Vital Capacity and Haemoglobin Level in Correlation with

Endurance of Adolescent Football Athlete

Asep Prima

Study Program of Sports Science, Sports Science Faculty, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Pemuda No. 10 Rawamangun,

East Jakarta, Indonesia

aseprima@gmail.com

Keywords: Vital Capacity, Haemoglobin, VO2Max, Aerobic Endurance, Adolescent Athlete.

Abstract: His study was aimed to know the correlation between the vital capacity of lungs and haemoglobin level of

erythrocytes toward the maximum aerobic capacity of adolescent football athlete. The research methodology

was survey method from Muhardi Football Academy’s population in which purposive sampling is the used

sampling technique. The population as a sampling was amount 23 of 30 adolescent football athletes that be

examined by Spirometer for vital capacity, Nesco multi check for haemoglobin, and Bleep-test method for

maximum aerobic capacity. Data were analyzed by using both simple and double correlation and regression

techniques with t-test at significant level α = 0.05. The result showed that vital capacity and haemoglobin

level are able to influence the maximum aerobic capacity of an athlete so that it also sustains in an

improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance.

1 INTRODUCTION

Virtually all conditioning and many sports activities

planned and structured are performed to improve or

maintain components of physical fitness (Caspersen,

et al., 1985). Physical activity is an inherent

relationship between biomechanical (such as

strength, endurance, speed, coordination and

flexibility) and physiological (such as the

neuromuscular system (nerve), digestion, breathing,

blood circulation, bone, and joints) in which the basic

components are to enhance cardiorespiratory

endurance of athlete (Jalilvand).

Analysis of activities during soccer matches

showed that a top-class soccer player covers an

average distance of approximately 11 km during a

match but it differs highly between players and is

partly related to the position in a team (Bangsbo,

1994); Therefore, one of the fundamental

prerequisites of being a soccer player is requiring

good physical condition, especially the aspect of

cardiorespiratory endurance, in order to survive or

play for a long time (Reilly, et al., 1990).

Cardiorespiratory endurance is a health-related

component of physical fitness that relates to the

ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to

supply fuel during sustained physical activity and to

eliminate fatigue products after supplying fuel

(Caspersen, et al., 1985). Researchers, for over the

years, have studied the association between

endurance exercise and improving VO2Max

(Kenney, et al., 2012); In other words, VO2Max is

widely regarded as the best single measurement of

cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness

(Kenney, et al., 2012).

VO2Max is a measure of the cardiovascular

system’s ability to deliver O2 (i.e., blood transport

and tissue extraction of O2), referred to hereafter as

this system’s “functional capacity” (Rowell, 1974).

The most important factor related to blood supply is

the total blood volume, which may limit venous

return and thus the stroke volume, as well as

haemoglobin mass (Hbmass), which along with the

capacity of muscles to extract and use O2 determines

the O2-transport capacity and therefore the

arteriovenous O2 difference (Saunders, et al., 2013).

The lungs, a vital tool that holds oxygen, responsible

for the uptake of O2 and excretion of CO2 in the lungs

are explored (Barrett, et al., 2010), then a way of

knowing the vital capacity of each athlete's lungs is

obtained by measure the maximal volume expiration

after maximum inspiration (Sutopo and Lestari,

2001).

The process of respiration is divided into external

respiration that is the process of exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide that occurs in the alveoli of the

lungs, and internal respiration that is the process of

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that occurs in

the other cells of the body (Sutopo and Lestari, 2001).

Prima, A.

Vital Capacity and Haemoglobin Level in Correlation with Endurance of Adolescent Football Athlete.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 183-187

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

183

The internal respiratory process requires blood as a

tool for transporting oxygen and the substances

needed to be circulated throughout the body cell

tissues (Barrett, et al., 2010). One of the compounds

that function to carry and spread oxygen and

substances required by cells is the haemoglobin

present in erythrocytes (Ganong, 2005).

Haemoglobin is a complex protein (globin) composed

of polypeptides and a heme compound composed of

a circular compound called porphyrin, which which

conjugated to a polypeptide (Barrett, et al., 2010).

There are approximately 250 million hemoglobin

molecules and They have an oxygen-carrying

capacity of 20 ml of oxygen per 100 ml (1 dl) of red

blood (Kenney, et al., 2012). Based on the above

study, the vital capacity of the lungs and athlete's

haemoglobin is good to encourage the metabolism

process and to ensure the availability of energy to do

physical work so that athletes have a good VO2Max.

This research aimed to study and respond the

hypothesis of (1) correlation of vital capacity of the

lungs with maximum aerobic capacity (VO2Max), (2)

correlation of haemoglobin content with maximum

aerobic capacity (VO2Max) and (3) correlation of

vital lungs capacity and haemoglobin levels with

maximum aerobic capacity (VO2Max). The

expectation of this study is that maximum aerobic

capacity can be increased through vital capacity and

haemoglobin levels athlete; Furthermore, the

hypothesis can be answered positively.

2 METHODS

2.1 Participants

The sample was obtained by purposive sampling

technique that was the determination of the sample

with the certain consideration which amounts to 23

athletes from the total population of 30 football club

athletes of Muhardi Football Academy (MFA),

Tangerang, Banten.

2.2 Procedures

The research method used in this study was survey

method with correlation technique (Kothari, 2004)

that was a research to collect data obtained by

measuring and recording the result of measurement

consisting of vital capacity in lungs and blood

haemoglobin level on December 11, 2014 and

Maximum Aerobic capacity (VO

Max) on December

14, 2014.

2.3 Instruments

Data were collected by conducting several tests and

measurements of vital lungs capacity using

Spirometer, the level of haemoglobin using Nesco

Multi Check and maximal aerobic capacity

(VO

Max) using bleep-test method. The analysis of

data used in this study was the technique of simple

correlation and regression followed by the technique

of correlation and multiple regression.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Test the correlation of pulmonary

vital capacity with maximum aerobic

capacity

Based on Figure 1a compared to the average score,

the sample in the average class was 10 (43.48%) and

below the average class was 7 samples (30.44%)

while the sample in above average class was 6

samples (26.08%). The analysis, between Figure 1a

and approximately 4.6 litres of the maximum vital

capacity of the lungs according to Arthur Guyton and

John Hall (Guyton and Hall, 2006), indicated that as

many as 23 athletes of Muhardi Football Academy

club did not have good vital lung capacity.

The relationship between the vital capacity (VC)

of the lung with the maximum aerobic capacity was

expressed by the regression equation Ŷ = 24.547 +

0.509X1 and shown by the correlation coefficient

rX1Y = 0.509. The result of significance test of

correlation coefficient showed that t-count = 2.707

was bigger than t-table = 2.08 which meant that the

correlation coefficient rX1Y = 0.509 was significant

and positive. Thus, the vital capacity of the lungs that

function optimally makes the athlete able to perform

physical work in a long time without experiencing

significant fatigue (Wahjoedi, 2001). Moreover,

anthropometric measurements also provide

significant support for the relationship of vital

capacity to endurance performance (Mayhew and

McKethan, 1973). The coefficient of determination of

the vital capacity of lungs with maximum aerobic

capacity was (rx1y2) = 0.2591. This meant that

25.91% of the maximum aerobic capacity was

determined by the vital capacity of the lungs (X1).

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

184

Table 1: Description of Variable Data of Vital Lungs

Capacity.

No.

Class

Interval

Median

Frequency

Absolute

Relative

(%)

1.70 – 2.14

1.92

4.35%

2.15 – 2.59

2.37

26.09%

2.60 – 3.04

2.82

43.48%

3.05 – 3.49

3.27

8.69%

3.50 – 3.94

3.72

17.39%

Total

100%

Figure 2: Data of Vital Lungs Capacity.

Table 2: Description of Variable Data on Hemoglobin

Levels.

No.

Class Interval

Median

Frequency

Absolute

Relative

(%)

14.70 – 15.32

15.01

4.35%

15.33 – 15.95

15.64

13.04%

15.96 – 16.58

16.27

21.74%

16.59 – 17.21

16.90

43.48%

17.22 – 17.84

17.53

17.39%

Total

100%

Table 3: Description of Variable Data of Maximum Aerobic

Capacity.

No.

Class Interval

Median

Frequency

Absolute

Relative

(%)

34.70 – 37.18

35.94

13.04%

37.19 – 39.67

38.43

21.74%

39.68 – 42.16

40.92

30.44%

42.17 – 44.65

43.41

13.04%

44.66 – 47.14

45.90

21.74%

Total

100%

Figure 2: Data of Maximum Aerobic Capacity.

3.2 Test the correlation of haemoglobin

level with maximum aerobic capacity

Based on Figure 1b compared to the average, the

sample in the average class was 5 (21.74%) and

below the average class was 4 samples (17.39%)

while the sample in above the average class was as

much as 14 samples (60.87%). The analysis, between

Figure 1b and average 14 g/dl for women and 16 g/dl

for men as normal haemoglobin levels (Barrett, et al.,

2010), indicated that as many as 23 athletes of

Muhardi Football Academy club had normal

haemoglobin levels.

The relationship between haemoglobin with

maximum aerobic capacity was expressed by the

regression equation Ŷ = 26.546 + 0.469X2 and shown

by the correlation coefficient rX2Y = 0.469. The

result of significance test of correlation coefficient

showed that t-count = 2.433 was bigger than t-table =

2.08 which meant the correlation coefficient rX2Y =

0.409 was significant and positive. In addition,

findings from other studies also support that athletes

who were part of training interventions on altitude

increased Hbmass and VO2Max by ∼3% such that

each 1% change in Hbmass will result in a 0.6–0.7%

change in VO2Max (Saunders, et al., 2013). Thus,

athletes with good haemoglobin are able to meet their

oxygen consumption or need so that the athlete will

have and be able to increase cardiorespiratory

endurance marked with progressive maximum

aerobic capacity (VO2Max). The coefficient of

haemoglobin determination with maximum aerobic

capacity was (rx2y2) = 0.2200. This meant that 22%

of the maximum aerobic capacity was determined by

haemoglobin (X2).

Vital Capacity and Haemoglobin Level in Correlation with Endurance of Adolescent Football Athlete

185

3.3 Test the correlation of pulmonary

vital capacity and hemoglobin level

with maximum aerobic capacity

Based on Figure 1c compared to the average score,

the sample in the average class was 7 (30.44%) and

below the average class was 8 samples (34.78%)

while the sample in above the average class was 8

samples (34.78%). The analysis between Figure 1c

and Table 1 showed that there were 8 athletes who

had enough VO2Max and 15 athletes who had less

VO2Max than the total sample of athlete club of

Muhardi Football Academy as many as 23 athletes.

Table 4: Standard Value of VO2Max of Athlete (Tim

Seleksi Prima).

The relationship between the vital capacity of the

lungs (X1) and the haemoglobin (X2) with the

maximum aerobic capacity (Y) was expressed by the

regression equation Ŷ = 13.3 + 0.397X1 + 0.337X2

and shown by the double correlation coefficient ry1-

2 = 0.60. The result of significance test of double

correlation coefficient showed that F-count = 5.625

was bigger than F-table = 3.49 which meant double

correlation coefficient ry1-2 = 0.60 was significant

and positive. Although both variables have a positive

and significant relationship, all athletes do not have a

good maximal aerobic capacity or more. VO2Max is

probably the single most important factor

determining success in an aerobic endurance sport;

However, within the same person, peak oxygen

transport is specific to a given type of activity such as

the position of the athlete (Hoff and Helgerud, 2004).

Thus, the concurrent endurance training program

together with regular football training is needed to

result in considerable improvement of the players ’

physical capacity and so may be successfully

introduced to elite football players (Helgerud, et al.,

2011). The coefficient of determination of

haemoglobin level and vital capacity of the lungs with

maximum aerobic capacity was (ry1-2) = 0.3600.

This meant that 36% of maximal aerobic capacity was

determined by the vital capacity of the lungs (X1) and

haemoglobin (X2) levels.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Maintenance of vital capacity of the lungs and

haemoglobin levels as a determinant factor can

provide positive implications for the maximum

aerobic capacity of progressive soccer athletes. One

way to maintain the vital capacity of the lungs and

haemoglobin levels is through intensive exercise.

Based on the results of data analysis above showed

that there was a relationship between the vital

capacity of the lungs and haemoglobin level with a

maximum aerobic capacity in football athletes of

Muhardi Football Academy (MFA) of 36%. In

addition, there are 23 athletes lacking good vital lung

capacity, 23 athletes have normal haemoglobin level

and 8 athletes have maximum aerobic capacity in

sufficient category and 15 athletes in the less

category. Thus, the variables studied should be of

concern to athletes and other relevant parties,

especially variables of the vital capacity of the lungs

to increase the maximum aerobic capacity of the

athlete. Further research needs to be done because

there are other factors, such as stroke volume, cardiac

output, pulse rate, and so on which has implications

of 64% to maximum aerobic capacity of athletes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is grateful to my supervisor with whom

have given me useful knowledge for myself and

society. I would especially like to thank Eko Juli

Fitrianto, S.Or, M.Kes, AIFO and Dr. Yasep

Setiakarnawijaya, S.KM, M.Kes as my supervisor,

and Dr. Ramdan Pelana, M.Or as a Chairman

Program Study of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri

Jakarta. Nobody has been more important to me in the

pursuit of this academic research than the members of

my family. I would like to thank my parents, whose

love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue.

They are the ultimate role models. Most importantly,

I wish to thank my brothers and sisters who provide

unending inspiration.

REFERENCES

Bangsbo, J., 1994. The Physiology of Soccer-with Special

Reference to Intense Intermittent Exercise. Acta

Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume

619, pp. 1-155.

Barrett, K. E., Brooks, H. L., Boitano, S., Barman, S. M.,

2010. Ganong's of Review Medical Physiology. 23rd

ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.