A MDA-based Approach for Enabling Accessibility Adaptation

of User Interface for Disabled People

Lamia Zouhaier , Yousra Bendaly Hlaoui and Leila Jemni Ben Ayed

Laboratory LaTICE, Higher School of Sciences and Technologies of Tunis, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Keywords: MDA, Transformation, Accessibility, Handicap, User Interface, Adaptation, Context-aware.

Abstract: In order to eliminate accessibility barriers that may exist in the user interface at runtime, we propose, in this

paper, to integrate accessibility into an infrastructure of adaptation of User Interfaces. Hence, we propose a

model driven approach which consists of generating, automatically, accessibility adapted User Interfaces.

To reach this goal, based on MDA principals, we develop different meta-model transformations to provide

an adapted User Interface model according to received accessibility context information and a given non

adapted User Interface.

1 INTRODUCTION

Accessibility is considered as a very crucial issue of

research in Human Computer Interactions (HCI) as

it requires more investment in terms of technology

and investigation. This is due to the big requirements

imposed by the diversity of disabilities, including

visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive,

language, learning, and neurological disabilities

(ISO, 2008).

In fact, accessibility is quite difficult to achieve.

This difficulty is due to diverse factors, including the

lack of proper development methods, authoring tools

and accessibility training for professionals (Miñón,

2013). To reduce this complexity, we need a generic

solution which is compliant to disable user

requirements and best accommodates their particular

needs. Therefore, we propose a generic MDA-based

solution of adapting application’s interface to

accessibility context. One of the principal

advantages of MDA (OMG, 2001); (Vanderdonckt,

2005) is the capacity to cover all the domains used

in information system. Moreover, the MDA

separates Independent Platform Models (PIM) from

Specific Platform Models (PSM) and concrete

models. Therefore, PSMs and concrete models will

be generated by automatic transformations.

In fact, when a disable user wants to accede to a

service such as bank service or healthcare service

offered by an application through the internet, but

he/she doesn’t dispose of his/her PC and he/she has

only his Smartphone. In this case, the application

must be adapted to the new situation of use. The new

context includes the handicap characteristics, the

location, the physical environment (noise, light), and

the targeted plateform used. The application has to

be able to detect the current state of context and the

new context in the ambient environment. Hence, it

has to determine what actions to take based on this

acquired contextual information.

Recently, these problems have motivated various

researches to define features for interface‘s

adaptation according to the context change.

However, few of them such as (Stephandis, 2001)

(Abscal, 2011); (Peißner, 2012); (Manca, 2013) have

investigated on adaptation to accessibility context

but they have not proposed generic solutions.

Our contribution consists of developing a generic

solution of accessibility-aware in a model based

approach that combines a set of recommendations

required by ISO 9241-171 (ISO, 2008) and WCAG

2.0 (ISO, 2012) and integrates them into an

adaptation process as adaptation rules.

In fact, our approach starts by defining the

accessibility context model and the given application

UI model. Then, the accessibility context model will

be mapped into an ontology model. The latter

represents the semantics of the accessibility context

defined by high-level context properties. These

properties are acquired from sensors related to

environment, platform and user. Moreover, the

adaptation process, which has as input the

accessibility context model and the application UI

120

Zouhaier L., Hlaoui Bendaly Y. and Jemni Ben Ayed L..

A MDA-based Approach for Enabling Accessibility Adaptation of User Interface for Disabled People.

DOI: 10.5220/0004897901200127

In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS-2014), pages 120-127

ISBN: 978-989-758-029-1

 2014 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

model, is based on these context properties which

are considered as conditions of the model

transformation. The output of the adaptation process

is the adapted application UI model. As we follow

the MDA principals (Vanderdonckt, 2005) (OMG,

2001), the new adapted interface is generated using a

model transformation from the adapted application

UI model relatively to a specific platform and

implementation environment.

The remainder of this paper is structured as

follows: in section 2, we present the most relevant

existing works related to accessibility, adaptation

and even the model-based approaches for the

adaptation of the UI. Section 3 presents our

accessibility context model. In section 4, we

describe our approach based on model

transformations. Finally, section 5 concludes the

paper and presents our future research.

2 RELATED WORK

Several approaches [(Stephanidis, 1998)

(Akoumianakis, 1999); (Thevenin, 1999); (Calvary,

2002); (Bouchelliga, 2010); (Lopez, 2003); (Bacha,

2011); (Abscal, 2011); (Zbaidi, 2011); (Brossard,

2011); (Peißner, 2012); (Bongartz, 2012); (Manca,

2013); (Minon, 2013a); (Oliveira, 2013) have been

proposed in the field of adaptation of human

machine interfaces to context.

Some works [(Stephanidis, 1998)

(Akoumianakis, 1999); (Lopez, 2003)] have focused

on accessibility problem. They have tried to give

some solutions in specific domains of applications

(web-applications, healthcare, assistive-live, etc.).

However, no generic and improved solution has

been proposed in these works. Also, in the area of

accessibility, others works have focused on

adaptation using assistive technology solutions, but

this remains still insufficient with the progress of

technology.

Different adaptation’s approaches have been

based on context-awareness mechanisms specifying

disabled people (Stephanidis, 1998);

(Akoumianakis, 1999); (Lopez, 2003); (Abscal,

2011); (Peißner, 2012); (Manca, 2013). Among

these works, some have stressed on context capture

(Dey, 2000) and others on adaptation (Thevenin,

1999); (Calvary, 2002) by the use of legacy

architectures and artifacts to input context into

application logic (Vale, 2008).

Few works have been focused on identifying

generic solutions for generating adapted user

interfaces to various combinations of context

[(Thevenin, 1999); (Calvary, 2002); (Bouchelliga,

2010); (Bacha, 2011); (Brossard, 2011);

(Bontagartz, 2012); (Oliveira, 2013); (Minon,

2013)]. Thevenin et al. (Thevenin, 1999); (Calvary,

2002) have proposed a novel technique of adaptation

called plasticity. It is a recent and emerged method

of adaptation which denotes the capacity of an

interactive system to withstand to context variations

while preserving usability. In order to support the

end-user preferences, adaptations rules can be

changed according to user’s order. It results from a

Situation-Reaction process where the situation

denotes a context change that needs a reaction, and

reaction denotes the procedures that the system

and/or the user executes to preserve usability.

However, the solution doesn’t consider netheir

accessibility context nor model-based solution of

adaptation.

On the other hand, to generate accessible adapted

User Interfaces (UI) according to the context’s

change, we can mention two principals’ projects:

AVANTI (Stephanidis, 1998) and EGOKI (Abascal,

2011).

AVANTI (Stephanidis, 1998) is the first project

to employ adaptive techniques in order to ensure

accessibility and high quality of interaction for all

potential users. It put forward a conceptual

framework for the construction of systems that

support adaptability and adaptivity at both the

content and the user interface levels (Stephandis,

2001). The distinctive characteristic of the AVANTI

browser is its ability to dynamically tailor itself to

the abilities, skills, requirements, and preferences of

the end-users, to the different contexts of use, and to

the changing characteristics of users as they interact

with the system.

EGOKI (Abascal, 2011) is a system that

generates accessible mobile user interfaces adapted

for people with disabilities in order to grant them

access to ubiquitous services. These interfaces are

intended to provide access to ubiquitous services in

intelligent environments. EGOKI dynamically

creates an instance of the interface running on the

user device. To adapt the interface to the user

characteristics, it is necessary to take into account

what the most suitable communication modalities

are for each user, mapping them to the appropriate

media.

EGOKI and AVANTI projects have not

considered neither presentation of UI in the

adaptation process nor new guidelines as ISO 9241-

171 at design process of UI.

The accessibility of application interfaces should

be considered at an early step of the application

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development. Only few researches, such as works

presented in (Abscal, 2011); (Miñón, 2011) (Manca,

2013), have been devoted to adapt the content,

presentation or the navigation scheme of the user

interface to users with special needs.

Although, the notion of context was defined

long time ago, few works (Hachani, 2009);

(Bouchelliga, 2010); (Bacha, 2011); (Oliveira, 2013)

have considered it to be integrated into an

application modeling. They have proposed model-

based approaches for user interface‘s adaptation.

The latter consists of generating the final interface

which matches the new captured context.

Hachani (Hachani, 2009) has proposed a generic

method for adapting the context sensitive user

interfaces. He has developed generic and reusable

transformation rules which are appropriate to all

contexts of use. He has been interested to the

adaptation of language and screen size to the

platform. However, he did not give detailed

description of each element of the context of use.

Bouchelliga et al., (Bouchelliga, 2010) have

proposed a MDE approach for plastic HCI. UI

adaptation has considered various aspects of context

and has been based on parameterized transformation.

The authors have provided meta-models of different

contexts used in the approach to adapt the interface.

Bacha et al. (Bacha, 2011) have presented a

MDA approach for UI that have considered the

content personalization since early in the design

stage. The idea is to define the information which

can be personalized while designing the interface.

But, this approach could not previously define all

potential content personalization during the design

time.

However, none of these studies have considered

accessibility context into adaptation process using

model based development using MDA.

3 ACCESSIBILITY CONTEXT

We start by defining what a context is Dey (Dey,

2001) has given a definition that is widely used in

literature: “Context is any information that can be

used to characterize the situation of entities (i.e.,

whether a person, place or object) that are

considered relevant to the interaction between a user

and an application, including the user and the

application themselves”.

According to (Rhee, 2012), the main

functionalities of a context model are (1) deriving

higher-level environmental context knowledge from

sensory input data, (2) providing knowledge to other

modules of application, and (3) updating the

knowledge on runtime.

Our context model has to cover all requirements

in the accessibility. Hence, it must to be generic and

useful for any domain and for any UI generation.

Generally, a context is defined as a triplet (user,

environment, plateform) (Thevenin, 1999) (Calvary,

2002) (Vanderdonckt, 2005) (Sottet, 2006). It is

generated by context sensors which automatically

observe the user and measure some relevant

environmental parameters (noise, light, etc ...)

relatively to his/her current situation within the

interaction. Unfortunately, it is manually generated

actually.

In our approach, we define the accessibility

context through the following dimensions or

elements:

A. TechContext: includes information related to the

technologies used in the interaction namely

platform (PDA, PC, phone, etc.), communication

and software. Software information represents

the software installed on the device which can be

used as assistive technology or as sensors. While

communication information represents any

communication technology such as WiFi,

Bluetooth, connection internet Network, etc.

B. AccessibilityContext: is mainly based on the user

context (profile, disability, ability, history,

preferences, etc.) and accessibility barriers faced

by the disabled in interaction with the interface.

C. EnvironmentConditions: includes any contextual

information of physical conditions (temperature,

light, sound, pressure, etc. . .).

D. Location: specifies the location where the

context is defined and created (absolute position,

relative position, etc.).

E. TimeContext: determines the exactly time (hour,

minute, second) and date when a context is

changed.

Table 1 recapitulates all the presented accessibility

context dimensions and their relative information.

4 A MDA APPROACH FOR

ADAPTATING ACCESSBILITY

CONTEXT TO IHM

The Model Driven Architecture (OMG, 2012) has

gained attention from human-computer interface

community due to its capability of code generation

from abstract models to concrete models.

Therefore, we propose a model driven approach

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Table 1: Context Model including Accessibility Context.

Context dimensions Information

Accessibility

Context

Handicap

Profile (user identification)

Interests/preferences

User demographics data

Language skills

Disability

Static

Temporary

Type

User state

Accessibility

Barriers

Navigation

Presentation

Content

Modality

TechContext

Hardware

Software

Network

EnvironmentConditions

Noise

Light

Location

Adress (street, postal code, city)

Absolute position, relative position

TimeContext

Hour

Date

for generating accessibility adapted application‘s

interface. This approach improves the capacity of

managing the context inside the adaptation process

at runtime. It allows the integration of accessibility

requirements into adaptation process and the

generation of the final interface. Moreover, we

propose the use of different transformations at

different abstraction levels according to received

contextual information about accessibility.

This approach aims to provide an infrastructure

of automatic adaptation and generation of user

interfaces based on application’s user interface

model and model accessibility context development.

Figure 1 illustrates the approach steps:

1. Step 1: first, we provide an abstract view of the

user interface using retro-engineering techniques.

The abstract view represents a non adapted Platform

Independent Model (PIM A). Then we reorganize all

captured contextual information from different

sources with considering accessibility context. In

fact, we collect all information relative to the

accessibility context to build a generic and robust

accessibility context model which will be mapped to

an ontology model in order to give semantic

interoperability. We use an ontology model in order

to manage high-level context properties acquired

from sensors related to environment, plateform and

user.

2. Step 2: we specify and use the adaptation process

which transforms the interface model (PIM A),

according to the ontology model and based on

adaptation rules, to an adapted interface model (PIM

B).

Figure 1: Model driven approach for adapting an

accessibility context into a UI.

3. Step 3: using the adapted application model,

which represents the output of the adaptation

process, we generate the Platform Specific Model of

the adapted UI (PSM) and then the relative code,

depending of application platform, using

simultaneously PIM2PSM and PSM2Code

transformations.

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4.1 Ontology-based Modelling of

Accessibility Context Model

Context-aware applications are usually relied on a

data structure or information repository called the

context model. This model handles the processing

and abstraction of contextual information. Context

models were designed to describe contextual

situations and to represent semantic relations

between contexts in order to allow applications to

make use of this information (Arrue et al., 2007).

Ontologies and contexts are both used to model

views, which are different perspectives of a domain

(Abascal et al., 2011). There is why our approach is

an ontology-based context model. We define an

accessibility ontology that organizes the knowledge

of the domain and a context model to capture the

information about the disabled user, platform and

environment.

Ontologies support semantic mapping

construction by providing explicitly defined

meaning of the information to be exchanged

(Arnarsdottir, 2006

Ontologies express

conceptualizations (concepts, relations, and

constraints) which are specific for a particular

domain.

As figure 2 shows, we transform the information

of the context model to an ontology model. The

provided ontology specifies the knowledge about all

accessibility requirements for all types of

disabilities. This ontology is used as transformation

conditions in our approach.

Figure 2: Creation of the ontology model.

After specifying the mappings between context’s

elements and ontology’s elements, we integrate this

correspondence within the User Interface Model.

As presented in (Happel, 2006) and (Paulheim,

2010), ontologies

may be used at different points of

time in the development process of user interfaces

like:

 Design time: while developing the system. The

ontologies typically are not a part of the user

interface which is developed, and they are used

to assist the developer.

 Runtime: when the system is executed. In this

case, the ontologies most often become a part of

the user interface and full a certain function in

that user interface.

In our case, the process of adaptation must be

performed at runtime. In fact, when a disabled user

is requesting any application running into a giving

device, the modeling of context model must be done

at runtime. For that reason, it must be located in a

local storage base as it will be transformed to an

ontology model which will be used by the adaptation

process.

4.2 Adaptation Process

Adaptation process is generally applied to a

previously created user interface. However, in the

case of adaptive systems for ubiquitous

environments, the adaptation process is not based

only on an existing user interface but also on an

abstract description of the structure and an

organization of the final adapted user interface

elements. These elements are specified by the

accessibility requirements captured from new

context (Brossard, 2011).

Based on these results, we propose an adaptation

process having as input (see figure 3):

1. Accessibility context event which triggers the

process

2. Application interface model which is the

subject of the personalisation and the modelling

3. Adaptation rules which represent the guidelines

of adaptation to be applied.

The adaptation process has only one output which is

the adapted interface model.

Figure 3: Input and output of the adaptation process.

To detail our adaptation process, we define in

figure 4 the activity diagram specifying its different

activities. The process is released when there are

context’s changing. At this moment, the time must

be saved. In fact, at the arrival of the new context, an

adaptation entity will be invoked in order to start the

process at runtime. The context event triggers the

process of adaptation by sending a request for rules

to be applied to the actual situation given by the

context and the interface model. Rules are divided

into four subcategories according to the interface

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elements namely modality, navigation, interaction,

and presentation. Once the best rule is selected, an

action of transformation will be performed.

As we follow the MDA principals in our

adaptation approach, the adaptation process

represents a transformation from an abstract

interface model to another one which is tailored to

the actual context. In fact, it includes the

customization of interface design elements (such as

Input/output fields, screen resolution, screen size,

and so on) based on the context. This personalization

is in reality the transformation from one element to

another which determines different modalities

customized to the user context.

Figure 4: Adaptation process activity diagram.

4.3 Generating Final Adapted UI

Generating the final user interfaces in our model

driven approach is an automatic process. The

automation is necessary as the generation of the

adapted should be in real time with the request of

changing contexts.

4.4 Transformations

Transformation is a central concept in MDA to

address how to convert one model into another

model of the same application, and further into

executable code (Arnarsdóttir, 2006).

In our approach, we invoke transformations at

different levels (see figure 5):

- At adaptation process level: at this level, we

define a PIM to PIM transformation. The PIM

source represents the given application UI model

and the PIM target models the adapted UI model.

- At generation process level of final user

interface: on the adapted UI models, we apply,

successively, a series of model transformations

to provide automatically the final adapted user

interface. These transformations are establisehed

betwen the adapted UI PIM and PSM specific to

the application platform and between this PSM

and the Code reprsenting the the final adapted

user interface.

Transformation enriches the models with the

necessary and sufficient technical information

needed. We have illustrated in figure 5 how we

proceed with the different transformations of MDA

paradigm from adaptation process.

Figure 5: MDA Transformation in our approach.

In fact, the global approach could be summarized

by a series of model transformations from initial

platform to target platforms. Therefore, the

originality of our generic approach is that it may

provide different platform specific UI adapted

models from one initial non adapted model.

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

WORK

In this paper, we have proposed a generic model

driven approach for adapting application‘s user

interface to the context change specially the context

of disabled people. This approach proposes different

transformations at different levels to generate

adapted user interface. This interface is executed in a

target plateform tailored to a given disabled user. In

this approach, we consider accessibility

requirements at runtime and at early design stages.

ContextEntering

StartAdaptation

ApplyRule

SelectRule

GenerateAction

SendTransformation

AnalyzeContextParameter

Error

SendRequestRule

ChooseRulenteraction

ChooseRuleN

ChooseRuleP

Interac tion

Navigation

Presentation

ChooseRuleP

Modality

Filter

Correct

Fault

InvokeAdaptationEntity

[ContextParameter]

[Time]

[Adaptation Rule]

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As further work, we will define a generic

accessibility context model and specify an ontology

domain which will be matched to the context model.

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