The Effect of Arenga Pinnata Merr. Polysaccharide Extract on Blood

Glucose Level

Juliati Br. Tarigan,

Aminah Dalimunthe

and Sabarmin Peran

in-an

Department of Chemistry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacology, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Arenga pinnata, blood glucose concentration level, anti-diabetic.

Abstract:

An observational experiment was designed to study the effect of Arenga pinnata polysaccharide

extract on blood glucose level of the rat. The rats weigh from 151 – 207 g were fed by the extract

from the different hardness level of Arenga pinnata endosperm. Three different weight of 50, 100

and 200 mg containing 1% of Arenga pinnata endosperm extract were studied and compared

simultaneously with a common diabetic drug (glibenclamide) and glucose 50%. The blood

glucose level was determined in the range time of 0 – 120 min using a glucometer. The result

shows that the endosperm extract of Arenga pinnata could reduce blood glucose due to high fiber

contained. Arenga pinanata endosperm extract 1 and 3 with a level of 200 and 50 mg,

respectively, significantly reduced blood glucose after 90 min treatment compared to diabetic

rats. Even though glibenclamide showed a better result, this finding opens the possibility to use

natural Arenga pinnata endosperm as diabetic controlled.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dietary fiber has been recognized playing an crucial

role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as

diabetic type 2, lever and obesity (2010, Mann and

Cummings, 2009). Diabetic is a metabolic chronic

which identified from hyperglycaemic and insulin

deficiency (Watanabe et al., 2010). It was predicted

that in 2030 more than 552 million people in the

world will suffer from diabetic (Whiting, 2011).

Even though the synthetic diabetic drug has been

widely used for diabetic type 2, some side effects

such as hypoglycemia, drug-resistant, edema and

increasing body weight have limited the utilization

(Tahrani, 2010). Therefore another alternative

therapeutics drug must be developed not only by

using synthetic material but also from a natural

product. The polysaccharide of Pleorutus ostreatus

has been identified and used as a traditional

antidiabetic drug (Zhang, 2016). Another

polysaccharide like galactomannan fenugreek

potentially can be used as a diabetic drug (Madar,

1988) as well as their combination with pectin citrus

(Shtriker, 2018).

One of the abundant sources of galactomannan in

Indonesia is Arenga pinnata endosperm (APE)

which usually sell in the traditional market as

“kolang-kaling” (Mogea, 1991). The utilization of

APE is limited for a cocktail and food (Orwa, 2009).

APE contains a high amount of fiber (Tarigan, 2012)

and has water dissolved and not dissolved fraction.

Dissolved water fraction compose of carbohydrate at

62.49% and crude fiber (1.11%) (Tarigan and

Kaban, 2010). The main component of

polysaccharide in APE is galactomannan that can

dissolve in water (Rao, 1961) which contains

galactose and mannose ratio of 1:1.33 with the

antioxidant activity of IC

= 22.109 mg/mL

(Tarigan, 2012), (Tarigan, 2014). To the date, no

studies have been done regarding to galactomannan

as an antidiabetic drug.

Based on that, this study aims to explore the

possibility of APE powder as antidiabetic. The APE

was categorized into three different groups based on

their texture (hard, medium and soft). This

systematic study provides greater understanding and

information about the prospect of APE endosperm

extract as an antidiabetic food supplement or drug.

964

Tarigan, J., Dalimunthe, A. and Perangin-angin, S.

The Effect of Arenga Pinnata Merr. Polysaccharide Extract on Blood Glucose Level.

DOI: 10.5220/0010075909640968

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

964-968

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All r ights reserved

2 EXPERIMENTAL

2.1. Materials

The APE was brought from a local traditional

market in Medan, North Sumatera – Indonesia. All

the chemicals used were brought from local

chemicals dealers and was used without any

purification.

2.2. Procedures

2.2.1. Extraction of Galactomannan from

APE

Preparation of dry APE and extraction of

galactomannan from APE based on their texture

were conducted based on our previous study with

slight modification (Tarigan, 2012). The APE was

categorized based on their texture of (1) hard, (2)

medium, and (3) soft. Qualitative analysis of

monosaccharide component in dissolved and

undissolved water fraction were done following

procedure from (Mulimani and Prashanth, 2002). A

100 mg galactomannan was mixed with 50 mL 1M

HCl and heated in a water bath for 14 h followed by

thin layer chromatography analysis. After 14 h

hydrolysis, the solution was discarded and

neutralized with barium carbonate. The filtrate was

evaporated to form syrup and was dropped in

chromatography paper (20 x 20 cm) using glass

pipette. Separation of the thin layer chromatography

was conducted using two solvent systems in one

phase. Firstly, a mix of n-butanol : ethanol : water

(BEW) solvent at a ratio of 4:1:1 was added and the

plate was drying in the dryer. Next a mix of n-

butanol : acetic acid : water (BAW) solvent at a ratio

of 4:1:1 was added. The appearance of sugar was

detected by spraying with a p-anisidin solvent in

methanol and dry in oven drying for 20 min. The

brown spot signed the appearance of sugar.

2.2.2. Preparation of APE Extract

The APE extract was prepared from mixed of 1%

dry APE with water stirred at 50 - 55ºC until all the

APE dissolved followed by a shaker for 30 min at

the same temperature.

2.2.3 Determination of Blood Glucose Level

using a Blood Glucose Test Meter

This procedure was conducted based on previous

researcher (Thomson, 1985). The blood glucose

level of fasting rats was determined for 18 h. Blood

from each rat was taken from vena vessel which

firstly the end tail of rats was disinfected by ethanol

70%. The first drop of rat blood was discarded, and

the next blood drop was absorbed to the strip layer

of blood glucose test meter and the blood glucose

level determined in mg/dL.

2.2.4. Determination of the Effect of APE

Extract in Blood Glucose Level using

Tolerant Method

Rats weight ranging from 150 – 200 g had food

fasting for 24 h and was measured the as fasting

blood glucose level categorized in 5 different groups

which each group contain three rats.

Group 1, rats fed by 1% hydrogel from APE 1 with a

dosage of 50, 100, 200 mg.

Group 2, rats fed by 1% hydrogel from APE 2 with a

dosage of 50, 100, 200 mg.

Group 3, rats fed by 1% hydrogel from APE 3 with a

dosage of 50, 100, 200 mg.

Group 4, rats fed by glibenclamide with a dosage of

0.65 mg.

Group 5, rats fed by glucose dosage 50%

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The APE endosperm was categorized into three

different groups based on their texture. The

percentage yield of dry APE had reported in the

previous studied (Tarigan, 2018). Table 1 depicts the

yield of dry APE which contains dissolved water

fraction (galactomannan) and undissolved water

fraction (mannan). Separation of galactomannan and

mannan could be done through a simple method

using water in the neutral condition. Extraction

process in this condition does not require further

purification since it uses alcohol as a solvent and

could produce material with good quality and

environmentally friendly (Cerqueira, 2009).

Commonly crude galactomannan is used in

pharmaceutical and cosmetical industry (Üner and

Altınkurt, 2004). Galactomannan and mannan could

easy to separate with centrifugation which

galactomannan is in supernatant and mannan which

is in undissolved water fraction. In addition of

alcohol, both fractions will form precipitation which

further drying to form a dry extract.

Dissolved water fraction obtained highly in APE

2 while undissolved water fraction occurred mostly

in APE 3. Based on our previous study, the hard

texture is obtained in APE 3 which is ripened.

Usually immature APE contains more

The Effect of Arenga Pinnata Merr. Polysaccharide Extract on Blood Glucose Level

965

galactomannan than mannan (Kooiman, 1971). A

polysaccharide containing in mannan is mannose

range from 85 – 95% (Aspinall, 1959). Releasing

galactosyl residue by α-galactosidase in endosperm

increasing ratio mannose in galactomannan (Iglesias,

2014).

Table 1. The yield of APE

Figure 1 depicts the thin layer chromatography

result for standard galactose, mannose, dissolved

water fraction, undissolved water solvent and

mannose + glucose. As shown, both dissolved water

and undissolved fraction contains galactose which

their spots appeared in between spot of mannose and

galactose (Fig. 1b & 1c). This was supported by the

appearance spots as showed in figure 1B. Therefore

it can be concluded that undissolved water fraction

contains a high amount of mannan. This result

similar with the previous researcher reported

(Kaban, 2018).

Figure 1. Thin layer chromatography spectrum of (A1)

galactose standard; (A2) dissolved water fraction; (A3)

undissolved water fraction and (A4) mannose; and (B1)

dissolved water fraction; (B2) undissolved water fraction;

and (B3) mannose + galactose.

Figure 2. Graph the effect of APE extract on blood glucose level.

Paramete

APE 1 APE 2 APE 3

Dry weight APE

(

)

2,785 5,650 7,144

Weight of dissolved

water fraction

(

)

1,688 4,267 3,158

Weight of

undissolved water

fraction

(

)

0,504 1,140 2,966

Wei

ht loss

(

)

2,965 1,215 5,100

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

966

The effect of APE extract on blood glucose level

of rats was presented in figure 2. Some researchers

have demonstrated that galactomannan could

decrease blood glucose level (Madar, 1988),

(Shtriker, 2018), (Kendall, 2010), (Mann and

Cummings, 2009). However no study is found for

APE in decreasing blood glucose level. Three

different weights of 50, 100 and 200 mg containing

1% of APE extract were studied and compared

simultaneously with a common diabetic drug

(glibenclamide) and glucose 50%. The blood

glucose level was determined in the range time of 0

– 120 min using a glucometer. The result shows that

the APE extract could reduce blood glucose due to

high fiber contained. Most of the rats fed by APE

extract showed slightly higher blood glucose level

than rats fed by the antidiabetic drug

(glibenclamide). This is because the concentration of

APE used is lower than glibenclamide. APE extract

1 and 3 with a level of 200 and 50 mg, respectively,

significantly reduced the blood glucose level after 90

min treatment compared to diabetic rats. Therefore it

can be concluded that APE could be used to reduce

blood glucose level.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Galactomannan obtained from APE 1 – 3 were

1.688, 4.267, and 3.158%, while mannan was

occurred at 0.504, 1.140, and 2.966%, respectively.

APE extracts 1 and 3 with a dosage of 200 and 50

mg, respectively significantly reduce blood glucose

level after 90 min treatment compared to diabetic

rats. APE potentially could be used to reduce blood

glucose level and do not have any side effect.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the financial support from

Directorate General of Higher Education – Ministry

of Research, Technology and Higher Education,

Indonesia and the Rector of University of Sumatera

Utara by TALENTA USU on

2590/UN5.1.R/PPM/2018, date of 16 March 2018.

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