Effectiveness of Administration Extract Haramounting Leaf

(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk) as Antioxidant in Preventing

Special Liver Values SGOT/SGPT Mice (Mus musculus L.) after

Exposure of Electric Cigarette Smoke

Syafruddin Ilyas

*, Salomo Hutahaean

, Rendra Syahputra Tanjung

, Finn Murdela

Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universuty of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Students Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universuty of Sumatera Utara, Medan,

Indonesia

fmurdela@gmail.com

Keywords: Cigraette, Liver,Mice, Rhodomytrus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk SGOT SGPT,

Abstract: This study aims to determine how the effectiveness of the Haramonting extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

(Aiton) Haask.) can provide a protective effect on the function liver sgpt sgot mice (Mus musculus L.)

exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days at a dose of 100 mg / BB, 200 mg / BB and 300 mg / BB. The design

of this study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of Group +, Group - and three treatments

of Extract Haramounting Leaf (Rhodomytrus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) And five replications.. Result

observations of liver and liver function SGPT SGOT showed that there were no significant differences (p>

0.05) between the average number of damaged cells and liver function of SGPT SGOT in male mice given

Ethanol Leaf extract of Haramounting (Rhodomytrus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) And exposed to electric

cigarette smoke.

1 INTRODUCTION

One billion men in the world are smokers, 35% of

them are from developed countries and 50% are from

developing countries. On average 435,000 people in

the United States die from diseases related to smoking

habits each year, causing 1 in 5 deaths. Based on data

from the Asean Tobacco Control Report Card in

2008, as many as 30.1% of the population of

Southeast Asia are smokers. In Indonesia as many as

57,563,866 adult residents are smokers, making it the

fifth highest cigarette consumer country in the world

(Rahmadi, 2013)

Cigarettes are one of the pollutants in the form

of gases that contain various chemicals including

nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar and eugenol (in clove

cigarettes). Cigarette smoke can affect macrophage

metabolism by activating macrophages to release

leukotriene B4, IL-8 and TNF-α causing increased

production of superoxide (O

) and H

, also causing

oxidative damage to macromolecules such as lipids,

proteins, and DNA, can eliminate antioxidants, and

form free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrite

peroxide (NO

) in the gas phase and quinone (Q),

semiquinone (HQ) and hydroquinone (HQ

) in the tar

phase (Soesilo, 2012).

Free radicals are molecular atoms that are very

unstable (have one or more electrons without a pair),

so to obtain electron pairs these compounds are very

reactive and damage the tissue. Free radicals can

come from various chemicals, one of them is

Aloksan. Alloxan is a cyclic derivative of urea which

is a potential agent that has been widely used to cause

type I diabetes at a dose of 150 mg / kg

(Mangkowedjo, 1988)

The chemicals used to prevent or slow down free

radical damage are antioxidants. These endogenous

antioxidants work to neutralize free radicals which, in

the process, require exogenous antioxidants in the

form of vitamins and minerals that can be obtained

from food or supplements.

Kemunting or Haramounting (Rhodomyrtus

tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) Is a native of Southeast

Asia and is spread over Indonesia. Spring leaves

contain steroids, terpenoid, alkaloids, phenols,

flavonoids, and saponins (Getta, 2010). According to

726

Ilyas, S., Hutahaean, S., Tanjung, R. and Murdela, F.

Effectiveness of Administration Extract Haramounting Leaf (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk) as Antioxidant in Preventing Special Liver Values SGOT/SGPT Mice (Mus musculus L.)

after Exposure of Electric Cigarette Smoke.

DOI: 10.5220/0010086507260730

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

726-730

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

research conducted in vivo and in vitro (Lanaya,

2012). In 2012, the acetone extract of kemunting leaf

has a strong antioxidant activity. Based on the above

description, this study was conducted to determine

the effect of haramonting leaf extract (Rhodomyrtus

tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) against the prevention of

damage to liver mice (Mus musculus L.) after

exposure to electric cigarette smoke.

2 METHODS

2.1 Research Design

This study used the Completely Randomized Design

Method which was divided into 6 treatments with 4

replications in accordance with the Fereder formula:

(t-1)(n-1) ≥ 15 (1)

Description:

t = treatment group

n = repeat

The following treatment groupings can be seen in

table 1.

Table 1. Grouping of research treatments

Treat

ment

Aqu

adest

Smo

Elect

ric

Haramounting Exract 45

Days

100mg

Kg/BB

200mg

Kg/BB

300

Kg/B

K (-)

√

K (+)

√

2.2 Sample Preparation and

Preparation of Extracts

Extraction method used is maceration with ethanol

solvent. Preparation of the extract was done by

immersing the simplicia for 48 hours with the

composition of 500 grams of haramounting leaves in

50% ethanol and shaken periodically. Then filtered

using Whatmann paper and evaporated to separate the

solvent with the extraction results at a temperature of

18-32 ° C.

2.3 An Experimental Council

Mice (Mus musculus) male DDW strain, healthy,

fertil and age 8-11 weeks with weight 25-30 g,

healthy, fertil (never give birth child once) as much

as 30 ekor.mice from Animal Disease Investigation

Center North Sumatra Medan and divided in

treatment and control groups. The mice were fed and

drunk in adlibitum, the cage was clean and arranged

12 light hours - 12 hours of darkness. Handling of

mice in accordance with animal ethics code of try

(Ethical clearance of Animal Research Commission

of FMIPA USU).

2.4 Exposure of Cigarette Smoke and

Extract Giving

Testing mice were fed pellets and drank in ad libitum,

then given oral haramounting extract orally with

doses of 100 mg / kgBW and 200 mg / kgBW each

distinguished into two durations of 28 days and 45

days. On Mice Data Larasati (2010) study results

illustrate that exposure to smoke per cigarette every

day for 14 days has caused mild to severe lung organ

damage. Therefore, in this research the exposure of

secondhand smoke in group II, III and IV mice was

done every day for 30 days according to Widodo

procedure (2006). Provision of cigarette smoke is

done with a dose of 1 stalk per group every morning

after 1 hour of haramounting extract. Stages of

exposure to cigarette smoke is done by first preparing

the equipment used in the exposure of the smoking

pump coupled with a smoking chamber. Smoking

chamber has two holes, one hole on the side to be

connected with the pump and the other one in front is

used as ventilation / enables air exchange. Five mice

from each group were inserted into the smoking

Chamber through the top of the smoking

chamber, then closed again. One cigarette was placed

in a pipe connected to the pump. Cigarettes that have

been installed on the next pump An electric cigarette

is mounted on the end of the hose so that cigarette

smoke into the smoking chamber. Stopwatch / timer

is installed to determine the time spent to spend a

single stick of clove cigarettes. Smoking chamber

will be filled with cigarette smoke during the

exposure of cigarette smoke and the behavior of mice

can be observed in the smoking chamber. Every

before giving cigarette smoke and harumonting

extracts, the mice are empowered ± 5 hours to empty

the stomach. Giving of cigarette smoke is done ± 1

hour after giving honey to absorbed honey first.

Effectiveness of Administration Extract Haramounting Leaf (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk) as Antioxidant in Preventing Special

Liver Values SGOT/SGPT Mice (Mus musculus L.) after Exposure of Electric Cigarette Smoke

727

2.5 Liver Function Analysis based on

SGPT / SGOT Levels

Mice blood is centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes

until serum is obtained. First the clean tube is

provided for the blank tube, the control tube and the

sample tube as the amount, and the blank tube

inserted into the microlab 300 spectrophotometer

device is directly read, as well as the control tube and

then inserted the SGPT work reagent of 1.000μ / L

and then read on the spectrophotometer microlab 300,

in the sample tube inserted 100μ / L serum into the

sample tube and added SGPT working reagent as

much as 1,000μ / L, then read on microlab 300

spectrophotometer and recorded the results (Subrata,

1988)

2.6 Data Analysis

The data analysis used a complete randomized design

(ANOVA) complete randomized design (RAL) at

95% confidence level, α = 0.5 with bootstrap analysis.

All data is analyzed using SPSS 22 program.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Extract Activity Value SGOT

Based on observations from the SGOT test results that

have been done on the hearts of male mice after the

exposure of electric cigarette smoke and given

Haramounting ethanol extract (Rhomodytrus

tomentosa (Aiton) Hask.) Results obtained in Figure 1

Figure 1 The value SGOT of all treatments has significant

difference. K (+): Smoke Smoke Exposure. K (-): aquades.

P1: Smoke Smoke Exposure and haramonting leaf extract

100 mg / kgBB for 45 days. P2: Cigarette Smoke Exposure

and haramonting leaf extract 200 mg / kgBB for 45 days.

P3: Cigarette Smoke Exposure and haramonting leaf extract

300 mg / kgBB for 28 days.

Based Figure 1 an indicates the average value of

SGOT K-: 276.48; K +: 48,18; P1: 309,62; P2:

436,08; and P3: 388.80. In the P2 group (after being

exposed to electric cigarette smoke and dose extract

of 200mg / Kg BB for 45 days) the value was higher

than among other treatment groups. This may occur

due to the exposure of electric cigarette smoke and

the provision of haramounting extract given can

increase the SGOT value where the SGOT value is

increased due to impaired liver function, but after

testing using ANOVA test between all control groups

with treatment groups did not show significant

differences (p > 0.05).

In Figure 1 shows the average increase in SGOT

value in the liver of mice after the exposure of electric

cigarette smoke and given Haramounting ethanol

extract (Rhomodytrus tomentosa (Aiton) Hask.) The

results obtained were no significant differences in

SGOT values (p> 0.05) in each group both in the

control group and the treatment group. In the

treatment group, in group P2 (after being exposed to

electric cigarette smoke and extract dose of 200mg /

Kg BB for 45 days), it was higher than the control

group, this was due to the effect of haramounting

ethanol extract and exposed to cigarette smoke

capable of increasing the SGOT value.

The liver is an organ that is sensitive to toxic

substances and has an important role in the

metabolism of toxic substances that function as

detoxification. Substances absorbed through the

gastrointestinal tract will be carried through the

bloodstream to the liver in the detoxification process

so that it becomes non-toxic and then excreted. Then

liver cells will release enzymes where the enzyme

level can be used as a parameter of the damage to liver

cells (Aferlina, 2010)

One indicator of damage to liver cells is an

increase in serum liver enzymes, including increased

levels of SGOT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic

Transamine), an aminotransferase enzyme that acts in

the serum to measure indications of liver diseases.

(Wahyuni, 2005)

3.2 Extract Activity Value SGPT

Based on observations from the SGOT test results

that have been done on the hearts of male mice after

the exposure of electric cigarette smoke and given

Haramounting ethanol extract (Rhomodytrus

tomentosa (Aiton) Hask.) Results obtained in Figure

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

728

Figure 2 The value SGPT of all treatments has significant

difference. K (+): Smoke Smoke Exposure. K (-): aquades.

P1: Smoke Smoke Exposure and haramonting leaf extract

100 mg / kgBB for 45 days. P2: Cigarette Smoke Exposure

and haramonting leaf extract 200 mg / kgBB for 45 days.

P3: Cigarette Smoke Exposure and haramonting leaf extract

300 mg / kgBB for 28 days.

Based Figure 2 an indicating the average value of

SGOT K-: 575,6; K +: 313,35; P1: 40,86; P2: 131,46;

and P3: 81.46. In the K-group (not given anything)

the value was higher than in other groups. This may

occur due to the exposure of electric cigarette smoke

and the provision of haramounting extract given can

increase the SGPT value where the SGOT value is

increased due to impaired liver function, but after

testing using the ANOVA test between all control

groups with the treatment group show significant

differences (p<0.05). In the K-group (not given

anything), it can be higher than the control group, this

is because the effect of ethanol extracting ethanol and

electromagnetic smoke is able to increase the SGPT

value. And from the results obtained from the

statistical tests conducted, there were no significant

differences in SGPT values (p <0.05) in each group.

Both the control group and the treatment group. In the

K-group (not given anything) it can be higher than the

treatment group. However, in the treatment of P1, P2

and P3 it decreased the SGPT value due to the

exposure of cigarette smoke and haramounting

extract can reduce the SGPT value.

The results obtained were the significant

differences in SGPT values (p <0.05) in each group

in both the control and treatment groups. In the K-

group (not given anything), it can be higher than the

control group, this is because the effect of ethanol

extracting ethanol and electromagnetic smoke is able

to increase the SGPT value. And from the results

obtained from the statistical tests conducted, there

were significant differences in SGPT values (p <0.05)

in each group. Both the control group and the

treatment group. In the K-group (not given anything)

it can be higher than the treatment group. However,

in the treatment of P1, P2 and P3 lowering the SGPT

value this is due to the exposure of cigarette smoke

and haramounting extract can reduce the SGPT value

and also there are several factors that make a high

negative control value that is the method of blood

collection, blood serum amount obtained and blood

serum storage time before being examined, it is also

possible to administer adbilitum foods and factors

that cannot be controlled by the researchers

themselves and may also process metabolic disorders

in the liver.

This is in line (Istikomah, 2015) Liver cells are

damaged, the SGPT will be released in the blood. In

case of mitochondrial damage or damage to cell

parenchyma, SGPT is seen to increase. It is suspected

that not all increases in SGPT levels are due to liver

cell disorders. SGPT levels depend on the method of

taking blood, the amount of blood serum obtained and

the duration of blood serum storage before being

examined.

However, according to the results (Fajariyah,

2010), the high SGOT-SGPT level as a liver function

test / test is not always characterized by high

hepatocyte damage because it depends on the extent,

type of liver damage, sensitivity of the test method

and whether there is a compensatory effort by liver

cells healthy. Often there is no relationship between

high enzyme levels and the degree of damage to

hepatocytes and the increase in SGPT enzymes can

identify damage to liver cells, this enzyme will

increase faster when the liver cells experience

disturbance or damage. Increased serum transamine

levels caused by transamine-rich cells experience

necrosis or destruction. Similarly, SGPT (Serum

Glutamic Pyruvate Transamine) is a transaminase

enzyme that is widely found in the cytosol. This

enzyme level will exceed normal levels in the blood

if there is damage to membrane permeability caused

by toxic substances. (Fathir, 2010)

4 CONCLUSIONS

The spread of electric cigarette smoke and the

provision of haramounting leaf extract haramounting

(Rhomodytrus tomentosa (Aiton) Hask.) with a dose

of 100 mg / bb can reduce the SGPT value. While the

SGOT value shows the increase in value. And still

passing away does not damage the liver and is likely

to be a drug

Effectiveness of Administration Extract Haramounting Leaf (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk) as Antioxidant in Preventing Special

Liver Values SGOT/SGPT Mice (Mus musculus L.) after Exposure of Electric Cigarette Smoke

729

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We gratefully thank the Univeristy of Sumatera Utara

from Talenta proposal program on professor research

grant number Certificate 2590/UN5.1.R/PPM/2018

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