Comparative Analysis between Islamic Banks in Indonesia and
Malaysia Using RGEC Method and Sharia Conformity Indicator
Period 2011-2015
Achsania Hendratmi, Puji Sucia Sukmaningrum, and Fatin Fadhilah Hasib
Faculty of Economic and Business, UniversitasAirlangga, Indonesia
Keywords: Islamic bank, business performance, social performance, RGEC, sharia conformity indicator.
Abstract: This research aims to compare and see the differences between Indonesia Islamic bank and Malaysia Islamic
bank by using method RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings, and Capital). This
research examines the comparison in business and social performance of 4 Indonesian Islamic banks and 3
Malaysian Islamic banks. The data collection in this research was done by collecting all the annual reports of
banks that has been created as a sample over the period 2011-2015.The test result of the Independent Samples
T-test and Mann Whitney Test show that there was no differences in the business performance of Islamic
banks Indonesia and Malaysia as seen from the aspect of Risk profile (FDR)and Earnings (ROA).While there
were differences of business and social performance as seen from Earnings (ROE), capital (CAR), and Sharia
Conformity Indicator (PSR and ZR) aspects.
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesian Islamic financial industry is still relatively
small, with the market share of 5-7%, while the
potential for growth is still great. Islamic financial
industry needs to be encouraged to grow, improve
competitiveness, durability and usefulness to the
national economy as a whole. Malaysia is the first
country in the South-East Asia to implement Shariah
based Islamic financial institutions and secondly, the
growth of Islamic banks in Malaysia is phenomenal
as compared to other countries. Malaysia is the key
player as a country, outside the Middle East, with
market share of about 10% in Islamic banking (Swee-
Hock & Wang, 2008). For the period ended March
2010, 17 Islamic banks were operating in Malaysia,
comprising 11 local Islamic banks and 6 foreign
Islamic banks (www.bnm.gov.my). However one of
method correspond with health level of commercial
bank that used by many bank is RGEC method.
Bank Indonesia issued regulations concerning the
rating of health level of commercial banks based on
PBI no. 13/1 / PBI / 2011 using the RGEC
method.Sharia bank As a bank which is based on
Islamic law, Islamic bank has two important
functions, i.e. business function and social function.
In UU No.21 of 2008 Pasal 4 emphasizes that in
addition to performing the functions and gathering
together the channeling Community Fund, Islamic
bank also have social functions that must be
performed, i.e. 1) In baitul maal institutions form that
accepts zakat, infaq, shodaqoh and, grants and others
for zakat Organization transmitted to, 2) In the form
of Islamic financial institutions that receive cash
endowments recipient Waqf money and channel it to
the designated Manager.
To measure the level of compliance with a bank
against the principles of syari'ah be used shari'ah
conformity model (Kuppusamy, 2010:38). By using
that measurement, can be known that the position of
a bank whethercompliance withShari'ah principles or
not. The ratio used in this research to measure the
compliance with the Shariah is the ratio of the bank
there are Profit Sharing Ratio and the ratio of zakat
(Zakat Ratio)
Problems at the Islamic bank’s business functions
in this research will be measured using RGEC
method. Risk Profile factor in this researchusing
liquidity risk that calculate with FDR (Finance to
Deposit Ratio). Aspects of GCG include an
assessment of the application of the principles of
Good Corporate Governance at banks that are
examined. While Earnings factor, an assessment that
is used ROA ratio (Return on Assets) and ROE ratio
200
Hendratmi, A., Sukmaningrum, P. and Hasib, F.
Comparative Analysis between Islamic Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia Using RGEC Method and Sharia Conformity Indicator Period 2011-2015.
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP 2017) - Transforming Islamic Economy and Societies, pages 200-206
ISBN: 978-989-758-315-5
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

(Return on Equity). Capital factor on this research
using CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio). By doing
research about the performance of the business
function and social functions of the Bank, we can find
out the strength of the bank and can be used for
business development bank.
Statement of the Problems is "Is there any
difference between the performance of business
function and social function of Islamic bank in
Indonesia and Islamic Bank in Malaysia seen from
the aspect of RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate
Governance (GCG), Earnings, and Capital) and
Islamic conformity Indicator?"
2 LITERATUR REVIEW
2.1 Islamic Bank
According to UU No.10 of 1998, bank is an entity that
collects funds from the public in the form of credit
and / or other forms in order to improve the living
standards of many people. And the Islamic Bank is an
institution that collects funds from the surplus and
then distributed to the parties deficit with Islamic
principles.
2.2 Bank Performance
Business functions of Islamic banking means all
activities aimed at Islamic banks generate profit
through remittances and gathering together the
product with the contract accordingly. These products
conform with Sharia bank function as investment
managers, investors, as well as other banking
financial service provider. The profit it brings Islamic
banks derived from the Akad and selling (profit
margin), contract for the results (profit sharing), and
the lease contract (fee). In Act No. 21 of 2008 about
Islamic banking on article 4 stated, that in addition to
the obligation to execute the function gathers and
distributes Community Fund, Islamic bank and UUS
can perform social functions in the form of institution
of Islamic Treasury, that receive funds originating
from zakat, alms, infak, grants, or other social funds
and channel it to the Manager of Waqf (nazhir) in
accordance with the will of the giver of the Waqf
(wakif).
In accordance with the Regulation of Bank
Indonesia No. 13/1/PBI/2011 about the assessment of
the level of health of commercial banks, the bank is
obligated to conduct an assessment of the level of
Health risk-based Bank with more guidelines RGEC
method refers to the circular letter of Bank Indonesia
No. 13/24/DPNP dated 25 October 2011:
a. Risk Profile; Assessment of the risk profile of
the factors is the assessment of the inherent risks
that is assessing the risks inherent in the bank's
business activities, which can be either
dikuantifikasikan or not, that could potentially
affect the financial potential, and the application
of quality risk management in bank operations
performed against the 8 (eight) risks namely
credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk,
operational risk, legal risk, reputation risk,
strategic compliance risks, along with a few
parameters or indicators of the minimum
mandatory reference was made by the bank in
assessing inherent risk.
b. Good Corporate Governance (GCG);An
assessment factor of GCG is the assessment of
the quality of bank management over the
implementation of the principles of GCG.
c. The principles of GCG and the focus of
assessment of the implementation of GCG
principles based on Inddonesia condition of the
Bank regarding the implementation of GCG for
commercial banks to pay attention to the
characteristics and complexity of the bank's
business. GCG assessment indicators i.e. using
weights based on the assessment of composite
values of Bank Indonesia provision according to
PBI No. 13/1/PBI/2011 about the assessment of
the level of health of public Bank.The principles
of CGC in Malaysia are to be aligned with
Malaysia CGC, the International Bank for
International Settleman (BIS). Good Corporate
Governance (GCG) for Islamic banks consists
of measurements for quality of banks’
management based on five principles;
transparancy, accountability, resposibility,
professionalism and fittingness. Islamic banks
must do self assessment periodically and follow
the regulation stated.
d. Earnings; earnings consists of the evaluation of
earning performance, the sources, earnings
management and performance of social
function. The measurement depends on Islamic
banks’ earning stability, structure and also trend
in quantitative and qualitative aspectsEarning
ratios ratio analysis is a tool to analyze or
measure the level of efficiency of business and
profitability achieved by the bank in question
(Margaretha, 2009:61).Earnings consists of the
evaluation of earning performance, the sources,
earnings management and performance of social
function. The measurement depends on Islamic
Comparative Analysis between Islamic Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia Using RGEC Method and Sharia Conformity Indicator Period
2011-2015
201

banks’ earning stability, structure and also trend
in quantitative and qualitative aspects.
e. Capital; measurement of capital includes
evaluation for capital sufficiency and capital
management. Islamic banks have to fasten
capital sufficiency upon risk profile; the
higher risk then the capital needed is also big.
Capital management is also about Islamic
banks’ ability to access capital. Bank capital is
a funding invested by the owner regarding the
establishment of a business entity that is
intended to finance the bank's business
activities in addition to meet the regulations
that are set by the Monetary Authority
(Taswan, 2010:137).
3 METHODOLOGY
The research approach used in this research is
quantitative research which is described as follows:
Operational definitions of variables that have been
defined for this research in the period 2011-2015 are
as follows:
a. Liquidity risk (FDR)
Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) is an
indicator in measuring the ability of the bank to
repay withdrawals made by depositors to rely on
the credit given as a source of liquidity. FDR is
calculated with this equation:
FDR =
Total Financing
Total Third − Party Fund
x 100%
b. Earnings
ROA (Return On Asset) and Return on Equity
(ROE) is used to measure the ability of banks in
making a profit relatively compared to its total
assets and equity. The equations is as follows:
ROA =
Profit Before Tax
Average Total Assets
x 100%
ROE =
Profit After Tax
Total Equity
x 100%
c. Capital
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is required to be
able to cover the risk of losses that may emerge
from the investment of assets which are
containing risk as well as to finance the entire
fixed assets and bank inventory. The CAR
equation is as follows:
CAR =
Capital
Risk − Weighted Asset
x 100%
d. Profit Sharing Ratio (PSR)
PSR is measured as a social function which is
measured by the financing whichapplies the
principles of financing that are completely in
accordance with Islamic principles. The PSR
equationis as follows:
PSR =
Mudharabah + Musyarakah
Total Financing
x 100%
e. Zakat Ratio (ZR)
ZR is a measurement ratio of the contribution of
Islamic banks in carrying out social functions.
ZR is obtained from the equation:
ZR =
Total Use of Zakat
Profit Before Tax
x 100%
This research usesa type of quantitative data in the
form of secondary data. Secondary datas used in this
research are financial statements and GCG reports of
Islamic bank in Indonesia and Malaysia period 2011-
2015. The sample of this research is Islamic
bankslisted in Bank Indonesia with the largest assets,
and the banks are BNI Syariah, Bank Syariah
Mandiri, Maybank Syariah during the year 2011-
2015. While Islamic banks in Malaysia consist of
Muamalat Malaysis Berhard, Maybank Islamic
Berhard, and Bank Islam Malaysia.
4 RESULT
Table 1: FDR.
NAME
OF BANK
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
I
BNI
Syariah
78.60
%
84.99%
97.86%
92.58%
91.94%
BSM
86.03
%
94.40%
89.37%
81.92%
81.99%
Bank
Muamalat
76.76
%
94.15%
99.99%
84.14%
90.30%
Maybank
Syariah
289.2
%
197.7%
152.87%
157.7%
110.54%
M
Muamalat
Malaysia
Berhad
73%
73%
74%
79%
90%
Maybank
Islamic
Berhad
78.84
%
79.91%
83.48%
91.20%
91.40%
Bank
Islam
Malaysia
Berhad
90.55
%
100.96%
102.70%
93.90%
84.16%
ICIEBP 2017 - 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business and Philanthropy
202

Table 2: Descriptive Analysis of FDR.
Islamic Banks in Malaysia have the average ratio
of FDR of 67.24%, wherethe highest FDR is 90.00%
and the lowest FDR is 47.16%. While Islamic banks
in Indonesia havethe average ratio of FDR of
113.06%%, where the highest FDR is 289.20% and
the lowest FDR is 76.76%.These results show that the
FDR average ratio of Islamic banks in
Indonesia(113.06%) is greater than the FDR average
ratio of Islamic banks in Malaysia (67.24%). Italso
shows that Islamic banks in Indonesia have a better
liquidity level thanIslamic banks havein Malaysia.
Banking liquidity rate, according to The Regulations
of Bank Indonesia, is consideredto be in a secure
position if the FDR rateis in the range of 85% to
110%.
Table 3: ROA (Returm on Asset).
Table 4: Descriptive Analysisof ROA.
Islamic banks in Malaysia havethe average ratio
of ROA of 1.14% where the highest value is 1.72%
and the lowest value is 0.53%. While Islamic banks
in Indonesia havethe average ratio of ROA of 0.41%
where the highest value is 3.61% and the lowestvalue
is20.13%. These results show that Islamic banks in
Malaysia have the average ratio of ROA that is
greater than non-foreign exchange Islamic banks.
This indicates the ability of Islamic banksin Malaysia
is better than Islamic banks in Indonesia in terms of
generating profit using the assets owne.
Table 5: ROE.
Table 6: Descriptive Analysis of ROE Variable.
Islamic Banks in Malaysia havethe average ratio
of ROE of15.11% with the highest ratio is 21.25%
and the lowest ratio is 6.78%. While Islamic banks in
Indonesia have the average ratio of ROE of 12.94%
with the highest value is 68.09% and the lowest value
is 32.04%. These results show thatIslamic banks in
Malaysia have the average ROE higher than Islamic
banks in Indonesia. It indicates Islamic banks in
Malaysia havea better abilitythan Islamic bankshave
in Indonesia in managing capital owned for
generating profit after tax. The larger the ratio, the
greater the profit rate obtained by banking company.
N
Min
Max
Mean
Std. Deviation
BS. Malaysia
15
47.16
90.00
67.2373
12.27219
BS. Indonesia
20
76.76
289.20
113.0645
51.44361
NAME OF
BANK
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
I
BNI
Syariah
1.29%
1.48%
1.47
%
1.27%
1.43%
BSM
1.95%
2.25%
1.53
%
0.17%
0.56%
Bank
Muamalat
1.13%
0.20%
0.27
%
0.17%
0.20%
Maybank
Syariah
3.57%
2.88%
2.87
%
3.61%
-
20.13%
M
Muamalat
Malaysia
Berhad
1.06%
0.53%
1.14
%
1.01%
0.57%
Maybank
Islamic
Berhad
0.57%
1.16%
1.17
%
1.04%
0.96%
Bank Islam
Malaysia
Berhad
1.50%
1.72%
1.70
%
1.58%
1.43%
N
Min
Max
Mean
Std. Deviation
BS. Malaysia
15
.53
1.72
1.1427
.39153
BS. Indonesia
20
-20.13
3.61
.4085
4.95702
NAME OF
BANK
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
I
BNI
Syariah
6.63%
10.18%
11.73%
13.98%
11.39%
BSM
64.84%
68.09%
44.58%
4.82%
5.92%
Bank
Muamalat
14.71%
3.42%
3.87%
2.20%
2.78%
Maybank
Syariah
4.92%
4.93%
5.05%
6.83%
-32.04%
M
Muamalat
Malaysia
Berhad
15.24%
7.49%
15.73%
12.46%
6.78%
Maybank
Islamic
Berhad
15.20%
16.00%
15.10%
13.80%
12.20%
Bank Islam
Malaysia
Berhad
17.70%
20.35%
21.25%
19.86%
17.60%
N
Min
Max
Mean
Std. Deviation
BS. Malaysia
15
6.78
21.25
15.1173
4.19599
BS. Indonesia
20
-32.04
68.09
12.9415
22.41908
Comparative Analysis between Islamic Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia Using RGEC Method and Sharia Conformity Indicator Period
2011-2015
203

Table 7: CAR
Table 8: Descriptive Analysis of CAR Variable
Islamic Banks in Malaysia havethe average ratio
of CAR of 14.86%, where the highest CAR ratio is
17.74% and the lowest CAR ratio is 12.35%. While
Islamic banks in Indonesia havethe average CAR
ratioof 25.34% with the highest value is 73.44% and
the lowest value is 11.03%. It shows that Islamic
banks in Indonesia havea larger CAR average
ratiothanforeign-exchange Islamic banks have. So,
these datas show that Islamic banks in Indonesia
havebetter ability or capital adequacy than foreign
exchange in Islamic banks have in covering losses
that may occur due to risky assets for operational
process running.
Table 9: Zakat Ratio
Table 10. Descriptive Analysis of Zakat Ratio Variable
It is known that the zakat average ratio of Islamic
banksin Malaysia is 2.4% with the highest ratio of
zakat is 3.90% and the lowest ratio of it is 1.27%.
While the zakat average ratio of Islamic banksin
Indonesia is 2.14% with the highest ratio of zakat is
12% and the lowest ratio of zakat is 0%. It shows that
Islamic banksin Malaysia havethe average greater
than Islamic banks in Indonesia. These datas indicate
Islamic banks in Malaysiaare much to distribute their
zakat.
The procedure of normality testing isperformed
by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test using SPSS 18
application:
a. If the significance value ≥ 0.05 then the data is
normally distributed. If the data is normally
distributed, then the differential test will be
performed using Independent Sample T-Test.
b. If the significance value ≤ 0.05, then the data
is not normally distributed. If the data is not
normally distributed, then the differential test
will be performed using Mann-Whitney Test.
Table 11: Normality Test
Sig
FDR
0.000
ROA
0.000
ROE
0.000
CAR
0.000
ZR
0.000
From the results of normality test in the table
above, it is described the normality test results of the
data from each variable. For the whole of the ratio of
FDR (Finance to Deposit Ratio), ROA (Return on
Assets), ROE (Return on Equity), CAR (Capital
Adequacy Ratio), and ZR (Zakat Ratio) have a
significance value less than 0.05 i.e. 0.00. Therefore,
to test the hypothesis, it is needed to use the
differential test of free samples of Mann-Whitney
Test.
On the Mann Whitney Test, if the significance
value is smaller than 0.05, then there is a significant
difference in the variables. Conversely, if the
significance value is greater than 0.05, then there is
no significant difference in the variables.
Table 12: Mann Whitney Test on FDR Variable
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
FDR
0.000
The differential test of Mann Whitney Test
shown in the table above, it is concluded that the
significance value is in the amount of 0,000 and less
than 0,05. It means that there is a significant
difference between Islamic banks in Malaysia and
Islamic banks in Indonesia seen fron the aspect of
FDR in the period 2011-2015.
Table 13: Mann Whitney Test on ROAVariable
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
NAME OF
BANK
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
I
BNI Syariah
20.75%
14.22%
16.54%
18.76%
15.48%
BSM
14.70%
13.88%
14.12%
14.81%
12.85%
Bank
Muamalat
11.78%
11.03%
14.43%
13.91%
12.36%
MaybankSya
riah
73.44%
63.89%
59.41%
52.41%
38.40%
M
Muamalat
Malaysia
Berhad
15.24%
7.49%
15.73%
12.46%
13.30%
Maybank
Islamic
Berhad
16.37%
12.35%
15.66%
16.23%
17.74%
Bank Islam
Malaysia
Berhad
16.30%
14.09%
13.97%
13.32%
15.30%
N
Min
Max
Mean
Std. Deviation
BS. Malaysia
15
12.35
17.74
14.8620
1.43480
BS. Indonesia
20
11.03
73.44
25.3445
20.07294
NAME OF
BANK
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
I
BNI Syariah
3.63%
3.29%
4.29%
4.95%
4.15%
BSM
2.11%
3.35%
2.75%
46.26%
8.36%
Bank
Muamalat
2.06%
2.02%
2.83%
22.94%
11.51
%
MaybankSyari
ah
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
M
Muamalat
Malaysia
Berhad
3.90%
3.02%
2.61%
2.49%
2.76%
Maybank
Islamic
Berhad
2.93%
3.12%
2.42%
2.77%
1.94%
Bank Islam
Malaysia
Berhad
1.58%
1.54%
1.84%
1.81%
1.27%
N
Min
Max
Mean
Std. Deviation
BS. Malaysia
15
1.27
3.90
2.4000
.72284
BS. Indonesia
20
.00
12.01
2.1430
2.56416
ICIEBP 2017 - 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business and Philanthropy
204

ROA
0.677
Table 14: Mann Whitney Test on ROE Variable
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
ROE
0.003
The differential test of Mann Whitney Test
shown in the table above, it is concluded that the
significance value of ROA is 0.677 and greater than
0,05. It means that there is no significant difference
between Islamic banks in Malaysia and Islamic banks
in Indonesiaseen from the aspect of ROA. Otherwise,
the significance value of ROE is 0.003and less than
0.05. It means that there is a significant difference
between Islamic banks in Malaysia and Islamic banks
in Indonesiaseen from the aspect of ROE in the period
2011-2015.
Table 15: Mann Whitney Test on CARVariable
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
CAR
0.463
The differential test of Mann Whitney Test
shown in the table above, it is concluded that the
signficance value of CAR is 0.463 and greater than
0.05. It means that there is no significant difference
between Islamic banks in Malaysia and Islamic banks
in Indonesia seen from the aspect of the CAR in the
period 2011-2015.
Table 16: Mann-Whitney Teston ZRVariable
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
ZR
0.088
The differential test of Mann Whitney Test
shown in the table above, it is concluded that the
significance value of ZR is 0.088 and greater than
0.05. It means that there is no significant difference
between Islamic banks in Malaysia and Islamic banks
in Indonesia seen from the aspect of ZR in the period
2011-2015.
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From the results of the differentialtests of Mann
Whitney of FDR on Islamic banks in Indonesia, the
average ratio of the FDR is 113.06%%, where the
highest FDR is 289.20% and the lowest value of it is
76.76%. This result indicates the average ratio of
FDR of Islamic banks in Indonesia (113.06%) is
greater than the average ratio of FDR of Islamic banks
in Malaysia (67.24%). It shows that Islamic banks in
Indonesia may be stated to have good financial
performance from liquidity risk aspect in order to be
considered that it has good management in managing
the liquidity of the bank.
1. Return On Asset (ROA)
From the results of the differentialtests of Mann
Whitney test,Islamic banks in Malaysia have the
ROA average ratio higher than Islamic banks in
Indonesia. It indicates the ability of Islamic banks in
Malaysia is better than Islamic banks in Indonesia in
generating profit using the assets owned. Earnings is
considered tobe a good management in terms of
making a profit relatively compared to the total assets
(Taswan, 2006:167).
2. Return On Equity (ROE)
Based on Whitney Mann differential test, there
is a significant difference between the performance of
the functions of business seen from the ROE. The
results of the descriptive analysis shows that Islamic
banks in Malaysia havethe ROE average higher than
Islamic banks in Indonesia. It means that Islamic
banksin Malaysia havebetter ability than Islamic
banksin Indonesia in managing capital owned for
making profit after tax. The larger this ratio the
greater the profit rate obtained by banking company.
3. Capital (CAR)
On CAR, there is no significant difference
between Islamic banks in Malaysia and Islamic banks
in Indonesiain 2011-2015. From the ratio of the CAR,
it suggests to invest the assets and funds committed
by Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. The
placement of funds on high-risk assets will lower
capital adequacy ratio.
4. Zakat Ratio (ZR)
Based on the Mann Whitney differential test
shown in the table above, it is known that ZR
significance value is 0,088 and greater than 0,05. It
means that there is no significant difference in Islamic
banks in Malaysia and Indonesia based on the ZR
aspect, during 2011-2015 period.
5. GCG
There are differences in GCG reporting to banks
in Indonesia and in Malaysia. GCG reporting to banks
in Indonesia is scored on every aspect listed in
accordance with Bank Indonesia Regulation (PBI) no
13/1 / PBI / 2011 by valuing the 11 aspects of GCG
Comparative Analysis between Islamic Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia Using RGEC Method and Sharia Conformity Indicator Period
2011-2015
205

assessment. every aspect of GCG valuation at a bank
in Indonesia has a rating rating used to obtain the final
value. The value listed in each aspect has its own
weight to be the final value, the total of the final value
of a composite value to determine the predicate GCG
at the bank. While the assessment and reporting of
GCG at a Malaysian bank that I found is a description
without showing the value in every aspect that is
assessed as reporting GCG at a bank in Indonesia.
1. 5CONCLUSION
Measurement of Islamic banks’ healthiness will be a
challenge and opportunity for Islamic banks to
develop themselves. It will increase the carefulness in
managing Islamic banks. Moreover, it is expected that
Indonesian and Malaysia people will trust more of the
performance of Islamic banks.
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