The Effect of Mushroom Waste Compost and Defoliation on the

Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.

Moench)

Saifullah

, Marai Rahmawati

Erida Nurahmi

Agrotechnology Study Program, Syiah Kuala University. Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Keywords: Okra (lady’s finger), mushroom waste, compost doses, defoliation

Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), better known as Arabic bean or lady's finger, is a crop that was

introduced as a new vegetable crop in Indonesia. The use of compost is expected to improve productivity, and

compost used in this study was made from straw waste of mushroom media. This study aims to determine the

effect of compost doses and defoliation on the growth and yield of okra plants and the interaction between

those two factors. This research was conducted from May to September 2017 at Experimental Garden and

Physiology Laboratory of Agricultural Faculty, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. This research used a

factorial randomized block design with two treatments, compost doses consist of 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30

ton ha

-1

) and defoliation consists of 2 levels (with and without defoliation). Parameters observed included

plant height, stem diameter, wet cropping weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant, and harvest

index. The result of this research showed that the compost doses had a very significant effect on wet cropping

weight and had significant effect on stem diameter at 60 Day After Planting (DAP) while the other parameters

had no effect. The best compost dose on growth and yield is 30 tons ha

-1

on growth and yield of okra crops.

The defoliation treatment has no significant effect on all growth and yields parameters of okra crop. There

was an interaction between defoliation and compost dose 30 tons ha

-1

on stem diameter at 30 DAP.

1 INTRODUCTION

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) or better

known as Arabic bean or lady's finger (female

fingers), is a plant that has not been too famous in

Indonesia. This plant is commonly found in the

Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. This

plant is known by many local names in various parts

of the world, including okura (Japan), bendi

(Malaysia), je thew (China), as well as kacang lendir

(Riau). Okra is a type of vegetable that is popular in

the household, supermarkets, restaurants and hotels.

Therefore okra plants can be a farming business that

brings huge profits for vegetable farmers (Pure,

2009).

Okra plants are cultivated by Chinese farmers as

daily vegetables since 1800’s. In Indonesia okra was

first cultivated in West Kalimantan. Currently in

Aceh, okra plants are still rare and less popular among

the people. Thus, okra can be cultivated for a wide

marketing opportunity as a business in the

agricultural sector that brings benefits to vegetable

farmers in Aceh.

The people use okra’s fruit commonly as

vegetables. Okra’s fruit is very good in consumption

both for vegetables and as a medicine because it has

many benefits. In the research conducted by Rachman

and Yudo (1991), the results of nutrient content

analysis of young okra fruit obtained nutritional

content as follows, water content 85.70%, protein

3.90%, fat 2.05%, potassium 6.68% , 0.77%

phosphorus, 1.4% carbohydrate and 39.97 / 100g of

calories.

One way to increase the production of okra and

other horticultural plants is through fertilization.

Fertilization aims to replace missing nutrients and

increase the nutrient supply needed by plants to

increase the production and quality of plants. The

availability of complete and balanced nutrients that

can be absorbed by plants is a factor that determines

the growth and production of plants (Nyanjang et al.,

2003).

408

Saifullah, ., Rahmawati, M. and Nurahmi, E.

The Effect of Mushroom Waste Compost and Defoliation on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench).

DOI: 10.5220/0010043804080414

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 408-414

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

Improving the physical, chemical and biological

properties of soil can be done by giving organic

fertilizer in order to restore soil fertility. This

indicates that organic fertilizer has a positive effect on

plant roots health so that plant growth will also be

better. In addition, the potential of waste raw

materials for the production of organic fertilizer is

also abundant (Sardjono et al., 2012).

According Sutanto (2006), soil biological

ecosystem becomes unbalanced when chemical

fertilizers used continuously, so the purpose of

fertilization to fulfill the nutrients need is not

achieved. Therefore we must change the pattern of

using inorganic fertilizer by using organic fertilizer.

One of the sources of organic fertilizer is the

utilization of compost from mushroom media waste.

Mushroom media waste from rice straw will be

reused as the main material of compost for nutrients

source in okra plants. Thus, it will form an activity

that resembles a cycle and is also an implementation

of the concept of "Zero waste production

management" in agriculture that utilizes waste

products as a source of nutrients.

Mushroom media waste is one source of

potassium (K) which is cheap and easily available.

The return of mushroom media waste to the soil can

meet most of the K nutrients needed by plants.

Naturally potassium is easily lost from the soil, so the

application of K fertilizer should be given in two

types, as inorganic form (KCl fertilizer) and organic

form (straw compost) (Hartatik, 2009).

Research from Tamtomo et al. (2015) showed that

the interaction of compost and rice husk ash had

significant effect on all variables of sweet potato

growth and production which included variable

length of stem, number of branches, number of

leaves, tuber weight per plant, tuber weight per plot

and tuber content. The treatment using 20 tons ha

-1

straw compost and 20 tons ha

-1

husk ash produced the

best growth.

Research Salbiah et al. (2012) showed that 20 ton

-1

of hay compost has very significant effect to

panicle per hill and rice yield per hectare compared to

zero dose of straw compost and 10 ton ha

-1

dose of

straw compost. In another study, the application of

straw compost significantly affected plant height and

dry weight of corn plants. Composting of 30 tons ha-

1 straw produced the highest value on the parameters

of plant height and dry weight of maize, compared to

the dose of 10, 20 tons ha

-1

(Maulana et al, 2014).

In addition to fertilizing with compost media

waste mushroom, defoliation is also an attempt to

increase crop production. Defoliation is an attempt to

reduce vegetative growth of a plant so it can stimulate

the growth of certain parts of a plant and can

accelerate the generative growth of the plant. The

defoliation treatment should pay attention to the

condition of the environment itself (Saptarini and

Widayati, 1991).

In the study Nadira et al. (2009), the application

of defoliation in okra plants gives the best results than

without defoliation in some parameters such as plant

height, number of young fruit per plant and the yield

of okra per hectare. Yadi et al. (2012) showed that

defoliation had a very significant effect on the

number of leaves, fruit length, fruit weight and

diameter of cucumber plant. The length and weight of

fruits and the highest yield of cucumber was shown

on the pruning of 2 leaves and 2 branches with yield

of 49.98 ton ha

-1

The results of research conducted by Jaya (2009)

states that the pruning of branches on broccoli plants

grown in the lowlands at the time of planting flowers

can accelerate the age of harvest and can improve

crop yields. The highest increase in yield (23.7%) was

obtained from the pruning treatment of 100% branch

followed by branch pruning 75% (20.2%), branch

pruning 50% (16.8%) and 25% (9.6%).

Treatment of pruning productive branches will

stimulate the growth of fruit that can increase the

number of plant fruit. The increasing productive

branch is due to the increased of growth hormone

activity around the trimmed parts of the plant. By

doing defoliation in okra plants is expected to reduce

vegetative growth that can increase fruit production

(Nadira et al., 2009).

Based on those descriptions, an experiment was

conducted to examine the effect of compost dosage of

mushroom media waste and defoliation on growth

and yield of okra plants.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted from May to September

2017 at the Experimental Garden and Physiology

Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala

University of Darussalam Banda Aceh. The tool used

in this research is hoe, stake, scales, calipers,

sprinkler, ruler, scissors, paper label and stationery.

The material used in this research is the green okra

seed (Naila IPB varieties), alluvial soil obtained from

Indrapuri, polybag (size 20 kg) for planting as many

as 48 polybags, compost media mushroom waste of

7.2 kg, Urea fertilizer 96 g, SP 36 fertilizer 124.8 g,

and KCl fertilizer 48 g.

This experiment used Factorial Block

Randomized Design (RAK), with 2 treatment factors.

The Effect of Mushroom Waste Compost and Defoliation on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

409

The first treatment was 4 levels of mushroom media

waste compost (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha

-1

) and the

second treatment was defoliation and without

defoliation. There were 3 times repetitions, so that

obtained 24 unit experiments. There are 2 plants in

each experimental unit so there are 48 plants at all.

Cleaning the research area was done before

planting such as cleaning weeds or other waste from

the research site. Planting medium was 10 kg soil of

top soil mixture and mushroom media waste compost

in accordance with each treatment (0, 10, 20, and 30

ton ha

-1

). The mixture of the planting media is then

loaded into a polybag (size 40 cm x 50 cm). The

compost media of the mushroom waste used is

compost that has been decomposed naturally.

Labeling is done before planting. The usage of the

label is adjusted to the combination of the treatments.

Okra seeds were sown directly to the soil. There were

2 seeds sown in depth of 4 cm for each polybag. After

two weeks, one well grown plant was left. Defoliation

was done at the 30-Day after palnting (DAP) for

leaves number 3, 4 and 5. Defoliation is performed on

the petiole using a clean and sterile blade (Nadira et

al., 2009).

Okra plant maintenance activities include

watering 2 times a day, morning and evening.

Weeding is done by cleaning the weeds manually

around the plant at age 14, 28 and 42 DAP. Effective

weeding is done when weeds are young, so they can

not compete or interfere the okra plants. The bursting

was done simultaneously with weeding and

fertilizing. The bursting aims to improve the soil

structure around the roots of plants and to facilitate

plant roots in the process of nutrient uptake. This

bursting was done at plant age 14, 28 and 42 DAP.

Pest and disease attacks that occur in okra plants

were aphids, and pest control was done by using the

insecticide Curacron 500 EC at the age of 21 and 28

DAP. The fertilization used inorganic fertilizer as

basic fertilizer, those were 200 kg Urea ha

-1

(2 g

polybag

-1

), 256 kg SP-36 ha

-1

(2.6 g polybag

-1

) and

100 kg KCl ha

-1

( 1 g polybag

-1

). Fertilization was

done at the plant 14 DAP.

Okra harvest was done at the plant age 55 DAP or

5-6 days after flowering. Best harvest time is in the

morning or afternoon with a harvest time interval of

2 days, harvesting can last up to 2 months. The

harvested okra fruit is young, about 7 cm long with

marks on the ends of the fruit easily broken, white and

slimy. Harvest was done by using a sharp knife

because the stem of okra fruit is quite flexible.

The parameters observed in this study were plant

height (at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAP), diameter of base

of stem (at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAP), plant wet weight

(after harvesting), fruit number per plant, fruit weight

per plant, fruit lenght, and harvest Index.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Effect of Wastewater Media

Compost to Germs Growth and

Yield

F test result on analysis of variance showed that the

dosage treatment of mushroom media compost had a

very significant effect on the stem diameter of 60

DAPS and significantly affected the plant wet weight.

Otherwise, the effect was not significant on plant

height 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAP, stem diameter 15, 30

and 45 DAP, fruit number per plant, fruit weight per

plant, fruit length and harvest index. The average

growth and yield of okra plants due to the treatment

of mushroom media compost can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1 shows that the plant at 15 DAP tends to be

higher at the dosage of 20 tons/ha of mushroom

media compost. At the age of 30 DAP, plants given

mushroom media compost 30 ton ha

-1

tends to be

higher than other compost dosage treatment. While at

age 45 and 60 DAP, okra plants given waste

mushroom compost 20 ton ha

-1

tend to be higher.

The stem diameter at 15, 30 and 45 DAP was

larger in the mushroom media compost 30 ton ha

-1

while the largest at 60 DAP diameter was found in

plants with doses of mushroom media compost 30 ton

-1

which was significantly different from the dose

of 0 tons ha

-1

, but was not significantly different with

the doses of 10 and 20 tons ha

-1

. For the plant wet

weight, the dose of mushroom media compost of 30

tons ha

-1

yielded the heaviest wet weight significantly

differ from the dose of 0 tons ha

-1

, but not

significantly differ from the dose of 10 and 20 tons

-1

Overall, the best dosage of mushroom media

compos for plant growth was at a dose of 30 tons ha

. This suggests that the higher the mushroom media

compost, the more nutrients available to the plant.

This is presumably because the use of mushroom

media compost can provide nutrients optimally in the

soil so that will cause the organic material to process

mineralization.

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

410

Table 1. The average growth and yield of okra plants by the treatment of mushroom media compost

Observed Parameters

Compost Dosage (ton ha

-1

)

HSD

0 10 20 30

Plant Height (cm)

15 DAP 12.89 13.12 13.15 13.03 -

30 DAP 22.70 24.33 24.83 25.00 -

45 DAP 34.21 34.00 36.04 36.04 -

60 DAP 52.13 53.21 56.33 56.13 -

Stem Diameter (mm)

15 DAP 2.28 2.37 2.40 2.46 -

30 DAP 4.65 4.86 5.34 5.42 -

45 DAP 10.12 10.16 10.87 11.41 -

60 DAP 17.51a 19.39ab 19.15ab 20.67b 2.18

Plant wet weight (g) 654.83a 919.50ab 901.17ab 1077.50b 371.07

Number of Fruit per Plant (fruit) 2.50

3.25 2.83 3.17 -

Fruit weight per Plant (g) 86.82 114.79 101.22 117.67 -

Fruit length per Plant (cm) 12.43 12.48 12.82 13.35 -

Harvest index 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 -

Note : Number followed by the same alphabet in the same row is not significantly difference at 5% level (HSD Test 0.05)

The result of this overhaul of organic matter

increases the N element in the soil, resulting in

differences in plant height. According Susanti (2006),

organic materials have macro and micro nutrients

needed by plants, so when applied to the plant, it will

provide a good vegetative growth in plants. This is

also supported by the opinion of Roesmarkam and

Yuwono (2002) who stated that organic fertilizer will

release nutrients for plants with complete (N, P, K,

Ca, Mg, S and micro nutrients) and the addition of

organic fertilizers with high doses can improve soil

structure so easily penetrated by plant roots and keep

the nutrients of plants so as not easily washed and

produce better plant growth.

In this research, the difference dose of mushroom

media compost did not give a significant effect to the

result parameters. The dosage of mushroom media

compost of 10 tons ha

-1

produced the highest amount

of fruit, while the dosage of compost of mushroom

media waste of 30 tons ha

-1

produced the highest fruit

weight per plant because the length of the fruit at 30

tons ha

-1

compost yielded fruit length which tends to

be longer than other compost doses. It is suspected

that it was influenced by high nutrient content of

phosphor and potassium in the of mushroom media

compost so that the elements were absorbed by plants

and play a role in activating enzymes that play a role

in metabolism or energy. The energy is used to

perform photosynthesis which results in the form of

photosynthesis. Mas'ud (1993), translocation of

photosynthates to fruits is affected by potassium

which causes the movement of photosynthates from

mexofil cells to the roots, thereby increasing root

growth and development. With the increase of growth

and root development, the process of nutrient uptake

by plant roots will increase and photosynthates to

fruit will be more produced, so that will increase the

weight of fruit.

The treatment of organic fertilizer in the form of

mushroom media compost 30 tons ha

-1

has the best

growth and yield of okra plants compared to other

compost treatment. Susi et al., (2013) stated that

organic fertilizer can maintain soil condition and

support the development of rooting and nutrient

absorption process, so that the nutrient needs of plants

will be fulfilled during its growth, whether from

organic or inorganic fertilizer (urea). The increase of

production achieved in dosage of mushroom media

compost of 30 tons ha

-1

was 36.32% and the dosage

20 tons ha

-1

increased by 16.58% when compared to

treatment without compost (0 ton ha-1).

In the index parameter of harvest yield,dosage of

mushroom media compost did not have a significant

effect to growth and yield of plant. The highest

harvest index value was at 0 tons ha

-1

compost dose

of 0.14 (14%) and the lowest value was at compost

dose 20 and 30 ton ha

-1

0.12 (12%) whereas at the

dosage of 10 ton ha

-1

compost of the harvest index

value is 0.13 (13%), the value of the harvest index is

less than 50% means okra plant treated with

mushroom media compost produces large biomass at

various doses test.

The Effect of Mushroom Waste Compost and Defoliation on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

411

3.2 Effect of Defoliation on Growth

and Yield of Okra Plants

Table 2 shows that the growth parameters of okra

plant at age 45 and 60 DAP and stem diameter at age

45 DAP with the highest value are in defoliation

treatment, whereas stem diameter of 60 DAP and

plant wet weight with the highest value is found in the

treatment without defoliation.

The treatment with and without defoliation tested

did not have a significant effect on the outcome

parameters. However, overall treatment without

defoliation tends to result in higher fruit quantities

and higher fruit weight per plant, while the fruit

length in plants with defoliation treatment tends to

produce okra fruit longer than the treatment without

defoliation. The treatment with and without

defoliation had the same harvest index value that is

about 0.13 (13%).

Table 2. The average growth and yield of okra plants by the treatment of defoliation

Observed Parameters

Defoliation

HSD 0,05

Without With

Plant Height (cm) 15 DAP 13.11 13.19 -

30 DAP 22.60 25.83 -

45 DAP 34.06 36.08 -

60 DAP 53.83 55.06 -

Stem Diameter (mm) 15 DAP 2.37 2.39 -

30 DAP 5.03 5.11 -

45 DAP 10.33 10.95 -

60 DAP 19.30 19.06 -

Plat wet wei

ht (

) 909.33 867.17 -

umber of fruits per plan

(buah) 3.08 2.79 -

Fruit wei

ht per Plan

(

) 109.17 101.08 -

Fruit len

ht per Plan

) 12.62 12.92 -

Harvest Index 0.13 0.13 -

Note : Number followed by the same alphabet in the same row is not significantly difference at 5% level (HSD Test 0.05)

The treatment with defoliation showed better

values on the plant height at age 45 and 60 DAP, stem

diameter at 45 DAP. Accordance to Nadira et al.

(2009), defoliation or trimming provides the best

results than without defoliation to plant height,

number of young pods per plant and yield per hectare.

Defoliation of old leaves spurred in diverting of

assimilation results to the early growth of young leaf

buds, so the plants become higher.

The long growth of the plant is affected by the

auxin produced by the apical tip and the cytokines

that is transported from the roots. Cytokines will

stimulate cell division by increasing the rate of

protein synthesis so as to spur the growth of plant

height. The auxin and nutritive hormones originally

in the apical are no longer sent to the defoliated but

split stalks at the end of the active plant growing stem

(Lakitan, 1996)

Treatment without defoliation shows the most

amount of fruit per plant and the weight of fruit per

plant tends to be better, this is inversely proportional

to what we expect that with defoliation will increase

the production of okra plants. The defoliation done on

the 3

, 4

and 5

leaves can not affect the results, it

is suspected that because the photosynthate produced

is small and does not affect the increase of fruit

formation, it is not in accordance with Warsana

(2009) which states that the pruning of plants means

reducing distribution of photosynthate to many

branches so more directed to increase fruit formation

in plants. The effect of pruning of plants also shows

that the response tends to be better on the fruit length

although it has no significant effect.

3.3 Influence of Interaction between

Mushroom Media Compost and

Defoliation to Growth and Yield of

Okra

The result of F test on the analysis of variance shows

that there is a significant interaction between the

dosages of mushroom media compost with

defoliation treatment to stem diameter at 60 DAP.

The stem diameter at 60 DAP in the defoliation

treatment became larger due to the use of mushroom

media compost of 30 tons ha

-1

, which was

significantly differ from the dosage of mushroom

media compost 0 ton ha

-1

. While the stem diameter in

the treatment without defoliation due to of mushroom

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

412

media compost 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton ha

-1

, did not make

a significant difference. For more details, the

interaction between doses of mushroom media

compost with defoliation to stem diameter of 60 DAP

can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Interaction between mushroom media compost and defoliation on stem diameter at 60 DAP.

The results showed that the interaction between

dosage of mushroom media compost with defoliation

only had significant effect on growth of stem

diameter at 60 DAP. The defoliation treatment

resulted in the largest growth of stem diameter of 60

DAP with dosage of 30 tons ha

-1

of mushroom media

compost. Darmanti

et al

. (2008) stated that the growth

of lateral branch diameter in plants due to defoliation

treatment is due to cambium vascular activity. The

stem part of the plant will increase in diameter as the

initial form of the cambium from the secondary

xylem to the inside and the secondary phloem to the

outside. Accumulation of secondary vessel tissue has

a big role to increase the diameter of woody plant.

4 CONCLUSION

The treatment of mushroom media compost at doses

of 30 tons ha

-1

is better than other doses on growth

and plant yield parameters. The treatment without

defoliation resulted in the best growth and yield on

the observed parameters. There was a significant

interaction between the mushroom media compost

and the defoliation treatments on the stem diameter of

60 DAP.

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