Forms of Noun Affixation in Pakpak Language
Amhar Kudadiri
1
, Asrul Siregar
1
1
Amhar Kudadiri, Program Study of Indonesia, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Jl Universitas No.19 Kampus USU Medan 20155, Medan, Indonesiaa
Keywords: Noun, Affixation, Pakpak Language.
Abstract: This paper aims to describe the forms of affixation of noun language Pakpak. In order for that purpose to
materialize, a structural morphology theory is used. This theory focuses on the morphological process by
observing its nominant behavior through semantic behavior, syntactic behavior, and also its morphological
behavior. This research is a qualitative research. Thus, the method used is a qualitative method. This is done
because the method is a procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or oral data in the
language community. The results explain that the prefixes that make up the nouns in Pakpak language
consist of / pe-/ and / per- /. Prefix /pe-/ change shape. The affixed / pinned form when encountered with a
vowel beginning with the consonant /g/ and /k/. /pe-/ be /pem-/ met with the basic word beginning with the
consonant / b / and / p /. / pe- / be /peng-/ / if meeting the basic word beginning with consonant /l/ and /r/.
/pe-/ be /pen-/ if it meets the basic word beginning with consonant /d/, /j/, /s/, and /t/. The suffix that forms
the nouns in Pakpak is /-en/ and no form changes are found. The infix that forms the nouns in Pakpak is /-
in-/ and no changes are made. The constants that make up the nouns in Pakpak language consist of /ke-en /,
/pe-en /, and /per-en/.
1 INTRODUCTION
The morphological process of each regional
language varies. It is presented by Akbulut (2017)
which says that "The exact part of morphology
differs with every dialect, contingent upon the word
arrangement of forms utilized as a part of every
dialect". This is what makes researchers want to
uncover the process of morphology in Pakpak
language, especially on the process of productivity
of noun formation. Bauer (1983: 63) states that
productivity is one of the tools of language that
allows the native speaker of the language to produce
infinite forms of formation and some of these are
newly formed. The affixation process as one of the
morphological processes often results in
productivity. The example of a branching verb is
derived from a prefix / and / spikes 'naked' noun: in
the formation of the word the form changes into /
menge /. Then, there are also nouns of 'hammered'
pickers derived from prefix / peer / and pekpek
verbs; in the formation of this word there has been
peluluhan / p / on the word pekpek. Meanwhile, the
form / p- / changed into / pem- /
The regional language as a supporter of the
national language is a source of Indonesian language
development. The contribution of regional languages
to Indonesian, among others, the field of phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics, and vocabulary.
Similarly, Indonesian language influences regional
language development. The reciprocal relationship
between Indonesian and regional languages is
complementary in its development. Due to the fact
that the importance of the function of regional
languages it is necessary to conduct serious
fundamental research on the local languages in
Indonesia.
Noun behavior in this morphological study
involves many aspects, not only the morphological
aspects, but also the syntactic and semantic aspects
because a speech in Pakpak language communicate
must involve the three elements. Moreover, Pakpak
language is more difficult to trace its authenticity
because it dominates Toba Batak language in
Pakpak society. In addition, as a result of the
influence of formal education, administration,
government, religion, and the progress of mass
communication system, especially radio and
television and other elements of the word have been
and still absorbed into the language Pakpak from the
Indonesian language. Nouns such as race, defense,
cooperative, and generation have often been used as
Kudadiri, A. and Siregar, A.
Forms of Noun Affixation in Pakpak Language.
DOI: 10.5220/0010069712091213
In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages
1209-1213
ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
1209

part of Pakpak language by native speakers. Such
absorption gradually affects the noun system of
Pakpak language.
Solin (1988: 112), states that the Pakpak
language speakers are bilingual, namely mastering
Pakpak language and Toba language even Karo
language, in addition to the Indonesian language.
According to him, the language of Batak Toba and
even Karo language is widely used by Pakpak
speakers, especially those who are Christians, who
are the majority religion of Pakpak. In overseas,
(Medan City) Pakpak language very rarely used
Pakpak tribe especially when met with Toba or Karo
tribe or other tribe.
2 THEORIES AND METHODS
Affixation is the process of affix affixing on a basic
or basic form. The affirmation in Ramlan's view
(1987: 50 in Romli 2015) is a bound grammatical
unit in which a word is a non-word and not a word
element, which has the ability to cling to other units
to form a new word or subject. element (1) basic or
basic form, (2) affix, and (3) grammatical meaning
generated. This process can be inflectional and may
also be derivative (Chaer, 2003 in Sutrisna 2017).
The basic or basic form that becomes the basis of
the affixation process can be a root, the smallest
form that can not be segmented again, such as table,
buy, eat, and brush. Can also be complex forms,
such as backwardness in the word backwardness,
apply to the word impose, and rules on the word
regular. It can also be a phrase, such as participating
in participation, a mistress's wife at his mistress's
wife.
Affix is a form, usually a bound morpheme,
which is fixed on a basis in the process of forming
words. Seen from its embedded position on the basic
shape is usually distinguished the prefix, infix,
suffix, and confix. Prefix is the process of forming a
word by adding affixes or affixes in front of its basic
form or also the process of forming words done by
affixing or adding or affixing affixes in front of its
basic form. Examples of prefixes or prefixes, ie, di-,
ter-, pre-, a-, per-, pert, and so on.
Infix is the process of word formation by adding
afik or affix in the middle of its basic form. The
added affixes are called infix or inserts. The process
of forming the word telinjuk, trembling, and
serrations, done by adding infik in the middle of its
basic form. For example: -el-, -er-, -em-, dan -in-.
Suffix is a word-forming process that is done by
adding or affixing affixes at the end of its basic
form, so the affix is called suffix or suffix. The term
also comes from the Latin word suffixus which
means attached (fixus, figere). The original suffixes
in Indonesian are also very limited. There are many
other foreign endings that are incorporated into the
Indonesian language, namely -isation, -er, -is, and so
on. So some of the foreign endings are called the
absorption suffixes from other languages.
A confix is a combined affix formed on a perfix
and a suffix that serves to support a particular
meaning. Because it supports that particular meaning
then confix is not regarded as a prefix or suffix each
of which stands alone, but is regarded as an integral
form of form. And since morphemes are composite
forms and their meanings, they are considered a
morpheme, not a combination of two morphemes
(Sumadi, 2008). The confix is also called simulfix
because it is a combination of affixes simultaneously
supporting a particular meaning. The basic concept
of confix or simulix is not the same because the
point of view of the naming of confix and simulphon
is different. Konfiks seen from togetherness to
support one meaning or one sense, while simulfiks
based togetherness.
Matthews in the book Morphology (in Ansari
2008), An Introduction to the Theory of Word-
Structure divides morphology into two fields,
namely inflexional morphology (inflectional
morphology) and lexical morphology. In the
meantime, belonging to the scope of word formation
is merely derivational (lexical) morphology whereas
inflexional morphology is not. Even Beard (in
Ansari, 2008) in the book Lexeme Morpheme Base
Morphology explained that if there is a formation of
words that have moved the class should also be
considered a grammatical relationship. Because the
indicated derivation must be functional and the class
changes (reclassification). Derivation is said to be
functional because of the change of class and its
grammatical functions.
In line with Matthews, Chaer (2007: 175) argues
that the formation of words derivatively or
derivasional will form a new word, the word whose
lexic identity is not the same as the word base. This
is also stated by Akbulut (2017) which says that:
“Changes in derivational morphology permit a root
word or stem to involve different word classes, as in
obvious (adjective), obviousness (noun), obviously
(adverb). It incorporates information of derivational
morphology, for example, prefixes (e.g., the dis-in
disorganized to demonstrate the antonym of the first,
organized), additions (e.g., the –er in seller to show
a person who sells), and compounding (e.g.,
ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches
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airplane to produce one word combining two words;
air and plane)”
This research is qualitative research. Thus, the
method used is a qualitative method. This is done
because the qualitative method is a procedure that
produces descriptive data in the form of written or
oral data in the language community. Therefore, this
research also uses descriptive approach. The
descriptive approach is done solely on the facts or
phenomena empirically alive in the speakers of the
language (in Asmadi, 2016).
In the morphological study are known three
common approaches, namely Word and Paradigm
(WP), Item and Process (IP), and Item and
Arrangement (IA) (The Linguistics Encyclopedia,
1995). In the WP approach, words are central and
fundamental units in grammar. This approach
provides a significant difference between
morphology and syntax. This approach also
prioritizes the morphosyntax process. Furthermore,
this approach avoids morphophonological problems.
This approach has advantages in linguistic
descriptions, is less successful in the description of
certain types of languages. IP suggests relationships
between units of one and the other with reference to
morphological processes. IP focuses on words, not
on words as grammatical elements. According to
this approach, each morpheme has a form in which
various processes occur. The advantage of IP is that
it can do many things to explain word formation. IP
has simple and derived forms (simple and derived).
Simple point is the basic form (root), while the
derivative is the forms that occur from the existing
process. However, as with WP, IP also can not
explain all features of all languages. For IA, this
approach is related to structural in sentence and
systematic bloomfield. IA is a simple approach
which is also a combined form. For a simple form,
IA uses a morpheme, while for a combined form, IA
uses two or more adjacent constituents (immediate
constituent). The advantage of IA is that it can
explain much about the problem of language
description but the advantage lies in the accuracy of
using the approach.
Research on the structure of the Pakpak language
previously emphasized more on results than the
process, where the approach used previously is the
IA (Item and Arrangement) approach. In contrast to
what the author did in conducting this research. The
author prefers the IP approach due to the advantages
and the process. IP focuses on the process of word
formation, as the authors analyzed. IP provides
information on the process, not on the form (Molino,
1985 in The Linguistics Encyclopedia). In addition,
the qualitative research of the author is also more
concerned with the process than the results
(Djadjasudarma, 1993).
3 NOUN AFFIXATION IN
PAKPAK LANGUAGE
The noun affixation process found in the Pakpak
language includes (i) prefix, i.e. prefix/pe-/ and/per-
/ (prefix/pe-/ have theallomorph /peng-/, /pem-/,
/penge-/, and /pen-/), (ii) infix, i.e. infix/-in-/, (iii)
sufix, i.e. sufix (-en-), and (iv) confix, i.e. confix
/ke-en/, /pe-en/, and/per-en/. For that, the affixation
process in Pakpak language based on the data
obtained can be described as follows.
3.1 Prefix/pe-/
The prefix /pe-/ pattem undergoes a change in form
either attached to the base word that initials vowels
as well as consonants, to produce nouns; when /pe/
is attached to the basic form that initials the vowel,
/g/ and /k/ then the prefix /pe-/ changes to /peng-/.
/pe-
/
+ an
g
in →
p
en
g
an
g
in ‘how to wind
/
pe-
/
+ alen
g
→
p
en
g
alen
g
‘pickup’
If it is attached to the initial base form of
/b/ and /p/, the prefix /pe-/ changes into /pem-/,
while the initial phoneme of the base word will
dissolve.
If it is attached to the initial basic form of /
l / and / r /, the prefix / pe- / changes to /penge-/.
/
pe-
/
+ laban
g
→
p
en
g
elaban
g
‘how to tackle’
/
pe-
/
+
L
empi
t
→
p
en
g
elempi
t
‘how to fold’
If it is attached to the initial basic form of /d/ and /j/,
the prefix /pe-/ changes to /pen-/.
If it is attached to the initial basic form /s/
and /t/, the prefix /pe-/ changes to /pen-/, while the
initial phoneme /s/ and /t/ will melt
/
pe-
/
+
s
uan → penuan ‘how to plant’
/pe-
/
+ Tutu → penutu ‘
p
oundin
g
’
/
pe-
/
+
B
orih → pemorih ‘how to wash’
/
pe-
/
+
B
ua
t
→
pemua
t
‘
how to take’
/
pe-
/
+
P
ekpe
k
→ pemekpe
k
‘how to hit ’
/
pe-
/
+ dedah →
p
endedah ‘
g
uard ’
/
pe-
/
+ de
g
e
r
→
p
ende
g
e
r
‘dancer’
Forms of Noun Affixation in Pakpak Language
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3.2 Prefix/per-/
The prefix / per- / does not change in shape, either
attached to the basic form of initial vocal and
consonant phonemes.
3.3 Infix
In Pakpak language there is one infix that forms a
noun, i.e. infix /-in-/
3.4 Sufix
The suffix that forms the nouns in Pakpak is the
suffix /-en/. The suffix /-en/ does not change in form
when it is attached to the basic form of the final
consonant phonemes; when attached to the basic
form of the final phoned vowel, the suffix /-en/
undergoes a coding process which is a rule.
ketek +/-en/ → Keteken ‘smaller’
ugah +/-en/→ Ugahen ‘boil’
3.5 Confix
In this case, the notion of confixation includes the
process of attaching prefixes and suffixes, either
sequentially (prefixes occur first and then followed
by suffixes or vice versa before suffixing followed
by prefixes) or simultaneously.
In Pakpak language there are three types of
confix that make up nouns:
1) Confix /ke-en/
2) Confix/pe-en/
3) Confiks /per-en/
3.6 Confiks /ke-en/
The confix /ke-en/ does not change shape, when it is
attached to the basic form beginning with the
consonant, but the confix /ke-en/ change shape when
attached to the base form that begins and or ends by
the vowel. The amendment is a code-sounding law
contained in Pakpak.
bern
g
in +
/
ke-en/ → kebern
g
inen ‘kemalaman’
lolo +
/
ke-en/ → keloloen
‘
excitement’
3.7 Confiks /pe-en/
The confixed /pe-en/ encoded process when attached
to the basic form ends with the vowel, whereas /pe-/
changes in shape according to the initial phoneme of
the underlying form which he attaches; this has been
described in the discussion of prefixation /pe-/
previous form.
cina
r
+
/
pe-en/ →
P
encinaren ‘
p
lace to dr
y
’
toko
r
+
/
pe-en/ →
P
enokoren ‘
p
urchase’
3.8 Confiks /per-en/
The prefix /per-/ at/per-en/ does not change, while
the suffix /-en/ undergoes a sound change like the
encryption process when it is attached to the word
ending with the vowel.
/pe
r
-en
/
+ kuta →
p
erkutan ‘villa
g
e’
/pe
r
-en
/
+ demu →
p
erdemun ‘
p
lace united’
4 CONCLUSION
The noun affixation forms in Pakpak language
consist of prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and
confixes. The prefixes that make up the nouns
in Pakpak language consist of /pe-/ and /per-/.
Prefix /pe-/ change shape. The affixed /pe-/
pinned form /peng-/ when encountered with a
vowel beginning with the consonant /g/ and
/k/. /pe-/ be /pem-/ if meeting with the basic
word beginning with the consonant /b/ and /p/.
/pe-/ be /penge-/ if meeting the basic word
beginning with consonant /l/ and /r/. /pe-/ be
/pen-/ if it meets the basic word beginning with
consonant /d/, /j/, /s/, and /t/. The suffix that
forms the nouns in Pakpak is /-en/ and no form
changes are found. The infix that forms the
nouns in Pakpak is /-in-/ and no changes are
made. The constants that make up the nouns in
Pakpak language consist of /ke-en/, /pe-en/,
and /per-en/.
REFERENCES
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1998. Tata Bahasa BakuBahasa Indonesia. (edisi
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Bahasa). Bandung: Pustaka Prima.
Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT
Rineka Cipta.
/
pe
r
-
/
+ Oles → peroles ‘who has a cloth’
/
pe
r
-
/
+ nan
g
e → pernan
g
e ‘
p
eribu’
ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches
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Kaseng, Syahruddin. 1975. Valensi Morfologi Dasar
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