The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding

Rahutami Rahutami and Ari Wibowo

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang, Jl.

S. Supriyadi 48 Malang 65148, Indonesia

mamik@unikama.ac.id

Keywords: Popular forms, literary forms, panyandra.

Abstract: This study aims to describe the form of speech in the Javanese wedding ceremony. For this purpose, a

descriptive kualitatif methode with 'direct element' analysis of the word panyandra is used. The results show

that there are popular forms of words and literary words. Vocabulary can be invented form and a basic form.

The popular form is meant to explain to the listener, while the literary form serves to create the atmosphere

the sacredness of Javanese culture. The sacredness was built with the use of the Old Javanese affixes.

Panyandra in Malang shows differences with panyandra used in other areas, especially Surakarta and

Jogjakarta style.

1 INTRODUCTION

Every nation has a unique culture. Each ethnic has a

ritual in life, for example in a wedding ceremony

(Rohman & Ismail, 2013; Safarova, 2014). A

wedding ceremony is a sacred event that has an

important function in the life of the community, and

each wedding procession shows a way of thinking

and trust in the local community (Herman, 2016).

A number of studies that investigate wedding

ceremonoies have been done by some scholars, such

as a study of Shida (1999) on traditional wedding

rituals in Japan. Salbang and Maslang (2010) also

traced the socio-cultural transformation of the

marriage practices from the late 1920s to the present

and explored the advantages and disadvantages of the

marriage practices in terms of the socio-cultural,

economic and political aspects. Lewis (1998)

examines the role of wedding photography structures

and professionals in wedding process rituals in

middle-class American society, and Rudianto (2013)

examined the style of Javanese language in the stage

ceremony in the marriage of Java version of

Surakarta.

For Javanese ethnic wedding ceremony, wedding

version of Surakarta and Yogyakarta is used as a

reference. However, each region presents a unique

variation that is different from its central style. One

important element in Javanese marriage is

panyandra. Panyandra is the terms used to describe

the events and the meaning of bridal encounters.

The panyadra are the words used in various

Javanese cultural events. These words serve to

describe events by using a form that has similarities

or parallels (pepindhan). Panyandra can be

distinguished by cultural events, such as birth, death,

or marriage. These terms adopt many of the ancient

Javanese vocabulary and Sanskrit words. It is

intended to give a formal, religious, and artistic

impression.

Li (2016) states that the use of words can

transcend linguistic boundaries. As there are few

studies that closely examined panyandra words in

wedding ceremonies, this study is aimed at exploring

the use of the word panyandra at the wedding

ceremony in East Java as a varian panyandra. This

study can document various forms of panyandra as

cultural documents, so that it can open insights on

various cultural studies in the world.

2 METHOD

This research uses a descriptive method with “direct

element” analysis that is intended to describe the

results of data analysis, namely the form and forming

elements of panyandra words. Data were collected

through the recording of the "panggil" ceremony at

the marriage of community members in South

Malang. The “panggih” ceremony was the sacreds

moment is when the bride and groom are brought

together by a "dukun" (wedding chair). Furthermore,

the data are transcribed to the written data and

100

Rahutami, R. and Wibowo, A.

The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding.

In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (ANCOSH 2018) - Revitalization of Local Wisdom in Global and Competitive Era, pages 100-103

ISBN: 978-989-758-343-8

analyzed the panyandra-forming words. The results

of the analysis are verified by matching the results of

the analysis with interview techniques to dukun

manten (the person who pronounces marriage), ethnic

community chiefs, and community leaders.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the analysis of the data found that

panyandra in marriage in East Java can be divided

into two forms – the word invented and the word base.

The word involves the process and sound changes.

The affirmation of panyandra includes the process of

prefixation and infixation. Here's an explanation of

each form.

3.1 Affixation

Affixes in panyandra use a different form of everyday

language. Affix forms take from Old Javanese words

or Sanskrit language. The use of the language is

meant to create an impression of artistic and magical

impression. The word affixes of panyandra include

prefixation and infixation. This result is different

from Rudianto's (2013) finding that affixes to

panyandra in Surakarta version marriage are also

marked with suffix {-ira}. Here are the prefixes and

infixes that make up the word panyandra.

Table 1: Affixation Panyandra Word.

Function

Affixation

Affix

Morfem

Allomorph

cause effects of

sound beauty

Prefix

a{L}

ha{L}

{pra}

Declare the

activities that have

been done

{ka}

 a+ cause-

effect of

beauty of

sound

 /N+/ form a

verb

a{N

a{m+}

a{n+}

a{ng+}

a{ny+}

 ha+ cause-

effect of

sound beauty

 /N+/ form a

verb

ha {N+}

ha{n+}

ha{ng+}

ha{ny+}

 state the place

{pa}

{pa+}

{pe+}

 state the

plural

Shows the

completed

activity

Infix

{-in-}

{-um-}

{-el-

Table 1 above shows the use of affixation, either

a prefix or a suffix. In general, the affix function is to

beautify the language used in the Javanese wedding

ceremony. Here is an example of using affixes on the

word panyandra.

Excerpt (1) Alungguh senajan to hanamung sak

kedeping netro sedina

umpamane…

‘Duduk meskipun hanya sekejap

mata, sehari saja misalnya......’

Alungguh is indeed a compound word {a +

lungguh}. The word lungguh is a popular and classy

word of “ngoko” (classy rough). However, when the

sound element is added {a-} it becomes a form of

higher taste value. Similarly the word hanamung is

derived from the alomorf {ha} + {naming}. The word

namung is also popular and classy kromo (finer). The

addition of {ha-} to form the word is more specific

and more subtle impression. The addition of {a-} and

{ha-} does not change the meaning of its basic form,

but it changes the value of the word sense to be more

subtle and special.

The prefix {a + N} is not only a direct merger, but

also produces a morphophonemic process when it

joins the basic form beginning with the nasal sounds

of Javanese, i.e., {m, n, ň, ŋ}. The following quote

shows it.

Excerpt (2) ….anggraita lelakune anggayuh

marang sawiji niti kahutaman

marang garwane Retno

Sriyanti……..

‘……seimbang gagasan tindakan

meraih menuju kebaikan bersama

istrinya Retno Sriyanti….’

Anggayuh is a special word (literature) which is

only used in literary variety as in the speech

panyandra bride. Anggayuh is formed from the prefix

{a} + {gayuh}. {a + N} and the 'grab' scratch form a

'reaching' verb. The initial sound of the basic form

which is the sound of the dorso velar causes an

allomorph {aŋ} to occur. This allomorph serves to

form verbs. In other words, the nasal functions to

form a verb nggayuh word, while {a-} has no special

meaning so that the existence of this prefix has no

effect on the meaning of the word. Affix {a-} serves

to give an exotic impression on the word.

This also applies to affix {ha-}. Unlike affix {a +

N}, affix {ha-} only raises the allomorph {n, ň, ŋ}.

The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding

101

An example of using this affix can be seen in the

following quotation.

Excerpt (3) Wus hanyaketi saking madyaning

para pepundhi awerda krama

ingkang samya pideksa imbang

inggih punika hangamping

dhumateng wahyaning temanten

kekalih.

‘Sudah mendekati diantara orang-

orang yang dituakan sudah dewasa

berumahtangga yang setara yaitu

yang mengiringi keluarnya

pengantin berdua’

In excerpt (3) there are two embodiments of the

combined {ha + N}, hanyaketi and hangamping. The

word hanyaketi is a combination of {ha + N} and

{caket} raises allomorph {haň), while {ha + N} and

{amping} produces an allomorph {haŋ}. The

meaning of the caket is 'close' that is classy adjective,

and the meaning of meaningful amphit means a classy

verb. Both words are changed to become categorized

verbs. It can be said that {N} turns the adjective into

a verb. Affix {ha-} works to increase the value of the

sense of the word it creates.

The next affix is {pa-} which can be {pa-} and

{pe-}. {pa-} functions to form the noun word place.

The example of affix usage data can be seen in the

following quotation.

Excerpt (4) ….. dene ing kana sinebat bobot lan

bebet minangkaning gelaring

sawiji ana ngendi papan padukuh

ana ngendi papan palungguh dadia

tepa tuladha…..

‘…..sedangkan yang disebut bobot

dan bebet sudah dijadikan satu,

dimanapun berada. Dimanapun

tempatnya tetaplah menjadi

contoh….’

The words of padukuh and palungguh are special

words (literature) used in the literary variety as in the

panyandra of the wedding ceremony. Affix {pa +}

functions to declare the place of the words that follow

it. The words of dukuh and lungguh state 'territory'

and ‘seating’.

Excerpt (5) Mulat waraga, alon-alon sapecak

kendel sajangkah mangu-mangu

kinapet madyaning para pepundhi

adi sepuh pepundhen sepuh.

‘Melihat badan, berjalan pelan-

pelan sepanjang telapak kaki

berhenti, selangkah meragu-ragu

ditengah-tengah para orang-orang

yang dihormati’.

The word pepundhi is a special word that works

aesthetically in the panyandra bride's speech.

Pepundhi comes from a combination of {pe-} and

{pundhi}. The word {pe-} shows the plural meanings

of people. While {pundhi} which develops into

{pundhen} means high value so it is respected.

Like prefixes, infix is also meant to give rise to

formal, aesthetic, and sacred aspects. The form of

infix in panyandra used in East Java is slightly

different from Rudianto's study (2013). At the

Surakarta wedding ceremony, there are infix {-in}

and {-um} only. Meanwhile, in East Java found the

use of infix {-el} on the formation of the word

panyandran.

The use of {-el-} infix can be seen in the

following quotation.

Excerpt (6) Rawe-rewe rantas malang malang

putung saha sapa ingkang bakal

gendhon-rukon lelakon, angrukti

sedaya ingkang dadi lelakune sri

penganten gathi.

‘Semua halangan dan rintangan

yang menghadang dapat

dihilangkan dan siapa yang akan

menjalani kehidupan rumah tangga

dengan rukun disiapkan semua

yang menjadi perjalanan hidup

pengantin berdua.’

Lelakon and lelakune are words that are often

encountered in everyday use in the Java community.

But in the panyandra of Javanese wedding, the word

is also used. It is possible that the words are regarded

as having an aesthetic value just as the word gets infix

{-in-} and {-um-}. The lakakon or lelakune is formed

from a combination of the words {behavior} + {- el-

}. The difference is a categorical noun meaning 'life',

instead lelakune means 'journey'. The word lelakune

is more specific than the word lelakon.

3.2

Sound Changes

The sound change as a marker of the literary

element is found in the panyandra of the bride in

the ngundhuh mantu tradition in Kedungsalam

Village which includes the change of sounds to / ya

/, / i / being / u /, and / o / to / ya /. This change

serves to heed the words delivered by panyandra

actors. One example of use is as follows.

Excerpt (7)

saksampunipun samya

kembul bujana dedhaharan

panjenenganipun paring

unjukan saking tirta kumala

ingkang kaisi dhumateng

kendhi pertala pertala.

‘Setelah bersama makan

bersama dalam satu piring

Beliau memberikan

minuman dari air suci yang

ANCOSH 2018 - Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities

102

sudah terisi dalam kendi

alam dibawah bumi’.

The word samya is formed from the basic form

of sami which means the same. Sami is a “krama”

level and same meaning with podho word. Podho

is a “ngoko” level. Changing the sound [i] to [ya]

is meant to soften and create a sacred atmosphere.

The word samya is worth a more subtle taste than

sami.

3.3

The Wordbase

The use of a new form as a marker of literary

elements found in the panyandra pengantin in the

tradition ngundhuh mantu in the village

Kedungsalam, Malang regency. The meaning of

the new form is the use of vocabulary that is not

commonly used in everyday communication

situations. Usually, this vocabulary is derived from

Kawi vocabularies, such as pindha, sardula,

lupta, gantal, sadak, lawe, pagut, and antiga. Here

is an example of using the word.

Excerpt (8) Binarung swaraning pradangga

mungya mahrimin.

“Teriring alunan gamelan yang

berbunyi lirih”

The word pradangga comes from the Kawi

language which means gamelan. This word is meant

by speakers to add to the beauty of speech. Pradangga

is found only in literary variety. The use of this word

creates a difference of taste when it is replaced with

the word gamelan. Compare the following two forms.

Excerpt (9) Binarung swaraning pradangga

mungya mahrimin

Binarung swaraning gamelan

mungya mahrimin.

The use of pradangga is more aesthetic than the

word gamelan. This is because the use of the word

gamelan is more popular, while pradangga is more

special and archaic.

4 CONCLUSION

Panyandra as the main element in the "call"

ceremony is not always the same in every region with

the version of Surakarta and Yogyakarta as the center

of the wedding ceremony reference. This is due to the

shift in the use of Java language in each language in

the Java region.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thank you to the Language Education Program and

Indonesia who have provided funding for this

research.

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