Economic Burden Analysis for Smoker and Non Smoker Farmers in

Medan, Sumatera Utara

Destanul Aulia

and Sri Fajar Ayu

Departement of Administration and Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas

No. 21 Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia

Departement of Agribusiness , Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. A. Sofian No. 3 Kampus USU ,

Medan 20155, Indonesia

Keywords: Cigarette, Economic, Income, Outcome, Poverty.

Abstract: Farmer is a job with low to middle economic income. Limited income in farmers will be an economic

burden if they consume cigarettes. Family needs that should be prioritized will be neglected due to choosing

cigarettes as a priority, especially for smokers who have been addicted. The purpose of this study was to

analyze the economic burden of farmer, and then compare it between smokers and non-smokers. This study

also looked at the priority of household expenditure for smokers. This research is a survey with independent

T test and Multiple Regression Linear test. Respondents in this study were 50 smokers and 250 non-smokers

of farmers in Medan Marelan. The result shows that average aged of respondents 36-45 years and junior

high school education (SMP) education. The t test result shows a significant difference between the

economic burden of smokers and non-smokers farmer. Based on independent T test, there is a significant

difference between productivity, outcome, and losses in smokers and non-smoker with p <0.05, and there is

no difference of income between smokers and non-smokers with p> 0, 05. The average income of farmer is

Rp 2.427.850 The percentage of outcome for cigarette consumption was 30% or Rp 730.000 from total

income monthly. Spending on cigarette consumption was ranked second after basic needs. Spending on

cigarette consumption will lead to poverty, as limited sources of family income are spent on tobacco

consumption by ignoring costs for other needs. It is recommended that governments be more serious in

implementing policies of tobacco so that poverty circles at the individual, household, and country levels of

cigarettes can be reduced.

1 INTRODUCTION

The smokers basically realize that tobacco is one of

the potential sources of diseases that interfere with

health. Riskesdas 2013 revealed that 64.9% of men

and 2.1% of women aged over from 15 years were

smokers. Every year there are an estimated 217,400

deaths caused by tobacco-related diseases. (Ministry

of Health Republic Indonesia, 2013).

Besides disturbing health, cigarette consumption

has also become an economic burden for household

expenditure of smokers, especially for farmers as

have middle to low income community. Worker as a

farmer are having limited income, and stopping for

daily need. Spending on cigarettes will be a an

economic burden and neglect the other needs such as

basic needs, health and education. Family needs that

should be preferred will overlooked caused by an

addicted smoker. (Kosen, S. 2007)

The health costs that incurred by Indonesia for

tobacco-related illness reached 18.1 billion USD or

5.1 times the state revenue from tobacco taxes in the

same year. This is an bad impact because cigarette

only gave a bad condition for farmer individual like

health and economic.

Farmers build an image that cigarette

consumption can provide calm, relaxation,

refreshing, and more work skills, without thinking

about the long-term effects of health, and the

economy of their family. Based on data of

Demography Institute of University of Indonesia

in Economics Faculty of the Poorest Households

Caught on Consumption of Cigarettes, there are 68%

or (7 of 10) households in Indonesia who have basic

outcome to buy cigarettes.

Aulia, D. and Ayu, S.

Economic Burden Analysis for Smoker and Non Smoker Farmers in Medan, Sumatera Utara.

DOI: 10.5220/0010089700830086

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

83-86

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

In 2010, the state's economic burden of

cigarettes reached Rp 231.27 trillion. In fact, state

revenues from tobacco taxes in that year only Rp 55

trillion. In 2015, BPJS-Health should spend Rp 6.6

trillion just for heart and blood vessel disease.

Cigarettes also cause Indonesians to lose

productivity due to morbidity, disability and early

mortality. The productive time lost by cigarettes is

estimated at 8.5 million by 2015. The length of the

lost productive time is equivalent to a loss of Rp374

trillion annually.

Medan is the capital city of Sumatera Utara

Province does not yet have a effort or good policies

to protect people from smoking, cigarette

consumption expecially in farmers and as have low

to middle income that will be an individual,

households, and country economic burden.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

This research was a survey with independent T test.

The data used in this research was primary data,

obtained direct interviews with questionnaires to

respondents. Respondents were 50 smoker and 50

non smoker farmers in Medan Marelan (as

agricultural area in Medan). The collected data was

processed by t test to see the difference of economic

burden of smoker and non smoker farmers, income,

outcome, and loss. Priority of outcome in smokers

was done by using descriptive statistic analysis with

SPSSS 16. The research time was conducted from

July to August 2017.

3 RESULT

Marelan was one of the agricultural area in Medan

City, Marelan was an area of Dutch-owned tobacco

plantations in last, the majority of people were

looking for farmers, although lately the housing

development in Marelan was high, there were still

many area for farmers to work such as rice and

vegetables. Medan Marelan Subdistrict borders with

Deli Serdang in west, borders with Medan Labuhan

in east, borders with Medan Helvetia and Medan

Belawan in north.

Respondents in this study were smoker and non

smoker farmers, with the following characteristics

are:

Table 1: Characteristic of Respondends .

Characteristics

Respondents

Smoker

Non Smoker

1. Aged

a. <25

b. 26-35

c. 36-45

d. 46-55

e. >55

2. Education

a. SD

b. SMP

c. SMA

d. PT

Table 2: Independent t test of smokers and non smokers

farmers.

Variabl

Normalitas

Test

Independent

CI 95%

Prod

uctiv

ity

P=0,552

0,003

(1,591-

3,290)

Outc

ome

P=0,359

0,021

(0,094-

0,906)

Loss

P=0,542

0,028

(0,072-

1,248)

Table 3: Income Comparation of Smoker and Non Smoker

Farmers.

Farmer

Mean

Non Smoker

241,69

Smoker

243,88

Table 4: Outcome Comparation of Smoker and Non

Smoker Farmers.

Farmer

Smoker

Non Smoker

Basic Need

880000

36,1

920000

38,

Cigarette

730000

Child

Education

640000

26,3

779000

32,

Health

53000

2,2

168000

Entertainment

42000

0,17

263000

0,1

Others

93000

3,8

276000

11,

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

Table 5: Health Complaints of Smoker and Non Smoker

Farmers.

Farmers

Smoker

Non Smoker

4 DISCUSSION

Marelan is one of the agricultural area in Medan

City, Marelan was an area of Dutch-owned tobacco

plantations in last, the majority of people were

looking for farmers, although lately the housing

development in Marelan was high, there are still

many area for farmers to work such as rice and

vegetables. Medan Marelan Subdistrict borders with

Deli Serdang in west, borders with Medan Labuhan

in east, borders with Medan Helvetia and Medan

Belawan in north.

From the result in table 1 shows that the average

age of smoker and non smoker farmers is in the

range of 36-45 years, 58% for smokers and 46% for

non-smokers, according to WHO age classification>

18-40 years old can be classified as adult age, and

based on the age classification according to Prof.

Koesoemanto age> 20-60 years can be classified as

adult age, based on this study the average age of

farmers is in the middle to late adult age, this is due

to work farmers need a lot of energy and activity,

although they require a lot of energy and activities

for work, farmers are not supported by good

education, because the average education of smoker

and non smoker farmers are only junior high school

(SMP), 32% for smoker farmers and 22% for non-

smoker farmers.

From the above data in table 2, we can be seen

that there is a significant influence between

productivity, outcome, and losses between smokers

and non smokers of farmers with p <0.05.

Productivity for farmers are not smoking is better

than smokers, this is because the capital used by

farmers non-smokers can be replaced with income

monthly from work, but for smoker farmers, capital

for work will not return because it has used for

smoking, whereas smoking is something that can

damage health, increase the economic burden of

individuals, households, and also the state. Moreover

outcome on cigarettes, will neglect the costs for

other truly more important, like children education,

health, entertainment, and others. This is accordance

with (Susanas) 2015 that outcome for cigarette has

defeat outcome for rice . This cigarette consumption

is equivalent or even beat total consumption for

meat, milk, eggs, fish, education, and health.

From the result in table 3 shows

The income of smokers and non-smokers is almost

same, the average income of non- smokers is

Rp. 2,416,900 and the smokers are Rp.2,438,800 per

month , the income of smokers is more than that of

non-smokers with a difference of Rp. 21,900, but

this income actually not in line with Medan's

minimum regional income Rp . 2,528 . 815 ,

whereas most farmers make farming the only main

occupation of farmers, which can also be affected by

weather and season conditions. Indeed with the

income still below regional minimum income, and

outcome for cigarettes that actually only give

temporary sensation for smoker farmers, and

consumption of cigarettes is true will become an

economic burden for individual, household, and

state.

From the result in table 4 shows The outcome

priorities of smoker and non smoker farmers. For

smoker farmers otcome priority for basic needs such

as rice, fruit and vegetables is Rp. 880000 or 36.1%,

cigarettes Rp. 7,30000 or 30% , children's education,

such as fees and money snacks are Rp. 640000 or

26.3% , health Rp. 53,000 or 2.2%, entertainment

Rp 42,000 or 0.17%, and other needs Rp 93,000 or

3.8%, and priority needs of non-smoker farmers are

Rp 920000 or 38.2%, children's education Rp.

779,000 or 32.4%, health Rp. 168,000 or 7%,

entertainment Rp.263,000 or 0.11% , and other

needs Rp. 276,000 or 11.5% . Based on this research

can be seen that need basic as food or rice only have

2.1% difference with outcome for cigarette

consumption for farmers with the average

consumption of cigarette for farmers are 3 packs per

day.

Many farmers did not can work well without

consuming cigarettes, smoker farmers say that

cigarettes provide peace to farmers, so that farmers

build images that cigarettes can be a necessity that

must continue to be available for as long as work,

this is evidenced in table 5 that only 22% of farmers

consider it that cigarettes can interfere with their

health, such as headaches are 4%, asthmas are 6%,

weight losses are 4%, and caughs are 8%.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Spending on cigarettes is very harmful for farmers

as worker with low to middle income, because

cigarettes were actually just provide temporary

sensation for smokers, and cigarette consumption for

Economic Burden Analysis for Smoker and Non Smoker Farmers in Medan, Sumatera Utara

a certain period of time will become an economic

burden for individuals, households, and countries.

Consumption of cigarettes for farmers should be the

government's attention, this was because cigarette

consumption has ranked second after the basic need,

this neglect other more actual needs important like

child education and health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge that the present

research is supported by Universitas Sumatera Utara.

The support is under the research grant TALENTA

USU of Year 2018 with Contract Number

250/UN5.2.3.1./PPM/KP-TALENTA/2018.

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ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches