Business Challenges and Technological Innovations Applied in the

ICT Platform for Occupational Activation of Senior Citizens

Wieslawa Gryncewicz, Robert Kutera and Artur Rot

Department of Information Systems, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland

Keywords: Elderly People, Business Challenges, Technological Innovations, ICT Platform, Service E-marketplaces.

Abstract: One of the key challenges for the next several years is to face, especially in highly developed countries, the

problem of aging and its impact on the general quality of citizens’ life. Due to this trend, the Authors have

presented a concept of ICT platform aimed at increasing the activity of people at retirement age. It is

dedicated to members of local communities, can be used to support entrepreneurship, self-fulfilment and

activation in the field of independent social life. During the realization of the project, the Authors have

noticed the different business requirements of senior citizens. They were described in the article together

with respective technological innovations which were implemented in the ActGo-Gate platform as an

answer to these challenges and requirements.

1 INTRODUCTION

The world’s population is ageing in almost every

country in the world. According to data from United

Nations, the number of older persons — those aged

60 years or over — is expected to more than double

by 2050 and to more than triple by 2100, rising from

962 million globally in 2017 to 2.1 billion in 2050

and 3.1 billion in 2100. Globally, population aged 60

or over is growing faster than all younger age groups

(UN, 2017). This trend has become one of the most

significant social transformation of the twenty-first

century, with implications for nearly all sectors of

society, including health, labour and financial

markets, the demand for goods and services, such as

housing, transportation and social protection, as well

as family structures and intergenerational ties.

Therefore, different parties undertake various

activities to allow seniors to live independently, in

order to improve their quality of life and autonomy

and reduce the cost of their care. One of the solution

in this area is the ActGo-Gate project (Active

Retiree and Golden Workers Gate, AGG). It focuses

on the occupational activation of the elderly people

with the use of modern technologies and includes a

number of activities in the social, business and

technological dimension. The aim of the platform

developed within this project is the end-to-end

support all involved parties, including senior end

users, intermediaries, service providers and

employers. To provide them with immediate, short-

term benefits in their daily lives or daily work

operations, respectively, is key to motivate them to

become part of the local marketplace (Osl, Österle,

2015). That is why the technical development was

focused on enabling all the considered stakeholders

the possibility of being an active part of the growing

social e-marketplace for voluntary engagements and

jobs. The primary end users i.e. volunteers and

people in need of help get an ICT tool which enables

to look for different kind of occupational

opportunities (one-time services, long-term jobs

etc.).

Those stakeholders with the given policies,

strategies, processes, information identified at the

early stage of the project as well as used

technologies and existing business applications

constitute a very challenging and heterogeneous

technology ecosystem. During the research and

development process, using the modern and

innovative scientific and practical approaches (like

design science method, agile approach etc.) a set of

business challenges in that ecosystem was elicited.

The designed, developed and implemented ICT

platform face those challenges and provide the

highest possible added value by introducing some

technological innovations.

The aim of the paper is to present this ICT

platform from technical perspective and especially

250

Gryncewicz, W., Kutera, R. and Rot, A.

Business Challenges and Technological Innovations Applied in the ICT Platform for Occupational Activation of Senior Citizens.

DOI: 10.5220/0006804802500257

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2018), pages 250-257

ISBN: 978-989-758-299-8

to emphasise its technological innovations, paired

with respective business challenges.

2 THE ACTGO-GATE PROJECT

OVERVIEW

The problems and opportunities mentioned in the

previous section are addressed by the AGG project.

Its vision is to create an ICT based marketplace

supporting entrepreneurship, self-fulfilment and

social participation for golden workers and active

retirees. The model builds on local social

marketplaces that serve as a basis and starting point

for developing three occupational modules: “Serve

the community”, “Flexible occupation” and “Get

involved with organizations”, that start off in three

different pilot regions. AGG is one of the first of its

kind to provide a gate for a wide range of

occupational possibilities. Thereby, market

fragmentations as we see them nowadays can be

transcended. AGG provides end users with easy

access to this integrated gate and enable them to

offer their skills to other community members.

To integrate the occupational modules with the

existing local social marketplaces, a modular

approach is targeted for the technical realization. It

offers tools for efficient transactional occupational

operations (appointments coordination, quality

assurance, payment handling, reporting etc.), both

for professional as well as informal activities.

3 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

The architecture of the ActGo-Gate platform

involves 4 components (Lopacinski et al., 2017):

 Appointment Coordination System (ACS),

 Recruiting Service System (RSS),

 Gate Application (AGG),

 User Management & Identity System (UMIS).

Clients (ACS and RSS) are the systems constituting

autonomous Internet services, which deal with

specific forms of offerings and provide necessary

functionalities such as the appointment coordination

(in the case of ACS) or recruitment (in the case of

RSS).

Gate Application (AGG) constitutes a single

point of access for all user groups. It determines not

only the visual branding of the integrated solution

but also defines the general look and feel of the user

interface for the main audience, service providers

and employees of care-giving organizations. Within

the portals framework, the activities of users and the

transactions executed via all the components of the

platform are integrated and harmonized.

In the backend AGG makes its Application

Programming Interface (API) available and itself

uses the client's APIs to ensure the greatest possible

homogeneity of data, functionality and secure access

control. As far as the functional dimension is

concerned, the most important task is to provide a

tool for searching the offers and for the management

of the user's publications. From a usability

perspective, the portal provides the target group with

an interface, adjusted to the perception of elderly

people. Besides these functionalities a core objective

of the Gate Application is to brand the solution in

the market, explain it visually and in text and thus

build up trust within the local community (Söllner et

al., 2016). These objectives are mainly addressed by

the use of a state of the art Content Management

System (CMS). The administrator panel of CMS

allows managing the integration settings, including

necessary parameters, mapping of main entities etc.

The User Management and Identity System

(UMIS) provides ICT tools which facilitate the

user’s registration and authentication, i.e. logging in

users with Single Sign On (SSO) feature or

providing information on the identity of the users to

the services. SSO is a crucial property to ensure the

integration of separate systems delivering the

functionality of the marketplace (Kutera,

Gryncewicz, 2016).

All described above components constitute a

technically heterogeneous and organizationally

distributed ICT platform dedicated to elderly users.

During the research and development process, using

the modern and innovative scientific and practical

approaches, a set of business challenges was elicited.

Those challenges, emerging from gathered

requirements, were described in the next section of

the paper paired with respective technological

innovations which were implemented in the ActGo-

Gate platform as an answer to these challenges.

4 REQUIREMENT

CHALLENGES AND

TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATIONS

4.1 Heterogeneity of Elementary

E-marketplace Platforms

E-marketplaces must adopt to various demands and

Business Challenges and Technological Innovations Applied in the ICT Platform for Occupational Activation of Senior Citizens

251

therefore consist out of various logical and technical

modules (Schenkel et al., 2013). As a result, one of

the core challenges is to include various existing or

newly created services in order to ensure functional

scalability and growth with user’s needs. This

requirement asks for efficient, quick and adaptable

technological solutions, especially in case of new

service integration or increased loads on integrated

web services or portal. Moreover, as integrated

solutions usually are dedicated to a particular use

case, and often are developed in different

technologies, using various design patterns (Kutera,

Gryncewicz, 2017) every portal solution has to deal

with the specific character of each service in a

standardized way. This clearly determines a

generalized approach to building the meta

application/portal, both in the data structure and

business logic dimension. Consequently, a

heterogeneous e-marketplace can have many access

points with different user interfaces, APIs and user

flows inside the particular applications. An

integrated service e-marketplace addressing this

means to organize and standardize the exchange of

information among cooperating applications in a

way that everyone can understand each other and

functional synergies can be leveraged. What is more,

these e-marketplaces should focus on the way of

visual and procedural integration to keep entry

barriers for users on low level.

Technological innovation: Application of Web-

oriented Architecture with loose coupling

paradigm

The software integration planned in the ActGo-Gate

project includes a wide range of applications with

their specific architectures, interfaces and APIs:

 client applications – ACS, developed in

Python (Pylons Pyramid framework + Mako)

and RSS, developed in Java (Liferay Portal),

 the gate application, built mainly on top of

Laravel (PHP) and AngularJS (JavaScript)

frameworks,

 UMIS with Connect2ID application for

handling OpenID Connect protocol (Single

Sign On) developed in Java.

All applications within the platform are built with

the responsive web design paradigm, allowing users

to use them on every device, from desktop computer

to mobile devices using technologies like JSF,

AngularJS, HTML5, Bootstrap and Sass.

The particular problem of integrating various

relatively independent services was solved in the

designed service e-marketplace, using Web-oriented

Architecture (WOA) (Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2017). It

is the extension of the SOA (Service-oriented

Architecture paradigm) to web-based applications

emphasizing generality of user interfaces and

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to

achieve global network effects (Thies, Vossen,

2009). Allowing efficient communication between

internal modules of the WOA-based network

application as well as horizontal and vertical

scalability are its core objectives (Kleinschmidt et

al., 2017). These goals are reached thanks to using

lightweight open standards such as REST

(Representational State Transfer) or OpenID

Connect (Pautasso, 2014) (Rauf, 2013).

The main principle of ActGo-Gate system is to

build and deploy an application that is able to

cooperate with different services owned by

particular service providers while taking into

account the lowest possible entry threshold. That is

why the loose coupling paradigm and WOA (Web-

oriented architecture) architectural style was chosen

and adapted for project purposes. The concept of

integration is illustrated at Figure 1.

Figure 1: The high-level concept of integration. Source:

(Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2017).

This concept indicates three main foundations for

integration of service e-marketplaces (clients) under

one system – the integrator (a role played by the gate

application) (Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2017): user

interface, data & business logic and security.

While the first level is related only to front-end

adaptations within a particular system in compliance

with the given standard, the two backend levels

depend strongly on data exchange and

communication between clients and the integrator

(Maciaszek et al., 2017).

The communication integrator – 3rd party

service within data and security integration should

be based on WOA principles and loose coupling

paradigm in order to keep all data consistent and

synchronized.

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The application was developed with WOA

principles and uses the Vendor-based architecture to

encapsulate the business logic responsible for every

particular area of interest (like offer synchronization,

user data exchange and authentication, data

processing or site management). Two of them are

cooperating directly with clients (Synchronization

vendor and User vendor) through REST

communication protocol and dedicated endpoints

(each partner in the communication process is

equipped with discovery API, a dictionary of all web

services dedicated for communication within ActGo-

Gate ecosystem).

The service e-marketplaces needs a set of

endpoints connected with data & business logic as

well as security. The first one concerns endpoints for

each objective entity (like category or offer, where

operations are defined by particular HTTP methods),

while the second one – user endpoint and all

supportive entities which help to authenticate him

and grant proper privileges. Among those entities

common structural elements should be defined and

they should be treated as the basis for the

integration.

4.2 Heterogeneity of Business Logic of

Elementary E-marketplaces

The standalone e-marketplaces are very

differentiated and varied as service suppliers offer to

their customers more specialized services and

concentrate on narrow customer segments.

Therefore, there are significant differences between

the business logic of each of them. Some of the

modules require coordination of appointments (one-

time services), the others use recruitment and

evaluation process (recurrent or long-term services)

(Maciaszek et al., 2017). That is why the process of

ordering cannot be unified and be performed in a

same way for every service. The integration of such

heterogeneous processes is very challenging and

requires a significant effort on the integrator’s and

the client’s side and therefore constitutes an

important barrier and high entry threshold,

especially for the applying side.

Technological Innovation: APIs for Common

Functionalities

In the ActGo-Gate case, transactional entities (like

appointment, order, recruitment, event, project etc.)

are fundamentally diversified in the various

modules. This reality had to be accepted working on

an integrated solution. That is why the decision was

to let individual core processes to be performed only

in 3rd party services (and use the UI integration

level for displaying 3rd party’s view within the

integrator UI), which are fully specialized in such

processes (Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2017).

The ACS system contains a set of processes of

appointment coordination, which can handle

different scenarios of appointment coordination

(dependent of the side initiating the process, the

knowledge of identity of both sides of the

appointment, the nature of the request etc. All

elementary actions along the process are

encapsulated into reusable web services (Kutera et

al., 2017). The processes are taking into account

very specific functional requirements like

automation of dispatching process, performance

confirmation or flexibility of pricing and price

negotiations. They are required only in those

processes and don’t need to be integrated and

available for other connected e-marketplaces (clients

of the integrated solution).

On the other hand, the RSS module is focussing

on mediation of organized and long-term

volunteering work. In comparison to ACS it does not

cover peer-to-peer activities and short-time

scheduling of appointments. It’s core functionalities

and business logic are thus different and aren’t

covered nor duplicated in the portal application.

Nevertheless, there are similarities not only

concerning the module’s general purpose but also

concerning match-making process covered in the

application. In AGG project common functionalities

between modules have been identified and a

reusable set of API-calls was identified.

4.3 Heterogeneity of Data Provided by

Elementary E-Marketplaces

Different modules were designed with taking into

account the domain knowledge on the specific field,

which they are dedicated to. Having a different

background, data structures developed for the

application are different at various levels:

 namespace – the same entities can be named

differently and there is a need to identify them

properly and map them to respective entities

required by the gate application,

 structure / relationships – between entities,

dependent on context and business

requirements, there could be 1:N or M:N

relationships - the second type usually

introduces additional data structures like pivot

table in SQL,

 specific entities – entities specific only for the

domain covered by the application.

Business Challenges and Technological Innovations Applied in the ICT Platform for Occupational Activation of Senior Citizens

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It was one of the major challenge of the project to

handle the diversity on the level of data structures

and still provide the user a consistent UI level.

Technological Innovation: Metadata Model and

Data Synchronization

Handling the data models, especially the feeds of

published offers is one of the key features of the

integrated e-marketplace in the ActGo-Gate project.

The synchronization process was planned carefully

to predict all possible scenarios of data exchange

between the clients and the integrator for all CRUD

(Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations. As

always in synchronization deletion of offers was

most difficult to handle – in both cases: when the

client uses soft deletion of the record (setting the

proper value for the particular record) or hard

deletion (physical removal of the record). As a result

all offers gathered from offer feeds sent by

cooperating client applications are stored in a central

repository after being processed by the dedicated

vendors: Synchronization vendor and Data vendor.

The most important business rules for the central

offer entity are following (Kutera, Gryncewicz,

2017):

 offer has to be assigned to at least one

neighbourhood and category,

 offer has to be mapped with client offer index,

 offer has to be owned by one or more users,

 offer is obliged to have geographical

coordinates set for displaying it on map,

 offer which don’t have any active owner or

assignment to an active category or

neighbourhood has to be deleted.

The business process of the synchronization was

modelled using the BPMN notation (Figure 2). The

synchronization process itself is invoked

automatically by using Linux CRON mechanisms at

a certain schedule. One of the assumptions, arranged

in the integration contract, is the focus on the

continuous transmission of relatively small pieces of

information to keep the consistency of the data

within all systems. That is why the data flows

contain only information about recent changes

(added as well as modified or deleted offers). The

most important fact is that the relations are related to

a certain sequence: E.g. before the direct request for

an offer is sent, neighbourhoods and categories have

to be synchronized.

The request for the offer synchronization is

invoked automatically by CRON server tool. The

request is sent via the routing API to the proper URI.

Then the collection of offers is being built and

converted to the JSON format. As the web service

get the time limiter parameter every offer is checked

whether timestamp of last update operation fits the

requested period. If the collection is ready, the

synchronization endpoint of the integrator receives

it. It is being validated for syntax (expected structure

and data types) and proper dependencies

(neighbourhood, category, user). If any dependency

is returning errors, the offer is omitted and such a

fact is recorded in log files and optionally an alert is

sent to the administrator. After a successful

validation, the offer data is being processed by the

decorator, which role is to convert data to the

integrator-specific structure. Decorator is also

adjusting the timestamps and checking the

availability status of the offer. Log counters are also

updated. All offers from the collections are checked

within a multi-instance loop and if it ends the

synchronization result is logged (Kutera,

Gryncewicz, 2017). As a result the information

about the offers is standardized and grouped into

categories. The offers can be browsed in different

views of catalogue (Rot et al., 2017).

The User Vendor resides in the gate application,

which gathers, processes and synchronizes the user

data with the central user repository. It supports the

UMIS in keeping user data consistent with clients.

This vendor is communicating with dedicated

endpoints on client side (Registration and Update

Endpoint) in case of the respective event (user is

registering or user is modifying his/her user data).

The communication with those endpoints ends with

a success message from client side.

Figure 2. The high-level process of overall synchronization task. Source: (Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2017).

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4.4 Various E-marketplace

Applications with Various Access

Control and Safety Policies

The applications like ACS and RSS functionally rely

on authenticated users. Such services provide some

public information to anonymous users, but the core

functionality of any marketplace is related to reliable

authentication and authorization as well as safety of

personal data. As a result, the functionality of initial

registration, login and user master data maintenance

need to be available in all modules and therefore was

identified as potential synergy of a comprehensive

gate application. Furthermore, the topic of

authentication, authorization and personal data is

related to user acceptance, security and trust – which

was an explicit domain of a comprehensive portal

application (Phang et al., 2006) (Clercq, 2002) (Rot,

2016). The requirement to set up a central User

Management and Identity System (UMIS) and

Single-Sign-On (SSO) was clear – even if all

modules came with its own dedicated and

independent solution.

Technological Innovation: Central UMIS and

SSO – One Account for All Integrated

E-marketplace Applications

The result of integration in the field of security and

access control is obvious: users are able to get an

access to a wide range of services with just one

profile. Their access data is securely managed on the

ActGo-Gate site (in the mentioned separated module

– the UMIS module). With such an account, user

gets access to offers in various areas, without having

to remember multiple passwords and mail addresses

combinations to protect data. Whether they want to

use or provide a service, they simply create or search

for an offer through their account and agree on the

details. The application ensures one access, safe and

convenient.

The choice of the protocol was made among

three solutions: OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect and

SAML. The choice was difficult as they are in some

way complementary but different in their basis.

Finally OpenID Connect (OIDC) was chosen as it

satisfied all the requirements and therefore should

ensure full SSO property by cooperating with the

common user directory (Kutera, Gryncewicz, 2016).

The particular solution chosen for implementing

OIDC was Connect2id (as Identity Provider) with an

OpenDJ LDAP user directory – it is a solution

natively prepared for OIDC handling as well as

ready for communication with AGG, ACS and RSS

APIs, thanks to additional extensions written by the

author of the core server application.

What constitutes an unquestionable advantage of

the chosen architecture with a separate component

UMIS is a considerable degree of separation of the

user data and of the processes related to the

management thereof from the other IT systems. This

results in a data security improvement. Furthermore,

the centralization of the user management makes the

platform very interoperable and therefore it is easily

extendable by new clients, whose task is to provide

complementary services to the platform's current

offer. The choice was made also to create the

innovative brand of the integrated e-marketplace and

build trust among the users, as well as to ensure a

good user experience with a single sign on.

4.5 Elderly People Use the Digital

Technology Differently

Many adult people have the basic skills in usage of

the interactive devices, and thus, are more likely to

already be familiar with computers, mobile devices,

and related technology. The system is designed to

support them in their search for additional

employment and/or help to improve their quality of

life by offering them a single access to online

services provided by professional organizations or

private persons. Pilots showed that access to

applications needs to be very low-threshold from a

usability perspective.

The real challenge is how to entice elderly

people to request services, where many people could

possibly be afraid of utilizing ICTs in their day-to-

day operations. They require to get user-friendly

interfaces and very clear and simple procedures with

contextual support.

Technological Innovation: Responsive Interface

with Additional Adjustments Dedicated for

People with Sight Disabilities

In general, the development of the frontend part of

the applications was performed in compliance with

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0

(W3C Consortium, 2008). Its aim is to make content

accessible to a wider range of people with

disabilities, including blindness and low vision,

deafness and hearing loss, learning disabilities,

cognitive limitations, limited movement, speech

disabilities, photosensitivity and combinations of

these. Special attention was put on visualization to

create friendly and clear interface with intuitive text

formatting and clear icons to simplify the cognition

process among the site content. The navigation

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255

schema is intuitive and easy, supported by additional

explanations at every stage of navigating through the

site. The error handling policy is also well developed

by equipping the active interface elements with

validation rules on the frontend and with clear

explanations about the nature of the error. The gate

application is also offering an adjustment tool that

allows for resizing text content up to 22 pts and

change the original layout on the simplified, high-

contrast one (Rot et al., 2017). As it was already

mentioned, the application can adapt to any display

size so even on mobile device the content is easy

accessible for elderly people - in mobile views most

operations can be accessed via the dedicated

intuitive mobile menu.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The key challenges in this project were mostly

related to various aspects of a technically

heterogeneous and organizationally distributed setup

as well as specific business requirements coming

from the heterogonous market. Most of its

technological innovations addressed the various

aspects of integration – in a technical but also

organizational sense. Distribution, heterogeneity,

and complexity only could be handled due to a

strong domain-driven thinking, a modular, black

box-approach relying on common but relatively

simple APIs and of course the use of open standards

at any interface. Applying an agile approach and

involving the user on a regular basis as well as

automated deployment and testing allowed to deliver

and improve an integrated solution step by step

(AGG Consortium, 2018).

The Authors are aware of the fact, that such a

modular solution has some limitations and the most

noticeable one is the difference of the particular UIs.

Such fact leads to worse user experience, when users

need to learn and use the similar, but not the same

graphical, structural and navigation schema in

particular client application. Applying common style

guidelines and standard behaviour could cause that

marketplace may be treated by the user as

homogenous one, as various apps on a smartphone

with its operating system providing all the shared

styling and base functionality.

Weak awareness of the advantages of buying and

selling services among elderly people and a limited

general trust to online markets is still a problem. The

developed platform provides relatively simple

transactional workflow for each kind of supported

activity and support of the intermediary at the

crucial levels of the process, however the results

from pilot implementations still show that the

barriers have not been overcome completely despite

many organic activities like presentations and

trainings. Such problems have to be taken into

consideration in the evolution of the current

implementation and the corresponding business

model.

The technological achievements of the project

have been evaluated in real-life pilots both by

regular users and service providers as well as social

organizations that supports elderly users in their

social activation. The results in general show that

users are willing to be supported by such ICT

platform in their occupational activation, they see

the advantages of such a support and have a positive

opinion of having one hub for many offers and one

accounts to access them easily. Those areas, that still

need to be improved, were clearly identified and

potential solutions were discussed with all the

stakeholders and all of them will be the basis for the

further research work of the authors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ActGo-Gate is part of AAL Joint Programme Call 6,

a funding activity that aims to create better condition

of life for the older adults and to strengthen the

industrial opportunities in Europe through the use of

ICT. The consortium consists of 7 partners from

Switzerland, Germany and Poland. In Poland, the

project is funded by the National Centre for

Research and Development and realized at Wroclaw

University of Economics (AAL6/2015).

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