Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among
Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes
A Pilot Study
Yusup Hidayat and Burhan Hambali
Faculty of Sport Education and Health, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung, Indonesia
Keywords: Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Self-Confidence, Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes.
Abstract: This study aims to determine the factorial validity and reliability of the self-confidence scale (SCS) in
learning or training badminton context. The study was conducted on 304 beginner badminton child-athletes
aged 10-12 (M
age
=11.24; SD
years
=2.8) in West Java. SCS developed as an adaptation of the
Multidimensional Model of Sport Confidence (MMSC), consisting of cognitive efficiency dimension (CE-
D), physical skill and training dimension (PST-D), and resilience dimension (R-D). All data analysed using
internal consistency reliability estimates of Cronbachs alpha and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the
factorial validity. In accordance with the results of the analysis, there are 41 items that build construct of
SCS and those items that valid and reliable to measure the self confidence of the beginner badminton child-
athletes in training or learning badminton.
1 INTRODUCTION
Self-confidence is “individuals’ beliefs about their
abilities or their expectations about achieving
success based on those abilities” (Vealey and Chase,
2008). In the context of sport activities in beginner
child-athletes group, self-confidence means the
child-athletes’ beliefs in their abilities to achieve
goals set based on their capabilities (Hidayat, 2016).
Self-confidence belongs one of important
psychological parameters of participation in sport
(Adegbesan, 2007), it holds an important part of
success in sport performance and proven to influent
sport behavior, attitude and achievement (Cox et al.,
2010).
In accordance with self-efficacy theory in social
cognitive perspective, self-confidence can be seen as
a dynamic property, rather than static default
(Hidayat and Budiman, 2014), therefore self-
confidence which at first was an undimentional
construct (Vealey, 1986; Fogarty et al., 2016) has
developed to become multidimentional construct
known as The Multidimensional Model of Sport
Confidence or MMSC (Vealey and Chase, 2008;
Thomas et al., 2011a). Within the model, there are
nine sources of confidence; mastery, demonstration
of ability (domains of achievement), physical and
mental preparation and physical self-presentation
(domains of self-regulation), social support,
vicarious experience, coach’s leadership,
environmental comfort, and situational
favorableness (domains of social climate).
Moreover, three kinds of self-confidences are
also described, i.e. cognitive efficiency dimension
(CE-D), physical skill and training dimension (PST-
D), and resilience dimension (R-D). CE-D relates to
the athletes’ level of beliefs toward their ability to
being able to mentally focus and concentrate, to take
right decision, and to maintain their minds for the
success of their performance. Meanwhile R-D
relates to the athletes’ level of beliefs toward their
ability to being able to focus on correcting error after
unsatisfied performance, being able to overcome
doubts and being able to display their best
performances. The sources and kinds of self-
confidence are influenced by the athletes’ different
individuals’ characteristics (value, attitude,
personality), demographic characteristics (age,
gender, ethnic, culture), sport organization culture
and community (competition level, motivation
climate, and aim of program).
Up to this moment, the measurement of self
confidence in sport activities has been performed by
many studies, especially those that relate to the
exploration of sources of confidence, while the
measurement of the three kinds and dimensions of
432
Hidayat, Y. and Hambali, B.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes - A Pilot Study.
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 432-437
ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

self confidence is still limited, unless the study
conducted by Vealey and Knight (2002), Hidayat
and Sukadiyanto (2012), and Frischknecht et al.
(2016). In addition, this measurement was limitly
performed to adult-elite athletes and unspecific sport
branch. To that point, it is a strategic need to
develop instrument that measures beginner child-
athletes’ level of self confidence in certain sport,
including badminton. It is based on two main
considerations; first, the relevance between
instrument which developed with the phases of
subject cognition ability, both in language or used
format (Whaley, 2007) and the existence of
children’s skill limitation in understanding
terminologies and concept used in instrument for
adults. As a result, a valid and reliable instrument for
adults or adult-elite athletes will not be valid and
reliable for beginner child-athletes (Stadulist et al.,
2002).
In accordance with the main ideas of the
discussion above, therefore this pilot study is based
on the aim to arrange and develop self-confidence
scale (SCS) for beginner child-athletes in
badminton. Not only owing the fact of the two
reasons above, but also this SCS arrangement and
development is based on beliefs and empiric
evidences that self-confidence as a psychological
parameter covaried with other psychological
parameters in relation to the improvement of study
and performance (Hidayat and Budiman, 2014).
2 METHODS
2.1 Subject
The total of subjects was 304 people, with the ages
of 10 to 12 years old (M
age
=11.24; SD
years
=2.8)
consisting of subjects for limited trial and language
compatibility (N = 26 people) and 278 people for
empirical estimation (M
age
=11.25, SD
years
=1.8)
consisting of 123 female beginner child-athletes
(M
age
= 11.22, SD
years
= 1.4) and 155 male beginner
child-athletes (M
age
= 11.32, SD
years
= 1.6) came
from 21 badminton clubs/schools spread in 14
Cities/Regencies in West Java. The subjects were
selected and determined using purposive sampling
technique (Johnshon and Christensen, 2012) in
accordance with inclusive criteria of male and
female beginner child-athletes, with the ages of 10
to 12 years old, registered and actively engaged in
the badminton club’s or school’s exercises in West
Java and actively participated in the exercise within
1 to 2 years.
2.2 Procedure
Determining measured domain area. The developed
SCS referred to the conceptual model of self
confidence in sport which was proposed by Vealey
and Chase (2008) and pilot study of Hidayat and
Sukadiyanto (2012), built by three kinds of self-
confidence (dimension); CE-D, PST-D, and R-D.
CE-D consisted of the indicator of attentional focus
(AF-I), making the right decision (MRD-I), and
managing mind to achieve success (MMAS-I). PST-
D consisted of the indicator of mastering physical
ability (MPA-I) and mastering technique
skills(MTS-I). While R-D related to the level of
athletes’ beliefs in their abilities to stay focus /
focusing (F-I), correcting errors after unsatisfied
performances (CE-I), being able to overcome doubts
(OD-I) and being able to display best performance
(DBP-I).
Item Recording. The total of developed items
were 48 items from three dimensions and eight
indicators. CE-D consisted of three indicators (18
items), PST-D consisted of two indicators (12
items), and R-D consisted of three indicators (18
items). SCS items were recorded in the form of
declarative statement format which displayed
subjects’ feeling condition after exercising within
certain period of time. The format of the response
was displayed in the form of alternative choices of
given answers, that is (A) = Agree, (E) = Abstain,
and (DA) = Disagree. Score of each motion answer
was from1 to 3. While scoring for favorable items
was 3 score for ‘Agree,’ 2 score for ‘Abstain,’ and 1
score for ‘Disagree,’ and it went conversely for
unfavorable items. The higher the score achieved by
the subject in each item was, the higher self
confidence that the subject had, vice versa.
Item Analysis. Item Analysis was done through the
phases of: (1) the analysis toward the result data of
limited trial (26 beginner athletes), (2) the analysis
of language validation by three Bahasa panel expert
judges (PEJ), (3) the analysis of content validation
by five PEJ and (4) the analysis of empirical
validation toward 278 badminton beginner athletes
with the age of 10 to 12 years old (123 female
beginner athletes and 155 male beginner athletes)
came from came from 21 badminton clubs/schools
spread in 14 Cities/Regencies in West Java.
2.3 Second Section
The result data of limited trial (N = 26) and language
validation test were analysed by using percentage
descriptive analysis technique, content validity was
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes - A Pilot Study
433

estimated by using Aiken’s analysis formula
technique (Thomas et al., 2011b), factorial validity
was estimated by using confirmatory factor analysis
technique/CFA (Goodwin, 1999; Gregory, 2007;
Sporis et al., 2010), and internal reliability
consistency was estimated by using Alpha Cronbach
coefficient analysis technique (Lacy, 2011; Azwar,
2012).
3 RESULT
Table 1: Descriptive Statistic and The Analysis Result of
Content and Language Validation of SCS.
Item Mean ± SD SE Item
M
ean ± SD SE Item Mean ± SD SE
Item_
1
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
17
4.71 ±0.49 .18
Item_
33
4.14 ±1.07 .40
Item_
2
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
18
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
34
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
3
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
19
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
35
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
4
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
20
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
36
4.29 ± 1.11 .42
Item_
5
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
21
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
37
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
6
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
22
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
38
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
7
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
23
4.71 ±0.49 .18
Item_
39
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
8
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
24
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
40
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
9
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
25
4.00±1.00 .38
Item_
41
4.57 ±0.53 .20
Item_
10
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
26
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
42
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
11
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
27
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
43
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
12
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
28
4.29 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
44
4.14 ± 1.07 .40
Item_
13
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
29
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
45
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
14
4.57 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
30
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
46
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Item_
15
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
31
4.71 ±0.49 .18
Item_
47
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
16
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
32
4.43 ± 0.53 .20
Item_
48
4.71 ± 0.49 .18
Note: M = Mean; SD=Standard deviation; SE=Standard
error; CVCI= Content validity coefficient index.
For the analysis result of limited trial (N=26), the
level of subjects’ understanding toward word and
sentence used reached 83.09%. The result of language
validation by three PEJ resulted conforming range
from 53.33% to 100% and the achievement of overall
compatibility = 83.89%. The result of scale content
validation using Aiken V formula was CVCI = .75
to.93, .86 for CE-D (F-I = .87; MRD-I = .88; MMAS-
I = .83),.86 for PST-D (MPA-I = .83,MTS-I = .89),
and .88 for R-D (CE-I = .92; OD-I = .87, and DBP-I
= .87). The analysis of estimated internal reliability
consistency resulted the Alpha Cronbach coefficient
index of SCS = .90 (48 items), CE-D =.75 (18
items), PST-D =.70 (12 items), and R-D=.78 (18
items).
From the analysis result of matrix correlation,
KMO MSA value was obtained =.79 >.50 (sig. =
.00) on the value of Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity =
8814.79, df = 1128, and alpha = .05 (5%), however on
the value of anti-image correlation, it was found that
four items that had the value of MSA < 0.5 was item
19, 31, 34 and 42. The four items were not valid to be
used in the factorial analysis and had to be eliminated
from the next analysis. After eliminating these four
items, the result of KMO MSA was obtained =
.81(sig.= .00) on the value of Bartlett’s Test of
Sphericity with Chi-Square approach = 8014.41, df
= 946, alpha = .05 (5%), and all items had the value
of anti-image > 5.0. Therefore, the assumption of
analysis factor was achieved and no item was
necessary to eliminate
The next step was performing extraction factor
using principle components analysis method. The
result showed that all items of SCS were formed into
eight significant components (factor) with the value
of initial total of eigenvalues >1 (λ= 10.296), and the
percentage of total variant was 23.401 %. The result
of item selection on table 2 showed the spread of
loading factor (FL) of each item after rotation, and
there were three items that had the FL value <.50,
that is item 7, 22, and 44, as a result, there were 41
items which had FL value > .50 (.51 to .81) and
therefore they were valid
According to the selection result and item spread
of each dimension and indicator on table 2, SCS was
constructed by 15 items of CE-D (6 items of F-I, 4
items of MRD-I, and 5 items of MMAS-I), 11 items
of PST-D (5 items of MPA-I and 6 items of MTS-I),
as well as 15 items of R-D (5 items of CE-I, 4 items
of OD-I, and 6 items of DBP-I).
ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education
434

Table 2: Item Selection Based on FL Value.
Item
F1
F2 F3 F4 F3 F6 F7 F8
Item F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
item
_
2
.57 item_
40
.78
item
_
3
.69 item_
46
.64
item
_
6
.74 item_
45
.65
item
_
10
.78 item_
8
.61
item
_
11
.72 item_
15
.51
item
_
12
.73 item_
22
.49
item
_
13
.67 item_
27
.68
item
_
16
.68 item_
36
.72
item
_
21
.57 item_
7
.23
item
_
23
.67 item_
32
.79
item
_
24
.57 item_
33
.78
item
_
28
.65 item_
35
.78
item
_
29
.56 item_
44
.38
item
_
37
.66 item_
5
.52
item
_
38
.69 item_
9
.69
item
_
41
.71 item_
20
.51
item
_
43
.67 item_
25
.68
item
_
48
.58 item_
14
.77
item
_
47
.63 item_
17
.77
item
_
1
.58
item_
30
.73
item
_
4
.81
item_
26
.60
item
_
39
.75
item_
18
.68
Note: score limit FL>.5; F1-F8 = factor 1 - factor 8
4 DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis result of limited trial (N = 26), it
was obtained that 83.09% subject comprehended word
and sentences used in SCS. This result was emphasized
by the language validation result by three PEJ, 83.89%.
Along with the two results, it could be interpreted that
the use of language in SCS scale was relevant with the
subject’s level of cognitive skill (Whaley, 2007), both
from terminology aspect or used aspect (Stardulist, et
al., 2002). Alternatively, the sentence used in SCS
could be comprehended by the subjects, along with the
aim of limited trial and language validation, which was
for examining and ensuring that the sentences used in
the scale were comprehended by the subjects. In the
process, however, there were still ambiguous words
which were uncomprehend by the subjects. It was
recommended for the words to be changed or
eliminated, including to correct the structure of the
sentences. This compatibility was critical, owing the
fact that an instrument (including psychological scale)
was only valid and reliable if it was relevant with the
subject’s level of cognitive skill.
The analysis result of content validity from five
PEJ was obtained all scales of CVCI > .50 as well as
for the entire, each dimension and each indicator of
SCS. Along with the analysis result, all validity
coefficient scale was >.5, and according to Thomas,
et al., (2011b), an instrument fulfills the criteria of
content validity, if CVCI>.5. Therefore, the items of
SCS were valid entirely, on each dimension, or on
each indicator. These whole scales of CVCI
verified the relevance among behavior items which
were developed with the measurement aim of
developed scale. It was also relevant with the aim
of content validation result, which was to estimate
the level of relevance among behavior items which
were developed with the measurement aim of scale.
Alternatively, the behavior items developed in SCS
could reflect measured behavior.
Based on the analysis result of internal
consistency reliability estimation, Alpha Cronbach
coefficient index was obtaining; SCS = .90 (48
items), CE-D =.75 (18 items), PST-D = .70 (12
items), and R-D= .78 (18 items). The entire scale of
reliability coefficient index was ≥ .70 (.70 to .90),
and along with the criteria of reliability proposed
by Lam and Zang (2002) and Azwar (2012), that an
instrument is reliable if it has reliability coefficient
index >.7, therefore SCS was proven to be reliable,
both entirely or for each dimension, owing the fact
that the entire reliability estimation scales was
≥.70(.70 to .90), Fleiss (1981) categorized it into
instrument that has ideal reliability.
Along with the result of CFA, there were 41
valid items and 7 (seven) invalid items, consisted of
4 items (19, 31, 34, and 42) which had MSA value of
<.50 and 3 items (7, 22, and 44) which had FL value
of < .50. The first four items did not meet the
assumption of analysis factor and the two second
invalid items were claimed as the items which were
unable to measure its theoretical latent construct.
While the 41 valid items were claimed as items
which were able to give reliance that indicator
measurement taken from the sample illustrated the
actual score in the population. The 41 valid items
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes - A Pilot Study
435

were formed into eight significant factors (table 2)
and spread on each dimension and SCS indicator
based on FL value of each indicator, as illustrated by
table 3.
Table 3: The Result of Selection and Item Spread of Every
Dimension and SCS Indicator Based on FL Value.
Dimension, Indicator
Ite
m
Factor
loadin
g
Dimension, Indicator
Ite
m
Factor
loadin
g
A. CE-D
(
15 ite
m
)
1. F-I
(
6 item
)
5. MTS-I
(
6 item
)
Item 1 .58 Item 5 .52
Item 9 .57 Item 13 .67
Item 17 .77 Item 21 .57
Item 25 .68 Item 29 .56
Item 33 .78 Item 37 .66
Item 41 .71 Item 45 .65
C. R-D
(
15 item
)
2. MRD-I
(
4 item
)
6. CE-I
(
5 item
)
Item 2 .57 Item 6 .74
Item 10 .78 Item 14 .77
Item 18 .68 Item 22 .49
Item 26 .60 Item 30 .77
Item 34 .41
(MSA)
Item 38 .67
Item 42 .37
(MSA)
Item 46 .64
3. MMAS-I (5
item
)
7. OD-I (4 item)
Item 3 .69 Item 7 .23
Item 11 .72 Item 15 .51
Item 19 .29
(MSA)
Item 23 .67
Item 27 .51 Item 31 .31
(MSA)
Item 35 .78 Item 39 .75
Item 43 .67 Item 47 .63
B. PST-D
(
11 item
)
4. MPA-I
(
5 item
)
8. DBP-I
(
6 item
)
Item 4 .81 Item 8 .61
Item 12 .73 Item 16 .68
Item 20 .51 Item 24 .57
Item 28 .65 Item 32 .79
Item 36 .72 Item 40 .78
Item 44 .38 Item 48 .58
Along with the result of CFA on table 3, there
were four items did not meet the assumption of
factor analysis and three items were invalid. The
seven items informed the quality of the items that
has not shown the measurement of the indicator
accurately or it has not been able to show its
theoretical latent construct. Ghozali (2009) stated
that invalid item is the item that has the scale value
of construct validity still cannot give reliance
perfectly that indicator that is arranged and
developed from sample illustrates the actual score in
population. Apart from the researcher’s weakness in
arranging and developing qualified items, the
diversity of demographic variable condition, such as
age, gender, and the duration of exercise resulted
invalid items, so that the reading power and
absorbing power of heterogen subject not only
because of the item’s uniqueness but also because of
the existence of demographic variable diversity.
In the previous research, this demographic
variable diversity is necessary to observe and
control. Not only owing the fact that demographic
variable’s interaction with the measurement and
treatment program (Thomas et al., 2011b), but also it
guarantees the integrity of the process and the result
of measurement. Furthermore, the construct of self-
confidence covaries with other psychological
parameters related to the improvement of study and
performance (Hidayat and Budiman, 2014), it
requires an early detection to its fragile characteristic
(Vealey and Chase, 2008). As well as it needs to be
developed as “robust sport confidence” (Thomas, et
al., 2011a) through various key strategies (Beaumont
et al., 2015).
5 CONCLUSIONS
There are 41 items that can be used for measuring
the beginner child-athletes’ level of self confidence
in the process of badminton basic skill exercise. The
41SCS items are constructed by 15 items of CE-D (6
items of F-I,4 items of MRD-I, and 5 items of
MMAS-I), 11 items of PST-D (5 items of MPA-I
and 6 items of MTS-I), as well as 15 items of R-D (5
items of CE-I, 4 items of OD-I, and 6 items of DBP-
I). The 41 items require further test in various
condition and subjects, so that more valid and
reliable items are obtained.
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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes - A Pilot Study
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