Psychological Characteristics of Indonesian Martial Sports Athletes

SEA Games 2017

Fadli Dongoran and Dimyati Dimyati

Program Studi Ilmu Keolahragaan, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Jln. Colombo No 1, Sleman, Yogyakarta

fadliuny@gmail.com

Keywords: Psychology, Martial art, Boxing, Differences.

Abstract: This study aimed to obtain the psychological characteristics of Indonesian martial sports athletes. In addition,

this study also revealed the differences in psychological characteristics of Indonesian athletes among martial

sports group SEA Games 2017. The method used was survey with ex post facto research design. This research

was conducted from February to April 2017 at Pelatnas location: Jakarta, Bandung, Sukabumi, Bogor. The

population of the research was Indonesia National Training Camp athletes martial sports that would be played

in SEA Games 2017. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with the criteria of athletes National

Training Camp martial sports that have received Satlak Prima license. Sample totaled 93 athletes consist of 6

martial sports i.e. Taekwondo, Karate, Wushu, Pencak Silat, Boxing, and Judo. Instruments and techniques

of data collected use quesionnaire The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sport (PSIS-R-5). Technique of data

analysis was through analysis of variance One Way Anova with significance level 0.05, continued analysis by

Post-Hoc test. The results obtained showed the psychological characteristics of Indonesian martial sports

athletes SEA Games 2017 in High category with mean score value of 144,58. There was a significant

difference of psychological characteristics athletes among of martial sports group SEA Games 2017 with Sig.

(2-tailed) value of 0.048 (P <0.05), Significantly, the different results were between Boxing with Judo and

Pencak Silat with Boxing.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesian sports accomplishment in international

events continued to decline and inconsistency, even,

the enforcement in year 2015 at Singapore, Indonesia

was the fifth rank with 47 gold, It was Indonesia worst

performance at the event sports biennial the Southeast

Asia.

Evaluation of all factors causing the decline in that

performance must be done comprehensively,

transparently, and objectively to produce a

meaningful improvement in the Coaching of a

National sports. Sports coaching was not less

important than the role of the scientific approach of

various disciplines (Nossek, 1982). The latest sports

science and technology has been able to provide the

necessary detail of elite athletes to win world-class

sports competitions. Many studies proved the support

of sports science is one component to realize that

achievement.

There are seven main theorems of sports science

and one of them Sports Psychology (Haag, 1994).

This means that Sports Psychology was one of seven

theoretical areas that become body of knowledge of

sports science. Sports psychology was a science that

applied the principles of psychology in sporting

situations or environments, with the aim of improving

the appearance or performance of athletes (Cox,

2012). More specifically Pate (1993) stated currently

there were three basic sciences that have become sub-

disciplines which supported perfect sport coaching

practices, namely biomechanics, exercise psychology

and sports psychology.

The success and failure of the player in the sport

of competitive was largely determined by the

combination of physical and mental factors. The

coach believe that no less than 50% of success in

sports determined by mental factors, even for sports

such as golf, tennis, and figure-skating of these

mental factors reached 80% to 90% (Weinberg and

Gould, 2011).

High-level competition demands top quality

athletes not only in terms of technique, physical, but

more so in the psychological aspect. Lutan (2010)

Dongoran, F. and Dimyati, D.

Psychological Characteristics of Indonesian Martial Sports Athletes SEA Games 2017.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 12-17

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

defined Athletes must have the psychological

characteristics and moral required by the sport

practiced to achievers. In harsh sports such as Boxing

or Taekwondo, aggressiveness must be possessed,

aggressiveness here was not interpreted as a form of

cruel or destructive attack, but it was tightly related to

the characteristic of sport itself which required

aggressive attitude (Gunarsa, 2008).

Each martial sports had different characteristics,

the task of motion that must do among sports were

different one another. The rules of the game between

group of martial sports such as Tinju, Judo, Pencak

Silat, Karate, and Taekwondo were clearly different.

Gunarsa (2008) defined the psychological aspects

underlain the behavior of sports activities practiced.

Thus, psychologically, athletes behavior arised from

each sport would form different psychological

characteristics.

Other factors that influenced was the character

contained in the sports. According to Najafi (2003)

stated that traditional martial arts practitioners more

emphasis on humility and had a high level of

motivation to accomplish hard tasks than those

involved in modern martial arts. The personality

profile of a athlete of the martial sports had a more

prominent value of discipline when compared to the

value of teamwork and sportsmanship, and there is a

difference from the value of sportsmanship, and

teamwork between sports (Hermawati, 2014).

Taekwondo athletes have a better anxiety control,

team emphasis, and concentration than pencak silat,

but pencak silat athletes had a high motivation

compared with taekwondo (Dimyati, 2013).

The literature review and the results study of the

above showed that the psychological aspects

influence on sport that athletes practiced was different

between one and another. Anshel & Payne stated

there are also some psychological aspects that are

necessary and influence on the appearance of martial

arts (Pencak Silat, Tae Kwo Do, and others) are

concentration, anticipation, emotional control, self-

control, confidence and fighting power (Anshel et al.,

1990). The optimistic attitude was very important for

sports martial athletes because it would have an

impact on increased fighting power, concentration,

and focus on attention (Zinseer et al., 2001).

According to Mahoney state psychological aspects

that potential and influence of appearance i.e.

motivation, confidence, anxiety control, mental

preparation, team attention, and concentration.

Mahoney et al. (1987) have used the instrument

the Psychological Skill Inventory for Sport (PSIS-R-

5) to compare elite athletes and non-elite athletes.

Further research had developed in identifying

psychological characteristics relevant to sports

(Meyers et al., 1996). Psychological characteristics

are the psychological aspects attached to the athlete's

self and affect the success or appearance athlete (Cox,

2012). Psychological characteristics in this study was

directed to psychological skills. Thus, the instrument

would be very appropriate to use in this study which

would specifically distinguish the psychological

characteristics of athletes among group of martial

sports SEA Games 2017.

Knowledge and understanding of the athlete's

psychological characteristics was very important to

be known by the coaches and manager of the sport as

an effort to support and prepare Indonesian athletes to

achieve optimal results in SEA Games 2017.

Accurate data required the coaches as an integral part

of the athlete's preparation. Therefore, this research

would focus on Indonesian athletes of martial sports

SEA Games 2017.

2 METHODS

The method used in this research was survey method

with ex post facto research design. This research was

conducted from February to April 2017 at Pelatnas

location: Jakarta, Bandung, Sukabumi, Bogor.

The population of the research was Indonesia

National Training Camp athletes martial sports that

would be played in SEA Games 2017. The sampling

technique used purposive sampling with the criteria

of athletes National Training Camp martial sports that

have received Satlak Prima license. The totaled 93

athletes consist of 6 martial sports i.e. Taekwondo,

Karate, Wushu, Pencak Silat, Boxing, and Judo.

Instruments and techniques of data collected used

an instrument called The Psychological Skills

Inventory for Sport (PSIS-R-5). The instrument

consists of 44 questions that reveal the six

psychological skills: Aspects of Motivation,

confidence, anxiety control, mental preparation, team

Emphasis, and concentration, which is also a single

variable this study of the psychological

characteristics. The scoring of the subject's response

to the instrument, the score moves from one to five

with attention to the nature of the

questionnaire/instrument whether favorable or

unfavorable.

The instrument was the first instrumen translated

by an English expert; rated by three experts; and then

tested against 76 PON DIY athletes because is

considered to have characteristics similar to the

sample. Tests are conducted with the aim of selecting

items and to see how far the instruments could reveal

Psychological Characteristics of Indonesian Martial Sports Athletes SEA Games 2017

the variables to be measured in collecting data on

actual research. The test results were analyzed items

by correlating the score of each item with the total

item score. Norm of R tabel 0,222 for N = 76. Thus,

the items in the instrument are revealed well if the

corrected total correlation value was greater than

0.222. Thus, the items in the instrument were revealed

well if the corrected total correlation value is more

than 0.222. Based on the results of the analysis of

some items that were not good, items 14,17, 32, 33,

34, and 38. From the statistical analysis of the

instrument value of cronbach alpha of 0.890. If the

value of conbach's alpha is more than 0.60 then the

instrument is reliable (Sugiyono, 2012).

The psychological characteristics of athlete could

know the category throught the assessment criteria

obtained on the athletes answer. Category criteria

determination was obtained using the formula Mi =

(ST + SR)/2 and SDi = (ST.-SR)/6. Table

determination criteria could be seen in the following:

Tabel 1: Formula of determination criteria.

Source: (Wagiran, 2015, p.337)

Keterangan

Mi : Mean ideal

Sdi : Ideal Standard deviation

ST : Maximum Score

SR : Minimum Score

The data obtained were analyzed in accordance

with the main purpose of the study, It described the

psychological characteristics of athletes consisting of

aspects of motivation, confidence, anxiety control,

mental preparation, team Emphasis, and

concentration. To answer the hypothesis used

analysis of variance with One Way Anova to analyze

the differences of psychological characteristics of

athletes among group martial sports, followed by

Post-Hoc test to identify martial sports which

significantly differentiate.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive analysis results of psychological

chracteristic of Indonesian martial sports Atheletes

SEA Games 2017, were:

Table 2: Psychological characteristics of Indonesian martial

sports athletes.

Category

More (Mi + 1,8SD) s.d. (M i+ 3SD)

Very High

More (Mi 0,6) s.d. (Mi + 1,8SD)

High

More (M –0,6SD) s.d. (Mi + 0,6SD)

Medium

More (Mi–1,8SD) s.d. (Mi - 0,6SD)

Low

(Mi–3SD ) s.d. ( Mi–1,8SD)

Very Low

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

Figure 2: Frequency of psychological aspects athletes.

Figure 2 Showed the Mental preparation aspect of

obtained mean score of 23.2 in high category. The

majority of athletes on Mental Preparation aspect in

category high of numbered 54 athletes with

percentage of 58.06%; Team Emphasis aspect of

obtained mean score of 13.7 in high category. The

majority of athletes on Team Emphasis aspect in

category high of nembered 46 athletes with

percentage of 49.06%; Concentration Aspect of

obtained mean score of 21.0 in high category. The

majority of athletes on Concentration aspect in

category high of nembered 50 athletes with

percentage of 53.76%.

In this discussion quite interesting related with the

anxiety control aspect of athletes that is in the

category medium. Instrument search The

Psychological Skill Inventory for Sport specifically

discovers facts on the aspect of anxiety control in

point question 16 and 18 with obtained mean score

the lowest. Athletes often feel the panic just before

going to perform and the athlete is nervous because it

will start performing. The type of anxiety felt by the

SEA Games athlete is Competitive anxiety, is the

anxiety felt athletes in the situation of the game or

tournament to be faced. Cox (2002) describes

competitive anxiety is divided into two, that is

Competitive trait anxiety (Competitive A-trait) is part

of the personality that affect the level of competitive

state anxiety. While competitive state anxiety

(competitive A-state) is anxiety arising because of the

specific situation, which is a response to the situation

of a threatening competition. Competitive state

anxiety felt by athletes increased from one week to an

hour before the game began (Mabwezara et al., 2014).

Indonesian martial sports athletes feel competitive

state anxiety (competitive A-state) that is anxiety

arising from a specific situation, which is a response

to the competitive situation that threatening in the

game. Sports Anxiety can have a negative impact on

the athletes especially on performance in the game.

Therefore needed strategies in the form of mental

exercise techniques in managing sports anxiety. It

also relates to aspects mental preparation of athletes.

These statements are reinforced by the results on

aspects mental preparation, although in the high

category but seeing from the mean score obtained is

almost in the category medium, so there is a relation

between the control of anxiety and mental

preparation.

And The results analysis variance of the

difference Psychological Characteristics athletes

among martial sports group (Taekwondo, Karate,

Wushu, Pencak silat, Boxing, and Judo) could be seen

in the following table:

Table 3: Results of analysis variance with one way anova.

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

Sig.

Between

Groups

1300,466

260,093

2,347

,048

Within

Groups

9640,179

110,807

Total

10940,645

The Results obtained F calculate value of 2.347

and Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.048 (p <0.05), There

was a significant difference of psychological

characteristics athletes among martial sports group

SEA Games 2017. These findings showed differences

of psychological characteristics athletes among

martial sports group. The psychological aspects

underlain the emergence of behavior of sports

activities practiced (Gunarsa, 2008). Psychologically,

athletes behavior arised from each sport would form

different psychological characteristics. Each martial

sports had its own qualities, which could couse to

different psychological characteristics whether

viewed from aspects of psychological, physical,

athlete, regulation and training.

This research proved that there was a conformity

between theory and results. Psychological

characteristics consisting of aspects i.e. motivation,

confidence, anxiety control, mental preparation, team

importance, and concentration, indeed formed was

not the same among martial sports group

(Taekwondo, Karate, Wushu, Pencak Silat, Boxing,

and Judo).

The results also reinforce previous research which

stated there are differences in psychological aspects

between various martial sports such as (Kumar et al.,

7 7

0 0

Mental

preparation

Team Emphasis Concentration

Very High High Medium Low Very Low

Psychological Characteristics of Indonesian Martial Sports Athletes SEA Games 2017

2017; Sánchez-López., et al, 2013; Litwiniuk, et al.,

2009; Baljinder and Davinder, 2015; Kuan and Roy,

2007; Kurtovic and Savova, 2016).

So it takes a different psychological intervention

of each martial sports appropriate to the

characteristics of the sports that pursued athletes.

The results of further analysis of the conducted

identification of martial sports-anything made

differences significantly by using Post-Hoc test as

follows:

Table 4: Results of Post-Hoc Test among martial sports

group.

Sport Branch

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Sig.

Pencak

Silat

Boxing

11,22727

3,88716

,005

Karate

4,23333

3,52474

,233

Wushu

2,77273

3,88716

,478

Taekwondo

4,56250

3,45862

,191

Judo

-1,05556

3,34553

,753

Judo

Pencak Silat

1,05556

3,34553

,753

Boxing

12,28283

4,02856

,003

Karate

5,28889

3,68009

,154

Wushu

3,82828

4,02856

,345

Taekwondo

5,61806

3,61681

,124

The results showed the sports of Pencak Silat with

Boxing with Sig. value of 0.005 (p<0.05), and on

Boxing with Judo with Sig value of 0.003 (p<0.05).

Thus, the identified sport of Pencak Silat with Boxing

and Judo with Boxing had the distinction of the

psychological characteristics significantly. It was

assumed that the differences occured because of the

factors of competed experience, exercise process,

skill level, age factor, and task of motion that must be

performed between the sports one another differently

and athletes between sports martial sports group did

too (Tazegul, et al., 2015; Kumar, 2015; Shrivastava,

et al., 2015; Simpson and Wrisberg, 2013; Ziv et al.,

2013).

Game characteristics, the nature of sports

contained in the sport between Pencak silat with

boxing and Judo with Boxing were different.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The majority of psychological characteristics of

Indonesian martial sports athletes in SEA Games

2017 were in the high category. Details in each of the

psychological aspects athlete as follows; Aspects

motivation was in very high category, Aspect

confidence was in high category, Aspects control

anxiety was in medium category, Aspects mental

preparation in high category, Aspects Team Emphasis

in high category, and Aspect concentration in high

category.

There were psychological characteristics

differences of Indonesian athletes among martial

sports group (Taekwondo, Karate, Wushu, Pencak

Silat, Boxing, and Judo) SEA Games 2017. The

martial sports that significantly different were

between the sport of Pencak Silat with Boxing and

Judo with Boxing.

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