The Influence of the Ethanol Extracts of Numerous Plants on the

Development and Efficiency of the Nourishment Intake of the Fifth

Instar Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner

Nursal

, and S. Ilyas

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No 1, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Botanical Insectisides, Heliothis Armigera Hubner.

Abstract: A study has been conducted on the impact of ethanol extract from various plants of Sweet orange peel

(Citrus sinensis), Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), and

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the development and efficiency of diet utilization of fifth instar

larvae of H. Armigera. The research implemented the Complete Randomized Designed (CRD) using the

treatment concentrations of (0,00%, 0.25%, 0,50%, 1,00%, 2,00%, 4.00%) and iteration of fifteen larvae.

The observation data were analyzed by variance if there were differences then followed by DnMRt test of

5%. The results showed that all treatment concentrations could reduce growth; Relative Growth Rate (RGR)

and efficiency of diet utilization, i.e., relative consumption rate (RCR), Efficiency of conversion of ingested

diet (ECI), Efficiency of conversion of the digestive nourishment (ECD). On contrary, there is an increase in

the Approximate Digestibility (AD) value, and statistically, the control is varied as the treatment

concentrations of 1.00% - 4.00% for (RCR, RGR, AD) and the treatment concentrations 0.50% of to 4.00%

set for (ECI, ECD). Overall, the effective concentration that affects the growth rate and the efficiency of

food consumption of A. armigera larvae is at a concentration of 2.00%.

1 INTRODUCTION

In an effort to control plant pests, the high frequency

usage of synthetic insecticides and arbitrary

application of the insecticides will result in

tremendous negative impacts such as resistance and

resurgence, killing of useful organisms,

environmental pollution, and insecticide residues

that are very harmful to human health because it can

cause cancer, kidney damage, genetic mutations,

many more (Harborne, 1987). The high residual

content can also weaken the selling value of the

vegetable commodities, primarily for export

purposes since vegetables with a residual content

above the threshold will be rejected by the importing

country, so it is very detrimental to the economic

sector (Grainge and Ahmed, 1988).

For this reason, the government is keen to

socialize how significant the impact of the loss of

synthetic insecticide use, with the hope that the

farmers as the producers are expected to fulfill these

demands, including conducting organic farming,

because in organic farming pest control must be

based on plant insecticides. The government

recommends the organic pesticides due to its nature,

including biodegradable, selectivity (relatively safe

against natural enemies of the pest), compatibility

(can be combined with other pest control

components), can slow down the resistance rate, and

ensure resilience and sustainability in farming

(Rattan, 2010).

In Tanah Karo, horticultural farmers use

botanical insecticides from several types of plants to

control pests in organic farming systems, including:

sweet orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower

(T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and

lemongrass (C. citratus) that have potential as

botanical insecticides (Harborne, 1987).

Tthe use of plant-based insecticides by farmers

in Tanah Karo must be examined to attract Tanah

Karo farmers to work with the organic farming

system. The evaluation was performed by searching

for secondary metabolites, the concentration of

ethanol extract from the organic insecticides of

sweet orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower

(T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and

1082

Nursal, . and Ilyas, S.

The Inﬂuence of the Ethanol Extracts of Numerous Plants on the Development and Efﬁciency of the Nourishment Intake of the Fifth Instar Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner.

DOI: 10.5220/0010102510821086

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

1082-1086

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

(1)

(3)

(4)

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lemongrass (C. citratus) on the growth and

efficiency of food consumption of pest insects, as for

this research is 5th Instar Maggot of H. armigera.

The usage of botanical insecticides in

overcoming the pests of H. armigera issues has been

widely carried out. This is due to its very destructive

nature in many horticultural plants and its high

resistance to insecticides, so the concentration of

botanical insecticides that can cause death in the pest

insects will be more effective and efficient in

controlling other horticultural pests.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Maintenance of Experimental

Animals

The larvae from the cornfield are nurtured in a

laboratory with its natural food. The mature larvae

are inserted into the breeding cage. Inside the cage

was placed a solution of honey and sugar as food,

and on the top and three sides of the cage were

placed clothes as a place for laying the eggs. After

the eggs hatched, the larvae are kept in artificial

food in plastic cups to have relatively the same size

until it reached the fifth instar larvae as the test

animals (Waldbauer et all, 1984).

2.2 Provision of the Artificial Food

800 ml of distilled water were boiled to dissolve

other ingredients. Mix 50 grams of corn meal, 50

grams of soybean juice and 30 grams of wheat germ,

then blend with distilled water. Then, mix 20 grams

of rice flour, 50 grams of cornstarch, 50 g of sugar

and 100 ccs of distilled water. After becoming a

paste, add 12 grams of vitamin, 6 grams of ascorbic

acid, , 2.5 grams of nipagine, and 2 grams of sorbic

acidthen beat well. Next enter ten ccs of corn oil.

After the temperature is 70 ° C, all the ingredients

were mixed. Add 15 grams of yeast and 10 ml of

formalin. Furthermore, the food was placed on the

plastic cups where the larvae were maintained.

2.3 Procurement of the Ethanol

Extract of Sweet Orange Peel

(C. sinensis), Mexican Sunflower

(T. diversifolia), Ginger Rhizome

(Z. officinale), and Lemongrass

(C. citratus)

Sweet orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower

(T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and

lemongrass (C. citratus) were macerated with

ethanol for 3x24 hours. The process was repeated

until the color of the obtained solution is translucent

(assumed ethanol attracted all polar and non-polar

compounds). The obtained macerate produced a

concentrated ethanol extract of sweet orange peel

(C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower (T. diversifolia),

ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and lemongrass (C.

citratus) since it was condensed at 40 ° C with a

rotary evaporator (Isman, 2008).

2.4 Experimental Test of the Ethanol

Extract of Sweet Orange Peel

(C. sinensis), Mexican Sunflower

(T. diversifolia), Ginger Rhizome

(Z. officinale), and Lemongrass

(C. citratus) on the Development

and Efficiency of the Nourishment

Intake of the Fifth Instar Larvae of

H. armigera

The artificial food was prepared with 6 treatment

concentration types of (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%,

2.00%, 4.00%) with Nutrition Index testing

parameters (Waldbauer, 1968):

 Relative Growth Rate (RGR)

 Relative Consumption Rate (RCR)

 The efficiency of Conversion of Digested

Food (ECD)



 The efficiency of Conversion of Ingested

Food (ECI)



 Approximate Digestibility (AD)



The Inﬂuence of the Ethanol Extracts of Numerous Plants on the Development and Efﬁciency of the Nourishment Intake of the Fifth Instar

Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner

1083

Note: G = Larvae weight gain during meal period

(initial weight of larvae - final weight of larvae)

F = Amount of the food depleted

E = Dry weight of feces

T = Eating period

A = The average weight of grub during the feeding

period (initial weight of larvae + finale weight of

larvae 2)

2.5 Experimental Design

This study applied the Complete Randomized

Design (CRD) with six mixture concentration of

treatments (0%, 0,25%, 0,50%, 1,00%, 2,00%,

4,00%) with a 1:1 ratio of the ethanol extract from

sweet orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower

(T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and

lemongrass (C. citratus) and a recurrence of fifteen

larvae.

3 DATA ANALYSIS

Variance analyzed each observation parameter data,

if there were significant differences, it followed by

the Duncan test at a 5% of confidence level.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In accordance with the test on The Influence of

Ethanol Extracts of Numerous Plant Types on The

Development and Efficiency of Nourishment Intake

of fifth Instar Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner,

the obtained results are as follows:

4.1 The Impact of the Ethanol Extract

of Sweet Orange Peel (C. sinensis),

Mexican Sunflower

(T. diversifolia), Ginger Rhizome

(Z. officinale), and Lemongrass

(C. citratus) on Relative Growth

Rate (RGR) and Relative

Consumption Rate (RCR) of the

Fifth Instar Larvae of H. armigera

Based on the performed test, as in Table 1, it shows

that all treatment concentration of the ethanol

extracts of sweet orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican

sunflower (T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z.

officinale), and lemongrass (C. citratus) can lead to

the depression of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and

Relative Consumption Rate (RCR).

Table 1: Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Relative

Consumption Rate (RCR) of the fifth instar larvae of H.

Armigera on the food with the sweet orange peel’s ethanol

extracts (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower (T. diversifolia),

ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and lemongrass (C.

citratus).

Treatment

(%)

RCR

(mg/mg/h)

RGR(mg/mg/h)

0,00 1,50a ± 0,04 0,27a ± 0,01

0,25 1,57b ± 0,07 0,27a ± 0,01

0,50 1,52a ± 0,08 0,25ab ± 0,01

1,00 1,43b ± 0,04 0,23bc ± 0,02

2,00 1,20d ± 0,09 0,19cd ± 0,01

4,00 1,07e ± 0,11 0,15d ± 0,02

Notes: N=15 for every treatment. The mean

value of ± SE (error) followed by the same

lowercase letter in one column is not

significantly different (Duncan test will be

performed after ANOVA at 5% level)

Table 1 shows that in the treatment of 0.25%,

there was a 4.46% increase in RCR with a value of

1.57 mg/mg / h which is statistically different

compared to the control RCR value of 1.50 mg/mg /

h. This implies that the treatment concentrations

have not affected the larvae feeding activity. The

decreased value of RCR, RGR began to occur at the

concentration of 1.00% - 4.00%, and it decreases as

the treatment concentration increased. This decrease

can be caused by the ethanol extracts of sweet

orange peel (C. sinensis), Mexican sunflower (T.

diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and

lemongrass (C. citratus) which contain secondary

metabolites that are toxic to the larvae. In previous

research, it stated that the plants of Azadirachata

indica, Curcuma longa, Acorus calamus (Rajput et

all, 2003), Azadirachata indica, Quassina amara

(Aggarwal et all, 2006), Cuorophia guianensis

(Dadang and Djokol, 2011), Mahogany, Neem,

Tobacco (Rahman et all, 2014), Nigella sativa plant,

Aristolochia, and Jatropha curcas (Baskar et all,

2010) are toxic to H. armigera. The combination of

sweet orange peel with neem leaves is toxic to

Spodoptera litura (Tarigan et all, 2012). It is shown

that the secondary metabolites contained in these

four types of plants can be toxic to insects. The

plants can produce various types of secondary

metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids,

alkaloids, and more, which are used as self-defense,

and are toxic to insects. Therefore plants can be used

as botanical insecticides (Rattan, 2010).

Table 1 also indicates that the decrement in RCR

will cause a decrease in larvae RGR. This decrease

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

1084

is greater as treatment concentration increases. The

details can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Relative

Consumption Rate (RCR) of the fifth instar larvae of H.

Armigera on the food with the ethanol extracts of Mexican

sunflower (T. diversifolia), sweet orange peel (C.

sinensis), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), and lemongrass

(C. citratus).

4.2 The Influence of the Ethanol

Extract of Sweet Orange Peel

(C. sinensis), Mexican Sunflower

(T. diversifolia), Ginger Rhizome

(Z. officinale), and Lemongrass

(C. citratus) on Approximate

Digestibility (AD), Efficiency of

Conversion of Ingested diet (ECI),

and Efficiency of Conversion of

Digested Food (ECD) of the Fifth

Instar Larvae of H. armigera

Based on the conducted test as shown in Table 2, it

shows that all treatment concentrations of the

ethanol extracts of sweet orange peel (C. sinensis),

Mexican sunflower (T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome

(Z. officinale), and lemongrass (C. citratus) that

were put into the larvae diet seem to affect the

efficiency of food use, namely; in the form of a

decrease in the efficiency of the conversion of

digested nutrient (ECD), as well as in the efficiency

of conversion of ingested food (ECI), also an

increase in the approximate digestibility (AD).

Table 2: Approximate digestibility (AD), the efficiency of

the conversion of digested nutrient (ECD), and the

efficiency of conversion of ingested diet (ECI) of the fifth

instar larvae.of H. armigera pada on the food added with

the ethanol extracts of sweet orange peels (C. sinensis),

mexican sunflower (T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z.

officinale), and lemongrass (C. citratus).

Treatment(%) AD (%) ECD (%)

0,00 30,34a ± 1,53 62,63a ± 3,38

0,25 28,78a ± 0,98 60,37ab ± 3,10

0,50 31,01a ± 1,39 53,51bc ± 1,89

1,00 35,92b ± 2,05 47,21cd ± 3,45

2,00 37,41b ± 1,44 43,63de ± 3,16

4,00 39,71b ± 2,13 36,92e ± 2,23

Notes: N=15 for every treatment. The mean value of ± se

(error) followed by the same lowercase letter in one

column is not significantly different (Duncan test will be

performed after ANOVA at 5% level)

The digression of ECD and ECI occured in

treatment concentrations of 0,50% - 4,00% with a

decrease range of 14,56% - 41,05% and 11,67% -

19,78%) for ECD and ECI respectively. On the

contrary, the value of AD arisen at the treatment

concentrations of 1,00% - 4,00% with an increase of

18,39%-30,88%. The details of the test is shown in

Figure 2.

Figure 2: Approximate digestibility (AD), the efficiency of

conversion of ingested nourishment (ECI), and the

efficiency of the conversion of digested nourishment

(ECD) of the fifth instar larvae.of H. armigera pada on the

food added with the ethanol extracts of Mexican sunflower

(T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z. officinale), sweet

orange peel (C. sinensis), and lemongrass (C. citratus).

The decrement of ECD and ECI, as well as the

increasing value of AD in treatment concentration of

0,50% - 4.0%, becomes higher as the treatment

concentration increases, and it differs from the

control value statistically. Thus it can be stated that

these treatment concentrations are effective to affect

The Inﬂuence of the Ethanol Extracts of Numerous Plants on the Development and Efﬁciency of the Nourishment Intake of the Fifth Instar

Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner

1085

the efficiency of larvae food utilization. As an

indication, it can be seen from RGR value which is

also decreasing. Whereas the decrease in larvae

RGR will be greater as the ECD and ECI decrease.

While an increase in the value of AD is a

compensation response so larvae can survive.

According to the previous study, if there are toxic

compounds in the food, insects will perform

compensatory responses, including an increase in

AD values (Simpson and Simpson, 1990). Chaniago

et all (2013) explained the AD value of silkworm

will increase if there is a lack of nutrition in the

food. Furthermore, mangrove bark (Rhizophora

mucronata) is reported to be toxic and inhibits the

growth and feeding activity of H. armigera larvae

(Rajput et all, 2003). The combination of Annona

scuamosa seeds, Piper retrofractum fruit, Tephrosia

vogelii leaves is lethal and suppress the appetite of

the vegetable pests of Crosidolomia pavonang

(Grainge and Ahmed, 1988).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the studies, it can be concluded that the

ethanol extracts of sweet orange peel (), Mexican

sunflower (T. diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Z.

officinale), and lemongrass (C. citratus) have effects

on the development and efficiency of diet intake of

the fifth instar larvae, such as the decline in

Efficiency of conversion of ingested nourishment

(ECI), Efficiency of conversion of digestive diet

(ECD), and relative consumption rate (RCR), as well

as value increment of the approximate digestibility

(AD) with the effective concentration of treatment at

2.0%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors would like to thank the Rector of

Universitas Sumatera Utara for funding this research

through the program of Talent Basic Research 2018

(Contract Number: 246/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-

TALENTA USU/2018), so authors can participate in

ICOSTEERR Seminar held on August 30-31, 2018.

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