Previous Concrete Development

Rahmi Karolina

, Syahrizal

, M. A. P. Handana

, M. Rizky Indrawan

Department of Civil Engineering Universitas Sumatera Utara

Keywords: Previous Concrete, Infiltration, Concrete.

Abstract:

Based on the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), the average rainfall in Indonesia

is quite high, the high rainfall caused the number of inundation. One reason is the use of concrete as a

pavement material in residential areas. The increased region areas covered by pavement with settlement

construction as well as in urban areas can result in a shorter water gathering time, so the accumulation of

collected rainwater exceeds the existing drainage capacity.Porous concrete is expected to be able to solve

the problem of the shrinking land infiltration capacity and run – off magnitude, the magnitude of flood

discharge and landslide.From the result of the research, the highest compressive strength on variation I (BP

0) is 13.29 MPa, and the lowest compressive strength in variation IV (BP 15) is 5.78 MPa. In the resistance

test of Sodium Sulfate, the highest compressive strength in variation I (BP 0) is13.50 Mpa, and the lowest is

in variation IV (BP 15) which is 5.07 MPa. In the infiltration rate test, the highest value on variation I (BP

0) is 3.71 x 10-3 mm / h, and the lowest value on variation V (BP 20) is 2.39 x 10-3 mm / h.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

One of concrete usage is as a pavement material in

residential areas. The increased region areas covered

by pavement with settlement construction as well as

in urban areas can result in a shorter water gathering

time, so the accumulation of collected rainwater

exceeds the existing drainage capacity.

The porous concrete is a simple form of

lightweight concrete made by eliminating the use of

fine aggregates. As a result of not using sand in

porous concrete, air-filled cavities is created. Cavity

levels range from 12% to 25%. This cavity resulted

in a reduced density of the concrete as well as a

reduced amount of area that needs to be covered by

cement paste, thereby directly affecting the portion

of cement in the mixture and able to save the

construction cost.

The density of porous concrete depends on the

gradation of the coarse aggregate used, usually the

porous concrete density ranges from 60% -70% of

the normal concrete density. The size of the coarse

aggregate used is between 10-20 mm. Aggregates

that can be used includes crushed stones, natural

gravels, blast furnace slags and clinkers. Aggregates

of crushed stones produce a higher compressive

strength than when using natural gravels that tend to

have rounded surfaces.

1.2 Research Purposes

The purpose of the author in this research for final

task are as follows:

1. To know the amount of porous concrete mixing

composition to get an optimum result.

2. To determine the compressive strength,

infiltration, resistance to optimum sodium sulfate

in each composition.

312

Karolina, R., Syahrizal, ., Handana, M. and Indrawan, M.

Previous Concrete Development.

DOI: 10.5220/0010090603120316

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

312-316

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

Table 1: The proportion of concrete mixture every variation per m3.

Description

Cement

(kg)

Sand

(kg)

Water

(kg)

Gravel

(kg)

Master

Euse

3029

(L)

Variation I

(

)

300 0 121,3 1800 1,8

Variation

(

)

300 90 121,3 1710 1,8

Variation

III (B)

300 180 121,3 1620 1,8

Variation

IV (C)

300 270 121,3 1530 1,8

Variation

(

)

300 360 121,3 1440 1,8

2 METHOD

The method used in this research is an experimental

study conducted at the Concrete Laboratory of

Faculty of Engineering of Department of Civil

Engineering of University of North Sumatra.

Generally the sequence of the research phases

includes: a. Provision of constituent materials for

previous concrete materials, b.Examining of

materials, c.Mix Design, d.Making of samples,

e.Curing, f.Compressive strength test of 28 days of

age, g.Infiltration test, h.Absorption test and

i.Resistance to sodium sulphate test

2.1 Mix Design

A complete mix design calculation can be seen in

the attachment. From the mix design results, it is

obtained 1m³ concrete mixture proportion among

others are as follows:

2.2 Visible Properties Test

Concrete bricks should have a flat surface, no cracks

and defects, the corners and ribs are not easily

brushed with the strength of fingers. All of these are

examined with careful observation by arranging

bricks on a flat surface as in the actual installation.

2.3 Size Test

The concrete brick must have a minimum nominal

thickness of 60 mm with a tolerance of + 8%. This

test is performed using a capillary pipe or the like

with a precision of 0.1 mm. Thick measurements is

done on three different places and the average score

is taken. Tests conducted on 10 pieces of samples.

2.4 Concrete Compressive Strength

Test

The test is done on 28 daysof age concrete for each

concrete variation of 10 pieces. Compressive

strength test of concrete is done by using electric

compress machine with 2000 KN capacity.The

compressive strength of a concrete sample is

calculated by the formula:

cf' 

(1)

where: f’c = Compressive strength (kg/cm

)

P = Compressive load (kg)

A = Surface area of sample (cm

)

2.5 Resistance to Sodium Sulphate Test

The test is done on concrete that soaked in sodium

sulfate solvent for each concrete variation of 3

pieces. Compressive strength test of concrete is done

Previous Concrete Development

313

by using electric compress machine with 2000 KN

capacity.

The compressive strength of a concrete sample is

calculated by the formula:

cf' 

Where: f’c = Compressive strength (kg/cm

)

P = Compressive load (kg)

A = Surface area of sample (cm

)

2.6 Absorbtion Test

Five samples in a good state is soaked in water until

saturated (24 hours), weighed in a wet state. Then

dried in the dryer kitchen for approximately 24

hours, at a temperature of about 105°C until the

weight on the twice weighing differ less than 0.2%

of the preceding weighing.

Water absorption is calculated as follows

Water absorption =

(2)

Where :

A = wet concrete weight

B = dry concrete weight

2.7 Infiltration Test

This infiltration test is to determine the water

content that passes from the surface of concrete with

mm / hour units. The tool used is a ring with a size

of 12 inches, the ring is affixed to the surface of the

concrete with an adhesive tool so that the water will

not flow out from the bottom side of the ring. Based

on ASTM C 1701 / C the formula used is as follows:

(3)

Where:

I = Infiltration rate (mm/jam)

M = Water weight(kg)

D = Inner ring diameter (12 inchi/ 30,5 mm)

t = the time it takes to pass water from the top of

the ring to the bottom of the surface

K = constants (4,583666 x 10

untuk SI atau

1,26870 untuk inch-pound)

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Visible Properties

Figure 1: Visual Test. a. Side view, b. Front view, c. Top

view.

Table 2: From the examination of paving block visible

properties, obtained data as follows:

Description

Paving Block

0 %

san

5 %

sand

20 %

sand

1. Sector

a. Flatness Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat

b. Rift No No No No No

c. Fineness Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine

2. Ribs

a. Right-

angledn

ess

Rig

ht-

angl

Rig

ht-

angl

Rig

ht-

angl

Rig

ht-

angl

Right

angle

b. Sharpne

Sha

Shar

c. Strength

Stro

Stron

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

314

Table 3: From the examination of paving block, obtained data as follows

No Variation Type

Right

Side

Thickness

Left Side

Thickness

Middle

Side

Thickness

Average

Thickness

0 %

san

8,183 8,185 8,205 8,191

5 %

san

8,157 8,104 8,102 8,121

10%

san

8,193 8,026 8,157 8,125

15%

san

8,117 8,092 8,112 8,107

20%

san

8,193 8,026 8,157 8,125

Figure 2: Graph of Paving Block Absorption.

Figure 3: Graph of Paving Block Compressive.

Figure 4: Graph of Resistance to Sodium Sulphat.

Figure 5: Graph of Infiltration Rate.

Based on the figures behind it is obtained that on

Figure 2 the highest absorption value is on BP

variation and the lowest is on BP 5 variation, on

Figure 3 the highest compressive strength is on BP

variation and the lowest is on BP 15 variation, on

Figure 4 the highest resistance to sodium sulfate is

on BP variation and the lowest is on BP 15 variation,

on Figure 5 the highest infiltration is on BP variation

and the lowest is on BP 20 variation.

4 CONCLUSIONS

From the research results, analysis, and discussion

that have been implemented, it can be concluded as

follows:

1. In the mixture, the amount of water, cement,

and master Euse are determined as

parameters to compare the compressive

strength, absorption, resistance to Sodium

Sulfate and infiltration rate.

2. Based on the test results, it can be concluded

that the optimum variation is on variation I

(BP 0) because it has the highest compressive

strength and a large infiltration. For variation

Previous Concrete Development

315

I (BP 0) compressive strength is 13.29 MPa,

resistance to Sodium Sulfate of 13.50 MPa,

and infiltration rate of 3.71 x 10-3 mm / h.

3. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded

that previous concrete without using sand has

a larger copressive strength when compared

to using sand. Variation II (BP 5)

compressive strength is 12.23 MPa, variation

III (BP 10) is 6.08 MPa, Variation IV (BP 15)

is 5.78 MPa, and variation V (BP 20) is 7.4

MPa.

4. For the results of the resistance of Sodium

Sulphate test, Variation II (BP 5)

compressive strength is 10.17 MPa, variation

III (BP 10) is 5.53 MPa, variation IV (BP

15) is 5.07 MPa, and variation V (BP 20) is

6.30 MPa

5. For the infiltration rate test, it is obtained that

Variation II (BP 5) is 3.15 x 10-3, variation

III (BP 10) is 3.24 x 10-3, variation IV (BP

15) is 3.36 x 10-3, and variation V (BP 20) is

2.39 x 10-3.

5 SUGGESTIONS

After seeing the research results and realize the

possibility of deficiencies in this research, the

authors can provide suggestions as follows:

1. Further research is needed to be done with

different dosage variations and combined with

other types of chemical admixture.

2. For further research, it needs to be done for

different materials and different gradations.

3. In the process of porous concrete casting, it is

necessary to notice the water content because if

the cement water factor is less or more, it will

greatly affect the spreading of pores.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to USU Research Institute and

TALENTA USU Research Program 2018 for

funding this research.

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