The Importance of Islamic Microfinance Model as a Mean to
Alleviate Fisherman Poverty in Pangandaran
A. Jajang W. Mahri, Neni Sri Wulandari and Mumuh Muhammad
Islamic Economics and Finance Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Kota
Bandung
Keywords: Fisherman, Islamic Microfinance, Poverty.
Abstract: The background of this research is poverty problem that have happened to traditional fisherman in Indonesia.
Pangandaran is one of the districs in Indonesia which is still having problem in fisherman poverty. Based on
previous research that fisherman poverty problem is caused by various factors like biological, technological,
sosio-economic. Meanwhile, one of the types of sosio-economic problem is limited access to financial
institution because the fisehrman is party who is susceptible to bad credit. This research uses mix method with
using quantitative and qualitative approach. Qualitative approach uses descriptive analysis, whereas
quantitative approach uses mann-whitney u test, OLS and logit regression. The result of the study in the first
step shows that fisherman poverty in Pangandaran is influenced strongly by family burden and financial access
toward financial institution. On the other hand, the total of family labour and family burden influence income
fisherman per capita. Meanwhile, there is significant difference between fisherman income who has an access
and not. The research planning for the next will be focused on the design of the Islamic microfinance model
and testing such Islamic mirofinance model to fisherman in Pangandaran.
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has 11 potential sectors in maritim. The
amount of economic potential in maritim about US$
1.2 triliun per year. Job opportunities provided by this
sector reaching 40 million people. Then, if able to
optimize this maritim potential, unemployment and
povert problem automatically will be eradicated
(Nugroho, 2014).
However, it is ironic to see a fact that fishermen
in Indonesia is a subsistence sector that shackled by
the poverty problem. Fisherman's welfare level is
generally lower than those who work not as
fishermen. The data shows that the average
fisherman's expenditure is only about IDR 561,000
per month, lower than those who are not fisherman
with an average of IDR 744,000 per month. If
reviewed further, the problem of fishermen that
trapped in the poverty is caused by not having
adequate access to education and health, and also
difficulty in obtaining access to credit as most of
banks assume that loans to fisherman is at high risk
(Central Bureau of Statistics, 2013; Survey of
Demography Institution of North Sulawesi (2014) in
Harmadi, 2014).
West Java as the third province that has the great
number of fishermen still has problem in poverty.
Study conducted by Muflikhati et al. (2010)
concluded that using poverty indicator from World
Bank (1$ US /day) that the number of poor fisherman
in West Java at the rate of 45,7 %.
This study wil be focused on sosio-economic
problem that faced by fisherman itself. Islamic
microfinance model, can simply be defined as a
model of microfinance that can provide facilities or
microfinance products for people who are in unlucky
condition according to Islamic principles. Access to
microfinance institution become so important for
poor fisherman. Rahman (2010) concluded that
microfinance programs based on Islamic principles or
called by Islamic microfinance had improved life
standard for rural society. Poverty upon fisherman in
north and south beach area in West Java indicated by
limited access to financial institution, because
fisherman is one of the parties who is at high risk
credit
.
One of the policies that have been done before by
the government in Indonesia as an effort to alleviate
poverty on fisherman is in the form of direct
asssistance or fishing equipment that can be used to
756
Mahri, A., Wulandari, N. and Muhammad, M.
The Importance of Islamic Microfinance Model as a Mean to Alleviate Fisherman Poverty in Pangandaran.
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP 2017) - Transforming Islamic Economy and Societies, pages 756-762
ISBN: 978-989-758-315-5
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

get fishs. On the other hand, microfinance model
throughout the time used by only small and medium
entreprises. Therefore, this study will explore as to
how the fisherman as poor one can get access to
financial institution in the model of Islamic
microfinance which consistently will lift fisherman’s
life standard. However, for the first step of this study
will analyze factors influencing fisherman poverty in
Pangandaran, and also will analyze how fisherman
get access to financial institution.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
In this part will be flattened as to the concept of
Islamic microfinance, the relationship between
Islamic microfinance and poverty alleviation and also
previous study that related to.
2.1 Concept of Islamic Microfinance
Microfinance is program that give small loan to the
poorest to do business as mean to get an income to
fulfil their basic needs and family (Rahman, 2010).
Therefore, in 2005 world bank has stated that in 2005
as year of microfinance to campaign and extend
poverty alleviation.
Grameen Bank is great model for microfinance in
Bangladesh that conduct programs successfully,
where Muhammad Yunus as the founder of Grameen
Bank got nobel prize for reconcilement category in
2006. Muhammad Yunus tried to expose capitalism
logic in banking practice. Capitalism clearly has born
discrimination to the poor. The syllogism of banking
capitalism of the strict premises as follows (i) Bank
has to get profit without differentiating rich and poor
people,(ii) Credit that given in great amounts and not
reached by poor people, (iii) therefore, irrational if
bank can give micro credit. The conclusion is
rationally bank will not take sides for poor people
(Wahid, 2014).
In practice, Gramen Bank pioneered by
Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh is not an Islamic
financial institution, it means that bank still uses
interest in providing financing to the poor. Therefore,
there is a deep cares of conventional microfinance
practices from Islamic perspective, as shown by
Wilson (2007) that extending materialism and rural
society consumerism and urban slums can damage
social cohesion and frustrated in the long run.
Ahmed (2002) recorded some differences
between conventional microfinance and Islamic
microfinance as follows:
Table 1: Differences between Conventional and Islamic
Microfinance.
Conventional Islamic
Liablities
(Source of Funds)
External funds, savings
of clients
External funds, savings
of clients, Islamic
charitable sources
Assets (Mode of
Financin
g)
Interest-based Islamic financial
instrument
Financing the
Poorest
Poorest are left out Poorest can be included
by integrating zakah
with microfinancin
g
Funds Transfe
r
Cash
g
iven Good transferre
d
Deduction of
Inception of
Contract
Part of the funds
deducted at inception
No deductions at
inception
Group Target Women Family
Objective of
Tar
g
etin
g
Woman
Empowerment of
Women
Availability of ease
Liability of the
Loan (When given
to women
)
Recipient Recipient and spouse
Work incentive of
em
p
lo
y
ees
Monetary Monetary and religous
Dealing with
Default
Group/centre pressure
and threats
Group/center/spouse
guarantee, and Islamic
ethics
Social
Development
Pro
g
ra
m
Secular (or un-Islamic
behavioral, ethical, and
social develo
p
ment
)
Religious (includes
behavior, ethics, and
social
)
Source: Ahmed (2002)
2.2 Islamic Microfinance and Poverty
Alleviation
Generally, the framework of Islamic microfinance in
poverty alleviation as follows:
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of Microcredit
Programmes in Poverty Alleviation (Rahman, 2010).
Some previous studies showed that Islamic
microfinance model can be one of the instruments in
poverty alleviation as stated by Rahman (2010) who
concluded that Islamic microfinance program has lift
life standard or rural sosio-economic. With using
1020 farmer household in rural as research sample
and econometric model, this study concluded that
household income, productivity and job opportunity
increase significantly. On the other hand, Islamic
The Importance of Islamic Microfinance Model as a Mean to Alleviate Fisherman Poverty in Pangandaran
757

microfinance program has increased spirituality with
indicator diligence in worship. Finally, Islamic
microfinance appears as a mean to boost economic
activities more ethics in poverty alleviation.
The other study which relates to support this study
is study conducted by Durrani (2011) using 100
sample of poor people in Pakistan. That study
analyzed that microfinance is important element
strategically and effectively in eradicating poverty.
Meanwhile, sosio-economic factors that concidered
in this study are reparation of life style, acomodation
standard, income, life standard, purchasing power,
expansion of business facility, good entrepreneur and
technology. The study results showed that effective
access and providing microfinance may help poor
people to smooth consumption, risk management,
step by step in asset holding, developing micro-
business, improving productivity capacity, and
enjoying life quality.
Beside that, Aslaam (2014) counducted empirical
study in Pakistan. Respondent in this study is client
and employee of Islamic microfinance in ten district
in Pakistan. The total of respondent is 120. This study
used Chi-Square test to analyze the data. The results
concluded that Islamic microfinance has played role
in improving life standard, income per capita,
education level, ethics value, profitability,
sustainability, infrastructure condition, job vacancy,
and able to lead inflation and income inequalty.
2.3 Fisherman Poverty in Indonesia
The study conducted by Agunggunanto (2011) using
OLS regression and logit regression showed some
conclusions as folllows having experience as
fisherman directly and indirectly influence output of
catching fish and get implication to fisherman
income. On the other hand, total of family burden, use
of technology, boot ownership, and cooperation
assistance (dummy variabel) as factors influencing
fisherman income and poverty in Demak, Central
Java.
Another study conducted by Hamdani and
Wulandini (2013) summarized that factors
influencing traditional fisherman poverty in Muncar
subdistrict are low education, productivity, fisherman
behavioral and habitual in using income which is less
intention for future needs, capital ownership, use of
technology and it is not financial institution yet which
has role in serving fisherman needs, distributing fish
and facilitating fisherman needs.
Then, there is also previous study that related to
this study by Muflikhati et al. (2010) who conducted
research in four subdistrict in beach area West Java,
they are Gebang subdsitrict (Cirebon) Kandanghaur
subdistrict (Indramayu) as representative for north
beach area, and also Pelabuhanratu subdistrict
(Sukabumi) and Pangandaran subdistrict (Ciamis) as
representative for south beach area. Using sample 276
family. The result of study implied that if using
economic measure, so fisherman family is more
prosperity than non fisherman family. On the
contrary, if prosperity is measured by lot of
dimension, so fisherman family is lower than non.
Generally, factors influencing prosperity are familiy
burden, education, asset, income, and expenditure per
capita.
Based on literature review toward previous
empirical studies regarding poverty alleviaton
especially in fisherman poverty known that is still
limited related to model of
Islamic Microfinance.
Whereas, if this model is developed will able to help
life quality for fisherman particularly for those who
are a muslim. Besides that, Islamic microfiance
model will give financial access coincide with moral
injection in economic activities.
3 METHODOLOGY
Method used in this study is mixed methods or
combination method. This research method is method
which is based on pragmatism philosophy (composite
positivism and postpotivism) (Sugiyono, 2011).
Qualitative analysis uses descriptive study. Whereas,
quantitative method that used is diferrence test,,OLS
regression and logit regression.
Menawhile, the proposed hypotheisis for
difference test as follows:
Ha: There is difference average income
between fisherman who has access to
financial institution and not.
Ho: There is difference average income
between fisherman who has access to
financial institution and not.
In this study for OLS regression model as follows:
Log Y = 

+



+



+



+



+




+



+



+
(1)
Explanation:
Log Y : Log fisherman income per capita (IDR)


: Intercept


..

: Parameter coeficient
 : error
X1 : Age (year)
X2: Education (in dummy, 1 = non elementary,
and 0 = elementary)
ICIEBP 2017 - 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business and Philanthropy
758

X3 : Duration of becoming fisherman (year)
X4 : Family burden (person)
X5 : Family labor (person)
X6: Boat ownership (in dummy, 1 = one’s own,
and 0 = other)
X7: Access to the Financial Sector (in dummy
form, 1 = Access, and 0 = No Access)
Whereas, regression logit (binary) model
proposed as follows:



= 

+



+



+



+



+




+



+



+
Explanation:
 : Poverty Probability
1 = Poor dan 0 = Non-Poor
Subject of this study is fishermen in Pangandaran
West Java. The total of sample for this study is 100
fishermen with using purposive sampling.
4 DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSIONS
Based on data processing from fishermen, only 83
quisionares of 100 that can be accepted to analyze.
The following are the results:
4.1 Demography Condition of
Fisherman in Pangandaran
Most of the people living around Pangandaran beach
work as fishermen. To fulfil life needs, they have to
come to sea every day in the hope of getting a lot of
fish for sale. However, the income of the fisherman is
very dependent on the nature or weather conditions
and the availability of fish in the sea, when the
weather does not support for fishing or going to sea
then the fishermen will be difficult to fulfil their daily
needs. Such condition vulnerable cause poverty
among fishermen.
Table 2: Demography Condition of Fisherman in
Pangandaran.
No. Variable Interval Average
1. A
g
e 17-60 Year 40 Yea
r
2.
Education Elementary –
Hi
g
h School
Elementary
3.
Duration of Becoming
Fisherman
1-42 Year 19 Year
4. Famil
y
burden 0-6 Person 3 Person
5. Famil
y
labo
r
0-4 Person 1 Person
If the level of welfare is measured by a larger
dimension such as access to education, then the
welfare of the fisherman is in low condition. The level
of education has become one of the factors that
caused the fishermen community in Pangandaran to
be poor. Fisherman at Pangandaran is unlikely to find
a better job with low education condition. When
working as a fisherman is temporarily unavailable,
then fisherman will work as pedicab driver or
constructon worker.
The low level of fishermen education in
Pangandaran does not necessarily make the fishermen
are not experts in mastering the techniques of fishing.
Fishing skills are done through the process of
socialization and enculturation from generation to
generation.
4.2 Sosio-Economic Condition of
Fisherman in Pangandaran
To know the condition of fisherman poverty
materially in Pangandaran, the indicator used from
the Central Bureau of Statistics. The poverty line
according to Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for
2017 is IDR 361.496,00 / capita / month.
The following are data of poor and non-poor
fishermen based on poverty line indicators issued by
the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS):
Figure 2: Percentage of Fisherman Poverty.
Fisherman in poor condition means that income per
income below Rp 361.496,00 / month.
The level of morality is one of the factors causing
one's poverty level. Study conducted by Rahman
(2010) Revealed that moral and ecthics influence
positively to household income. Therefore, it is
important to analyze the spiritual level of fishermen
in Pangandaran. Here is the level of religiosity or
spiritual fisherman based on data in the field:
25%
75%
Poor
Non-Poor
The Importance of Islamic Microfinance Model as a Mean to Alleviate Fisherman Poverty in Pangandaran
759

Table 3: Religiousity Level of Fisherman in Pangandaran.
Statements
Regular
10 (0)
Very
often
6 (4)
Very
rare
4 (6)
Not at all
0 (10)
Sa
y
in
g
p
ra
y
e
r
19 40 24 0
Know hoe to
recite the Holy
Qur’an
3 26 50 4
Fastin
g
17 53 13 0
Inviting
towards Islamic
activities
6 10 58 9
Involvement
with dowr
y
3 0 3 77
Wife and
daughter
(Wearing
Hizab)
24 20 22 17
Not involve
with interest
17 14 20 32
Misunderstandi
n
g
with Wife
2 1 44 36
Involvement
with social
activities
23 30 30 0
Note: Figure in the parentheses are the score for dowry,
interest, and misunderstanding with wife.
Based on the data above, it can be determined
whether the spiritual condition of the fisherman is
poor or not. Rahman (2010) explained that if the score
of each respondent is below 70% then it can be
categorized as someone experiencing poor spiritual.
Here is the level of religiosity among fishermen:
Figure 3: Percentage of Fisherman Religiosity.
The spiritual poverty level of fishermen in
Pangandaran can be reflected from their bad habits
such as gambling. Moreover, Majority of fishermen
leave the obligations of Islamic teaching is caused by
their condition is always in sea. Such conditions make
some fishermen as a barrier to worship. Therefore, it
can be concluded that the poor condition of the
spiritual can bring negative or bad behavior that will
impact to the difficulty of fishermen to get out of the
poverty line
.
4.3 Factors influencing Fisherman
Poverty and Income in
Pangandaran
To analyze the factors affecting fisherman poverty
and income in Pangandaran is conducted by two
testing approach namely OLS regression and logit
regression.
The following is the OLS tests for factors
affecting fisherman income per capita in
Pangandaran:
Table 7: OLS Regression Test.
Model
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
Beta
(
Constant
)
21,401 ,000
X1 Age -,026 -,189 ,851
X2 Education ,038 ,349 ,728
X3 Duration of
b
ecomin
g
fisherman
,006 ,045 ,964
X4 Famil
y
Burden -,380 -3,224 ,002*
X5 Famil
y
Labo
r
,298 2,468 ,016*
X6 Boat Ownershi
p
,081 ,712 ,478
X7 Financial Access ,134 1,176 ,243
Dependent Variable: Log_Income
*Si
g
nificant at 5%
Model Summar
y
R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
,421
a
,178 ,101 ,50649
ANOVA
b
Model
Sum of
S
q
uares
Mean
S
q
uare
F Sig.
Re
g
ression 4,154 ,593 2,313 ,034
Residual 19,240 ,257
Total 23,394
Based on regression output that partially family
burden and family labor affecting income per capita.
The regression coefficient for family burden shows
negative result, it explaines that the more family
burden, the lower fisherman income per capita. This
is in accordance with the theory and concept that
have been developed by Rahman (2010) and
Agunggunanto (2011) . Meanwhile, the regression
coefficient for family labor shows positive result, it
reveal that if there is family member who work, it will
increase fisherman income per capita.
R-Square or coefficient of determination for this
test is 17.8% which reveal that independent variables
are able to explaine dependent variable up to 17.8%.
While for 82.2% is explained by other variables
outside the study. Meanwhile, simultanously in this
model influencing toward dependent variable or
fisherman income per capita.
The second test is logit regression which used to
know factors infleuncing fisherman poverty in
Pangandaran. The following is logit regression ouput:
83%
17%
Poor
Non-Poor
ICIEBP 2017 - 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business and Philanthropy
760

Table 8: Logit Regression Test.
Variables in the E
q
uation
B S.E. Wald Sig.
X1 A
g
e ,012 ,034 ,117 ,732
X2 Education -,327 ,598 ,299 ,585
X3 Duration of
b
ecomin
g
fisherman
,004 ,035 ,011 ,918
X4 Famil
y
Burden ,604 ,250 5,817 ,016*
X5 Famil
y
Labo
r
-,746 ,484 2,376 ,123
X6 Boat Ownershi
p
,088 ,590 ,022 ,881
X7 Financial Access -1,074 ,620 2,998 ,083**
Constant -2,185 1,388 2,479 ,115
Logit Regression Model: dependent variabel (1= poor, 0= non-poor)
*Si
g
nificant at 5%, **si
g
nificant at 10%
Model Summar
y
-2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square
Nagelkerke
R S
q
uare
84,319
a
,109 ,161
Based on the test results can be concluded that the
factors influencing fisherman poverty in Pangandaran
are family burden as stated by Agunggunanto (2011)
and financial access as stated by Rahman (2010).
Independent variables simultanously explain poverty
up to 10.9%. While, and 80.1% is explained by
others. Therefore, one of the proper efforts to create
fisherman prosperity is to motivate fisherman to have
access to financial instituion.
4.4 Financial Access of Fisherman in
Pangandaran
Fisherman is a job that depends on the condition of
nature. When the season to go to sea is famine, then
the fisherman will have difficulty in earning income.
Meanwhile, the needs of fisherman's life must still be
fulfilled. The following is mechanism of financial
acces for fisherman as mean to fulfil the nedds:
4.4.1 Rich Fisherman (juragan)
The easiest way to get a loan of money is through rich
fisherman or usually called by boss. Fishermen who
have not received the results can borrow money first
to the rich fishermen (juragan). Furthermore the
fisherman will pay for it when the season went to sea
through wages received from skipper. Usually loan
from juragan to fisherman without using interest.
4.4.2 Usurer
Another way to get loan easily is through usurer. In
Pangandaran, usurer is still widely found. Loan
system thorugh this scheme is required to pay interest.
4.4.3 Cooperative
Not all fishermen in Pangandaran are members of the
cooperative. So that only members of the cooperative
who get a loan facility. However, not all members of
the cooperative know that cooperative has a role to
lend money. Therefore, this cooperative is not
optimal in empowering fisherman in Pangandaran.
4.4.4 Bank
The loan facility that became a fisherman's faovorit is
a credit / loan provided by bank BRI through its
program namely Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR). But,
this loan is not given to all fishermen, there is special
requirement. On the other hand, this intitution is
required fisherman to pay interest.
4.5 Analysis of Differences for
Fisherman Income based on
Financial Access
Based on normality test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov
getting sig. value at 0,000. That value is less than
alpha 5%. Therefore, H
A
is accepted and H
0
is
refused . That means fisherman income is not normal
distribution. Because of that data is not normal, then
will use statistics with Mann-Whitney U test.
Table 10: Mann-Whitney U test.
Ranks
Financial N Mean Ran
k
Sum of Ranks
Income Non-Access 44 36,18 1592,00
Access 39 48,56 1894,00
Total 83
Test Statistics
Income
Mann-Whitne
y
U 602,000
Wilcoxon
W
1592,000
Z -2,338
As
y
m
p
. Si
g
.
(
2-tailed
)
,019*
Based on the results in the ranks table shows that
groups of fishermen who have access to financial
institutions up to 44 people. While those who do not
have access to finance amounted to 39 people. Based
on these results can be seen that almost 50% of the
total of fishermen who become respondents do not
have access to finance, especially to financial
institutions. Furthermore, in the table of statistical
tests can be seen that the significance value is at 0,019
less than alpha 5%. (0,019 < 0,05). This explaines that
there is differences between fisherman who has
access to financial institution and not. In another
words, that access to financial institution could
increase fisherman income.
The Importance of Islamic Microfinance Model as a Mean to Alleviate Fisherman Poverty in Pangandaran
761

Thereby, one of efforts in increasing fisherman
prosperous is through getting access to financial
institution. Islamic microfinance can become
instrument in alleviating poverty. Islamic
microfinance model will help to improving life
quality particularly for those who are a muslim
materially and spiritually. Islamic microfinance will
also lead fisherman with moral injection as mean to
create good behvior and ethics in doing economic
activities. Therefore, it is needed to create Islamic
microfinance model as a mean to alleviate fisherman
poverty in Pangandaran.
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