Profile of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology of Long-tailed

Macaques (Macacafascicularis) During Adaptation after

Administration of Methanol Extract of Bitter Melon Seed

(Momordicacharantia) and DMPA

Syafruddin Ilyas

, Masitta Tanjung

and Deri Edianto

Department of Biology,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Indonesia.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Indonesia

Keywords: Macacafascicularis, Hematology, Momordica Charantia, DMPA.

Abstract: For the use of non-human primate animals (Macacafascicularis) as an advanced test of a drug substance, it is

necessary to measure the clinical chemistry content [blood sugar levels, SGOT (Serum Glutamic

Oxaloacetic Transaminase)/ SGP (Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase), and creatinine] and

hematology, especially white blood cells such as; Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eusinophils and

Basophils. Giving of bitter melon seed extract for six days and injection of DMPA (Depot

medroxyprogesterone acetate) at the beginning of the study gives a profile of daily blood sugar level,

SGOT/SGPT, creatinine, and Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eusinophil and Basophil did not show any

significant difference (p>0.05). It was concluded that pare seed extract can be continued in the next

experiment to increase the day of extracting methanol extract of pare seed and DMPA on long-tailed macaque.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a part of Southeast Asia which has a large

variety of primate animals, for example, long-tailed

monkeys (Macacafascicularis). As a resident

monkey native to southeast Asia, it has now spread to

almost all of the Asian continent. The superiority of

this monkey is known for its good adaptability to its

new environment and its great ability to keep up with

changes in human civilization. Monkeys are often

kept and used as performance animals, and for the

development of knowledge based on drug trials that

will be applied to humans (Jatna, 2000)

Long-tailed monkeys belong to Kingdom:

Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia,

Order: Primates, Family: Cercopithecidae, Genus:

Macaca and Species: M. fascicularis. As the name

implies, the long-tailed monkey is a type of monkey

with a long tail almost equal to the length of the body,

when measured from head to tip of the body. Male

body length is longer than female. Young male body

weight ranges from 0.5-3 kg. His body color varies,

ranging from gray to brown, with white ventral parts.

Newborn child with black hair. Pregnancy ranges

from 153-179 days and generally gives birth to only

one child. Long-tailed monkeys are most commonly

used in biomedical experiments. In the body

antibodies are often found for certain types of viruses.

Living in primary and secondary forests ranging from

the lowlands to the highlands about 1,000 meters

above sea level. In the highlands, these types of

monkeys are usually found in secondary growth areas

or in the plantation areas of the population. Often also

found in mangroves to the forest near the village

(Jatna, 2000).

Long-tailed monkeys are also called long-tailed

macaque, monkey-eating crabs, and cinomoligus

monkey. Macacafacicularis is one of the primate

animals that use the front and back legs in various

variations for walking and running (quandra-

pedalism), having a tail that is longer than the length

of the head and body. The long-tailed monkey also

has a sitting cushion (ischialsallocity) attached to the

sitting bone (ischial) and has a food sac on the cheek

(Sinaga, 2010).

Long-tailed monkeys according to Suwarno

(2014) are non-human primates which have high

adaptation success so that they are spread in various

habitat types. Long-tailed monkeys are a type of

Ilyas, S., Tanjung, M. and Edianto, D.

Proﬁle of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology of Long-tailed Macaques (Macacafascicularis) During Adaptation after Administration of Methanol Extract of Bitter Melon Seed

(Momordicacharantia) and DMPA.

DOI: 10.5220/0010091307990803

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

799-803

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

799

primate that lives in groups so that they cannot be

separated from social interaction with other

individuals in the group. The social interaction

carried out by the long-tailed monkey gives rise to a

variety of different activities between individuals in a

population.

These monkeys eat all types of food (omnivores),

but the composition contains more fruits (60%), the

rest are flowers, young leaves, seeds, tubers.

Monkeys that live in swamps sometimes descend to

the ground at low tide and walk along the river

looking for insects. Monkeys that live in mangrove or

coastal areas, often found eating crabs or other types

of mollusks. So often this monkey is called "Crabs

eating macaque" (Jatna, 2010). The results of (Sari,

2015) showed that the activity of long-tailed

macaques (Macacafascicularis) was observed

namely sleep, inactivity, grooming, mating, moving,

eating, parenting, playing, excretion, voicing, and

agonistic (fighting) . The average percentage of

activity of long-tailed monkeys observed was sleep

(2.27%), inactive (20.76%), grooming (16.78%),

mating (1.99%), moving (32.85%), eating (13.37%),

parenting ( 4.97%), play (5.26%), excretion (0.71%),

voice (0.42%), and agonistic (0.56%).

In order to be used as a experimental animal

treated in a study, the long tailed monkey must be

analyzed for its adaptability to the tried material,

namely methanol extract of bitter melon seeds and

DMPA. Likewise, an analysis of the clinical chemical

profile and white blood content of long-tailed

monkeys

2 METHODS

2.1 Experimental Animal

Five male monkeys, aged around 1 year, weighed 1.2

kg, maintained in the Biology Laboratory, Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences under guarding

and extra observation in the animal cage within a

month. The monkeys are fed fresh fruit throughout

the trial period. The three animals were fed by bitter

melon seed extract. The dose of bitter melon seed

extract: 92 kg / kg BW (every day for 8 weeks) and

DMPA 4.01 mg / kg BW (only once at the beginning

of treatment) (Ilyas, 2018), while two monkeys again

as control. Histopathological observation using H &

E staining and thickness of 5 μm Chowdhury, 2014).

The handling of monkeys is in accordance with the

animal code of ethics (Ethical clearance from

theAnimal Research Ethics Committee –Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas

Sumatera Utara, Medan).

2.2 Chemistry of Blood

2.2.1 Blood Sugar Levels

Measuring blood sugar levels using the Autochek

automatic tool. Enter the battery and turn on the

engine. Set the time, date and year on the machine.

Take the yellow chip into the machine to check the

machine. If the screen appears "error" means the

machine is damaged. If the screen appears "OK"

means the machine is ready for use. On the existing

strip bottles for blood sugar. To check sugar, put

sugar chips and sugar strips first. On the screen the

corresponding numbers / codes appear on the bottle

strip. After that a picture of blood drops and blinking

will appear. Put the needle in the lancing / firing tool

in a pen shape and adjust the needle depth. Use

alcohol wipes to clean up blood sources in animals.

Shoot the needle on the finger and press it so that the

blood comes out. Blood is touched on the strip and

not drops on the strip. Touch on the line with an

arrow. Blood will immediately absorb to the end of

the strip and the sound of beeps. Wait a moment, the

results will appear a few seconds on the screen.

Unplug the needle from the lancing strip as well and

remove it. The sugar chip is stored in a bottle again.

Close the bottle strip tightly when not in use. Pay

attention to the expiration period on each strip

(Kusuma, 2018).

2.2.2 SGOT

Measurement of SGOT levels with the minetic

method - IFCC (without pyridoxal-5-phosphate).

Work principle; Aminotransferation (AST) catalyzes

transamination of L aspartate and α-kataglutarate

forms L-glutamate and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is

reduced to malate by enzyme malate by enzyme

malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and niconamide

adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidized to NAD. The

amount of NADH is oxidized, directly proportional to

AST activity and measured photometrically with a

spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 340 nm

(Sadeq, 2014).

2.2.3 SGPT

Measurement of SGPT levels using kinetic

methods - IFCC (without pyridoxal-5-phosphate).

The principle of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

catalyzes the transimination of L - alanine and a -

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

800

kataglutarate forms l - glutamate and pyruvate, the

pyruvate formed is reduced to lactate by lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH) and nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide (NADH) enzymes oxidized to NAD.

The amount of oxidized NADH resulting from the

reduction in absobance is directly proportional to

ALT activity and measured photometrically with a

wavelength of 340 nm (Sadeq, 2014).

2.2.4 Creatinine

Test parameters method: colorimetric, kinetic,

"mod."jaffe, increasing reaction wavelength : hg 510

nm (500 nm - 520 nm) temperature : 37°c sample :

serum, heparinized plasma, urine linearity : up to 20

mg/dl. Test principle, creatinine reacts with picric

acid in alkaline environment to form a color complex.

Developing of this red color may be follow

photometrically at 500- 520 nm. The association on

surfactant and sodium tetraborate keeps interferences

at minimum(Sadeq, 2014).

2.3 Analysis of the Content of

Leucocyte Types

Determination of the types of blood leukocytes is

done automatically with the equipment

HematologyAnalyzer, Mindray BC-2800. The

content of Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes,

Eusinophils and Basophils was recorded

automatically after being put into a

hematologyanalyzer (Briggs, 2014).

2.4 Blood Sugar Levels

The results of measurements of long tail monkey

blood sugar levels can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Blood sugar content of long-tailed monkeys

(Macaca fascicularis) on the first day to the sixth day after

the administration of Momordica charantia and DMPA

methanol extracts.

2.5 Blood Chemistry (SGOT, SGOT

and Creatinine)

Equations should be placed on a separate line,

numbered andcentered. An extra line space should be

added above and below the equation.The numbers

accorded to equations must appear in consecutive

order inside each section or within the contribution,

with number enclosed in brackets and set on the right

margin, starting with the number 1.

Figure 2. The content of SGPT/SGOT (mean ± SD) long-

tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the first and sixth

day after the administration of seed methanol extract of

bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and DMPA.

Figure 3. The content of creatinine (mean ± SD) long-tailed

macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the first and sixth day

after the administration of seed methanol extract of bitter

melon (Momordica charantia) and DMPA.

2.6 Content of Leucocyte Types

The contents of various types of leukocytes such as

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eusinophils

and Basophils were calculated from the blood of

long-tailed monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in the first

and sixth weeks.

Proﬁle of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology of Long-tailed Macaques (Macacafascicularis) During Adaptation after Administration of

Methanol Extract of Bitter Melon Seed (Momordicacharantia) and DMPA

801

Figure 4. Content of white blood species of long-tailed

monkeys (Macacafasciculatus) on days I and VI after

giving methanol extract of bitter melon

(Momordicacharantia) and DMPA.

3 DISCUSSION

In Figure 1, it can be seen that the blood sugar content

of long tailed monkeys (Macacafascicularis) on the

first day to the sixth day after giving the methanol

extract of Momordicacharantia and DMPA

increased, especially on day III towards day IV. On

the fourth day until the fourth day, blood sugar levels

stabilized. This shows the effort of physiological

adaptation of monkeys to the condition of the cage

and the new atmosphere. The initial state shows a

physiological state that is still unstable and changes

in days show physiological stability seen from blood

sugar levels. This shows that the current adaptation is

starting to appear.

A cross-sectional study has found out the

blood glucose levels of long-tailed monkeys

(Macacafascicularis) obesity at LuhurUluwatu

Temple, Badung, Bali ranged from 44-208 mg/dL

with an average of 120.58 ± 46.94 mg / dL. Long-

tailed monkeys with the highest BMI (61.51 kg/m2)

had blood glucose levels of 124 mg/dL while the

highest glucose level was 208 mg/dL owned by long-

tailed monkeys with a BMI of 52.00 kg /m2. It can be

concluded that not all obese long-tailed monkeys at

LuhurUluwatu Temple have high blood glucose

levels (Aryana, 2016)

SGPT and SGOT content (mean ± SD) of long-

tailed monkeys (Macacafascicularis) on days I and

VI after giving methanol extract of bitter melon seeds

(Momordicacharantia) and DMPA (Figure 2)

showed normal conditions and no indication of liver

disorders.According to (Yoshime, 2016), the content

of good quality bitter melon is α-eleostearate which is

high in acid and phytosterol with the potential of

health benefits making it an attractive plant by-

product.

The content of white blood types of long-tailed

monkeys (Macacafascicularis) at the time of giving

methanol extract of bitter seeds

(Momordicacharantia) and DMPA did not provide a

real determination (p>0.05). According to

Takemoto(Takemoto, 1982), there was no effect of

coarse bitter seed extract on white blood cells such as

lymphocytes.

4 CONCLUSION

Administration of bitter melon seed extract for six

days and injection of DMPA (Depot

medroxyprogesterone acetate) at the beginning of the

study gives a profile of daily blood sugar levels,

SGOT/SGPT, creatinine, and Neutrophil,

Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eusinophil and Basophil did

not show any significant difference (p>0.05).

Methanol extracts from bitter melon seed and DMPA

can be continued in the next day on long-tailed

macaque Macacafascicularis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful for the financial support from the

Directorate of Research and Community Service

(DRPM) of the Ministry of Research, Technology

and Higher Education, a Competency-Based

Research Scheme for 2018 Fiscal Year Number: 3/

UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DRPM/2018.

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Proﬁle of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology of Long-tailed Macaques (Macacafascicularis) During Adaptation after Administration of

Methanol Extract of Bitter Melon Seed (Momordicacharantia) and DMPA

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