve their
knowledge about coral reef condition, tour guide
standard and hospitality.
This situation presents coral reefs with the
economic potential of the tourism sector. The natural
beauty born from coral reefs and also the collection
of ecosystems attracts a lot of people to come and
enjoy the panorama. Ocid’s case witnessing coral
reef has relevant impacts on the growth of the
economy from the side of natural tourism, and the
surrounding community can use it as source of
income.
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224

4 CONCLUSIONS
Literacy and teaching on coral reef conservation are
still required to be encouraged. Currently, no
particular material on coral reefs and protected
marine animals have been available to be involved
as well as to be presented in the educational
curriculum at Vocational School of Tourism in
Indonesia.
Considering that most of the tourism sold by
Indonesia is marine tourism, the researcher team
overviews that the education of protected marine
animals is imperative to be included in the students'
learning curriculum vocational school of tourism
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researcher team is willing to share their
gratitude and deep sense of thanks to Fitri Annisa
Rahmah, our friends in Pangandaran, the Natural
Resources Conservation Agency, and the
Department of Fish and Marine in West java and in
Pangandaran District.
REFERENCES
Cesar, H. S. J., 2000. Collected Essays on the Economics
of Coral Reefs, CORDIO, Sweden, pp. 244.
Dahuri, R., 1996. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Wilayah
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The Ignorance of Coral Reefs Conservation Content on Tourism Vocational High School Curriculum in Pangandaran
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