EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR TR-UWB SYSTEMS

By Time Delayed Sampling & Correlation (TDSC)

Jorge A. Pardiñas-Mir, Muriel Muller, Roger Lamberti and Claude Gimenes

Institut Telecom, Telecom SudParis, 9, rue Charles Fourier, 91011, Evry, France

Keywords: Transmitted reference (TR-UWB), Ultra wide band (UWB), CMOS circuit, Impulse radio (IR).

Abstract: Detection results of transmitted reference ultra-wideband signals (TR-UWB) are presented. The signals are

received through the implementation in CMOS technology of the ‘Time Delayed Sampling and Correlation’

(TDSC) detection method, which allows the test of its performance and validates the first stage of the

synchronization process. This method has been proposed to achieve a UWB system with low cost, low

complexity and low power consumption for medium to low data rate applications such as ranging or

localization. Detection of such signals has been done successfully in both a direct cable connection as well

in a wireless system with a real channel. In both cases they were used in the sub GHz band (group1) and

also in the low band UWB signals.

1 INTRODUCTION

Since the new regulations adopted by the U.S.

Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.,

2002) related to the use of the ultra-wideband

(UWB) signals, research and industrial work in this

area has increased in the last years, leading to the

definition of many standards (IEEE, 2007), (ECMA,

2008) and encouraged new applications (Gezici,

2008), (Jofre et al., 2009).

One objective to achieve at the low-data rate

communication applications is that of developing an

UWB device that has a low complexity, that is low

power consuming and that has a low cost. The ‘Time

Delayed Sampling and Correlation’ (TDSC)

detection method has been proposed to conceive a

receiver that meets such an objective (Muller et al.,

2008).

The TDSC detection method is a pseudo-

coherent receiver based on the correlation between

two waveforms captured from a transmitted

reference UWB (TR-UWB). The theoretical study of

the design parameters for a CMOS implementation

of the method using 0.35 m technology, the

prototype design and simulation, the characterization

and first tests of the prototype were presented in

(Hirata-Flores et al., 2008), (Hirata-Flores, 2008)

and (Saber et al, 2008).

Work is done for developing a ranging and

positioning strategy based on the TDSC detection

method considering that UWB signals are well

suited for this application because of its time

resolution (Gezici et al., 2005).

This paper propose to go ahead with the test

platform based on the first validation step and to

validate the detection method as the base of the

synchronization procedure proposed in (Saber et al,

2008) using the TR-UWB signals acquired thanks to

the platform. The TDSC detection method and the

integrated circuit that implements it are described

briefly in section II. The synchronization process

proposed for a receiver that uses the TDSC detection

is explained in section III. Section IV presents the

platform that has been developed for testing the

circuit and the synchronization method along with

the results of the detection tests.

2 TIME DELAYED SAMPLING

AND CORRELATION

DETECTION

2.1 The TDSC Detection Method

The TDSC method is based on the use of a UWB

signal with a transmitted reference which is called a

TR-UWB signal. In its simplest way this signal uses

a pair of pulses, called doublet d(t), conforming to

the FCC spectrum mask for each symbol transmitted

A. Pardiñas-Mir J., Muller M., Lamberti R. and Gimenes C..

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR TR-UWB SYSTEMS - By Time Delayed Sampling & Correlation (TDSC).

DOI: 10.5220/0003509000870094

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems (WINSYS-2011), pages 87-94

ISBN: 978-989-8425-73-7

 2011 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

with a period of T

seconds: a reference pulse g

(t)

and an information pulse g

(t) delayed by T

seconds from the reference and modulated by the

information bits b

)()()(

tgtgtd





(1)

() ()gt pt

)()(

2 Dk

Ttpbtg 

(2)

In the case of synchronization or ranging related

symbols, g

(t) is not modulated, b

=1, carrying the

same pulse shape as that of g

(t) but delayed by T

seconds.

)()(

tptg 

)()(

Ttptg 

(3)

() () ( )

dt pt pt T

(4)

Figure 1 shows the structure of a TR-UWB symbol

for the case where a BPSK modulation is used.

reference

pulse

information

pulse

doublet

reference

pulse

information

pulse

one symbol

Figure 1: Symbol structure of a TR-UWB signal.

The detection of the TR-UWB signal is made

through a correlation receiver which correlates the

information pulse with the transmitted reference that

has been delayed in time. The delay line must have a

wide frequency response, highly linear phase, very

good impedance matching and highly stable delay,

which is difficult to integrate. The block diagram of

such a receiver is shown in figure 2 where the

effects of channel and noise have been omitted for

ease of illustration.

Figure 2: Block diagram of the TR-UWB receiver.

The TDSC detection method proposes the

substitution of the wide band analog delay line by a

pair of samplers controlled by a digital delay

(corresponding to T

). In this way both pulses g

(t)

and g

(t) can be sampled and be available at the

same time inside the sampling windows. The

waveform correlation can be made either using an

analog multiplier or by a digital processor. Figure 3

shows the blocks that make the function of time

delaying and correlation.

Figure 3: Samplers that substitute the analog delay line.

The value obtained at the output of the correlator

is evaluated to determine the value carried by the

information pulse. In the example shown, a positive

value would mean an information pulse in phase,

while a negative value would mean an information

pulse with a 180° phase.

The method was validated according to the IEEE

UWB channel model (Molisch et al., 2006) and

implemented (Hirata-Flores, 2008) using a 0.35 m

CMOS technology. The most important details of

this prototype are explained in the next section.

2.2 CMOS Implementation

The block diagram of the prototype circuit that

implements the TDSC detection method is shown in

figure 4. It includes the two samplers described in

the previous section, designed using nMOS

transmission gates (TG), each one including a

sample clock generation circuit uses as its basis an

analogically-adjustable edge triggered asynchronous

delay line which allows multi-gigahertz sampling

frequencies as high as 7.5 GHz. A coplanar wave

guide (CPW) is used for guiding the RF signal.

WINSYS 2011 - International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems

Shift Register Read Clock Generation

Delay Line Write Clock Generation

Transmission Line

Shift Register Read Clock Generation

Delay Line Write Clock Generation

Non-overlapping

Clock Generation

Non-overlapping

Clock Generation

128 Samplers Bank

TR-UWB

Signal

TR-UWB

Signal

Sampled

Output A

Sampled

Output B

SAMPLER A

SAMPLER B

Figure 4: Block diagram of the TDSC prototype circuit.

Assuming that the receiver is synchronized, the

contents of this registers, d

and d

, can be

expressed as:





















)1(

)()(

TNtr

nTtrtr



(5)





















)1(

)()(

DeW

DeD

TTNtr

TnTtrTtr



(6)



N 

(7)

Figure 5 shows the relation between the sampling

control pulses and the sampling and recording of

each TR-UWB pulse into each of the registers of the

TDSC chip, where T

is the length of the register,

and time instant t

is the start control for the sampler

Figure 5: Sampling and recording of each TR-UWB pulse

according to control pulses for each separate register.

In figure 6 it is shown the packaged circuit of the

TDSC receiver circuit, whose chip dimensions are

L=3.5 mm and W=1.7 mm.

Figure 6: Picture of the TDSC circuit chip.

For the circuit to be able to correctly detect the

incoming pulses, a previous synchronization process

must be carried out. The next section briefly

describes this process.

3 SYNCHRONIZATION

PROCESS

The goal of the synchronization process is to find a

time reference into the symbol for sampling the

pulses at the correct time and then be able to detect

the information. The technique used here for the

TDSC detection method is lightly modified

compared to the one proposed in (Saber et al, 2008)

in order to manage the worst case where one

correlator is used and only one correlation is

computed for each symbol.

The synchronization process is based on the

search of the maximum correlation value along the

symbol.

The synchronization process starts by sampling

the synchronization sequence at a certain reference

point t

. Pulse waveforms are sampled and saved in

the registers A and B of length T

each other. Then

the receiver tests the existence of the pulses into the

sampled windows by correlating them according to

(8). The computed value corresponds to the

maximum value of their cross-correlation.

000

)()(

DeeW

TnTtdnTtdc

dd 









(8)

The resulting c

value is saved and other

correlations are made and saved, applying a time 

shift along the whole symbol. When all correlations,

as described in (9), are obtained, the maximum value

corresponds to the presence of the pulses into the

registers.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR TR-UWB SYSTEMS - By Time Delayed Sampling & Correlation (TDSC)

























)(

TnTktd

nTktd

(9)





1,,2,1,0

,,,

)1(10







ccccc

KWWkWWW





(10)

where K is the number of needed correlations in

order to sweep the whole symbol.





(11)

The process is shown in figure 7 for the first

sampling and correlation position, followed by a

shifted new one.

Figure 7: Time shift  between consecutive sampling and

correlation windows.

Once the highest correlation value along the

symbol is identified and so its position, the detector

can correctly acquire the transmitted pulses at such

instant. Note that this process is simplified compared

to others detection methods, because it only needs

that the UWB pulses fall inside the sampling

windows T

, in order to be reliably detected (Muller

et al, 2007).

Figure 8 shows one example of the simulations

made to test the synchronization procedure. The

baseband TR-UWB signal, shown in 8.a, is

composed of a sequence of symbols dedicated to the

synchronization and some subsequent symbols that

carry on information bits modulated with a phase

shift of 180°. In figure 8.b it is shown the signal

translated in frequency at 4 GHz with the effects of

the channel and added noise. The last graphic shows

the results of the correlations made to obtain the

synchronization and to detect the information bits. In

this example the maximum value is obtained for k =

15, which means that the doublet is located 15 

seconds after the starting reference time t

In the simulations it was calculated one point of

correlation for each symbol, meaning that K

symbols are necessary to obtain the whole swept

equivalent to the time duration of one symbol.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

time, secs

2 4 6 8 10

x 10

time, secs

doublet UWB après le canal (h surechan.)

x 10

10 20 30

time, secs

0 2 4 6 8

-2

-4

-2

-4

-6

sequence of synchronization sequence of information data

correlation step k

Figure 8: Correlation values obtained after the swept of

the equivalent of one complete symbol.

The synchronization procedure is based on the

detection of pulses during the synchronization

sequence and once this is obtained then the detection

of the information bits is carried out. The next

section demonstrates the detection of the pulses of

the TR-UWB signal using the TDSC circuit with

different configurations.

4 EVALUATION TESTS AND

RESULTS

This section presents the tests carried out to validate

the detection method from real signals acquired

through the TDSC CMOS prototype. First the

structure of the test cards is described, in order to

show the conditions under which the validation was

done. Second it is explained the different

configurations used for the tests and finally the

experimental results are presented.

4.1 Test Cards

In order to specify the chip performance and validate

for the first time the detection method, the very first

basic tests of the TDSC IC were done over a test

board using a generator instrument and a digital

oscilloscope (Hirata-Flores, 2008). For a broader test

of the circuit and the evaluation of the

synchronization method and detection of data

presented in this paper, two test cards were designed

and realized: a transmitter card and a receiver card.

The transmitter card is based on a DS89C450

microcontroller to produce a squared signal that

generates the frame, a step recovery diode (SRD) for

producing very short-in-time pulses and a short-

circuit line to help produce the final waveform.

WINSYS 2011 - International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems

Thanks to this transmitter, TR-UWB signals are

generated in a simple way independently of other

equipment. It is also possible to control the time

between the pulses that could be as short as 140 ns

and can be incremented in 33 ns steps. Figure 9

shows the block diagram of the transmitter.

Microcontroller

SRDSRD

Waveform

Sha per

(short-circuit line)

(D S89C45 0)

Figure 9: Block diagram and pulses waveforms of the

transmitter test card.

The receiver card has been designed to help the

development and the evaluation of the detection and

synchronization methods. The card is also based on

the DS89C450 microcontroller, which sends the start

control signals to the TDSC circuit, as those shown

in figure 5, to sample and write into the registers the

incoming TR-UWB signal. The outputs of the

registers are fed to an analog to digital converter

(ADC) and sent to a computer for further processing

through a MATLAB program as shown in figure 10.

The signal detection is done by correlating the

acquired signals. All the control signals to the TDSC

circuit, the converters and the RS232 interface are

generated by the microcontroller.

samples B

write/ read

TDSC

Integrated

Circuit

ADC

(ADS931)

ADC

(ADS931)

Microcontroller

(DS89C 450)

Interface

RS232

(MAX232)

samples A

c o nv ert e d b yte A

conversion

clock A

conversion

clo ck B c o nv ert e d b yte B

Figure 10: Block diagram of the receiver test card.

4.2 Test Configuration

The tests were run using two kinds of TR-UWB

signals: a baseband signal, whose bandwidth extends

to around 1 GHz, and a frequency translated signal

centred at 4 GHz. It was used both a wired and a real

wireless channel.

For the tests using a wired channel, both the

transmitter and the receiver were connected directly

by a cable as shown in figure 11.

In the case of the tests at 4 GHz, a mixer was

employed to easily translate the baseband signal in

frequency, also shown in figure 11.

Récepteur

TDSC

Récepteur

TDSC

EmetteurEmetteurEmetteurEmetteur

Transmitter

TDSC

Receiver

EmetteurEmetteur

AMPAMP

MIXMIX

Générateur

Récepteur

TDSC

Récepteur

TDSC

EmetteurEmetteur

AMPAMP

MIXMIX

Générateur

Récepteur

TDSC

Récepteur

TDSC

Transmitter

TDSC

Receiver

Generator

Figure 11: a) Direct connection between test cards at base

band. b) Transmitted signal translated at 4 GHz.

In the case of tests with a wireless channel, both

the baseband signal and the 4GHz signal were

transmitted through antennas (monopole and

discones), although these were not optimized for the

system. Figure 12 shows the configurations used.

EmetteurEmetteur

AMPAMP

EmetteurEmetteur

AMPAMP

Transmitter

EmetteurEmetteur

AMPAMP

MIXMIX

Générateur

AMPAMP

Transmitter

Generator

Récepteur

TDSC

AMPAMP AMPAMP

Récepteur

TDSC

AMPAMP AMPAMP

TDSC

Receiver

Figure 12: a) Transmitter configuration used at base band.

b) Transmitter configuration used at 4 GHz. c) Receiver

configurations for both cases.

4.3 Experimental Results

4.3.1 Transmitted Signal

The transmitted TR-UWB signal comprised pulses

with a length of around 1 ns, a T

spacing time of

366 ns and a symbol period of 2.66 us. The

waveform reaches a maximum amplitude of 1.16

volts as shown in figure 13.

0 V

1.16 V

1.19 ns

amplitude (V)

time (ns)

Figure 13: Waveform of the transmitter output pulse.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR TR-UWB SYSTEMS - By Time Delayed Sampling & Correlation (TDSC)

In figure 14 it is shown the power spectral

density of the signal measured directly at the output

of the transmitter. As we can see, the bandwidth at

the power level of -43 dBm reaches a value of

around 1.1 GHz. The sampling frequency of the

TDSC circuit that was used during the tests was

estimated equal to 7.5 GHz (Hirata-Flores, 2008).



200 MHz

200 MHz

BW = 600 MHz @ -40 dBm

BW = 1.1 GHz @ -43 dBm

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

Figure 14: Power spectrum density of the transmitter

output pulse.

To allow the MATLAB program to

automatically manage the reception process, it was

necessary to previously manually calibrate it. This

was achieved for each test case, identifying an

adequate threshold value of the correlation to

distinguish between the presence and absence of

pulses in the received signal. In this way the test

system was able to continually receive and detect the

symbols in a reproducible way. The figures

presented in the following subsection correspond to

one example of the received signals for each case.

4.3.2 Configuration with Cable Connection

Figures 15 and 16 show the waveforms received in

the case of the direct connection between the

transmitter and the receiver. The former corresponds

to the baseband signal, while the latter is the signal

translated at 4 GHz. The first and the second

waveforms are the contents of registers A and B

respectively, while the last waveform is the result of

the cross-correlation function between the two of

them. The value shown as “Corr. Max” corresponds

to the maximum value of the cross-correlation, c

as it was explained in section 2.2 and defined in (8).

The amplitude of the signals is normalized.

In both cases, baseband and pass band at 4 GHz,

it was successfully found and fixed a threshold for

the correlation value to detect the pulses. While for

the baseband the maximum correlation value was

around 4.21, for the pass band signal it was around

0.2.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0.5

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Corr. Max = 4.2196

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

Figure 15: Results with a baseband signal directly

connected to the receiver.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.2

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

Corr. Max = 0.2329

Figure 16: Results with a 4 GHz signal directly connected

to the receiver.

4.3.3 Configuration with Wireless Channel

Figure 17 shows the results obtained for a baseband

signal transmitted using a pair of monopole antennas

separated by 40 cms between them. When the pulses

are present in the TDSC circuit registers, the

maximum correlation value is around 0.21.

Figure 18 shows the results for the transmission

of a baseband signal whose transmitting point is

located at a distance of one meter from the receiver.

In this case the value that shows that the two pulses

were detected is between 0.14 and 0.135.

In order to allow comparison between the maximum

correlation values, figure 19 shows the results

according to a signal without transmitted pulses,

while figure 20 shows the case with only one

baseband pulse transmitted at 40 cms. The first case

gives a correlation value of 0.0093, while in the

second case the value obtained is 0.022, both values

WINSYS 2011 - International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems

are far enough of the value corresponding to the

detection of the two pulses at the same distance,

around 0.21 as previously stated.

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.1

0.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

Corr. Max = 0.2170

Figure 17: Results with a baseband signal transmitted at

40 cms. with line of sight (LOS).

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0.05

0.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.1

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.1

-0.05

0.05

0.1

0.15

Corr. Max = 0.1406

Figure 18: Results with a baseband signal transmitted at

100 cms. with line of sight (LOS).

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0.02

0.04

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.04

-0.02

0.02

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-5

x 10

-3

Corr. Max = 0.0093

Figure 19: Results without transmitted pulses.

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0.02

0.04

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0.05

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.01

0.01

0.02

Corr. Max = 0.0226

Figure 20: Results with only one pulse.

The last case shown in figure 21 corresponds to a

pass band signal transmitted at 4 GHz by a pair of

discone antennas. The distance between the

transmitter and the receiver is 40 cms. The pulses

were successfully received for a corresponding

correlation value of about 0.12.

amplitude

(norm)

correlation time (ns)

amplitude

(norm)

amplitude

(norm)

time (ns)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.1

0.1

Corr. Max = 0.1253

Figure 21: Results with a 4 GHz signal transmitted at 40

cms with line of sight.

These results show that the proposed detection

method can successfully detect TR-UWB signals

through the TDSC CMOS prototype. Good detection

results were obtained for different environments and

distances. Being the detection the base of the

synchronization process, these tests have also

validated the first stage of the synchronization

process.

5 CONCLUSIONS

This paper has presented experimental results that

validate the new TDSC detection method for TR-

UWB systems using real signals.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR TR-UWB SYSTEMS - By Time Delayed Sampling & Correlation (TDSC)

Through this work we also improve the

knowledge of the TDSC performance regarding the

implementation, frequency response, signal

detection through indoor wireless channel.

In order to obtain these results, two test cards

were developed. One is a TR-UWB transmitter

based on discrete components, the second one is the

receiver based on the CMOS TDSC chip and

connected to the computer.

The processing step of the proposed detection

method based on the analog waveforms correlation

was implemented on the computer.

The analog TR-UWB signals were acquired from

a directed connection as well through an indoor

wireless channel to a distance as long as 1 meter as

first step of experimentation.

It was demonstrated that the use of the TDSC

integrated circuit, as the receiving device, allows the

detection of such signals through different

environment or frequency condition (BB or 4 GHz).

That validates also the generation of a precise delay

in order to detect TR-UWB signals.

From these results the next steps are to study

other transmitting scenarios, for different

environments and also to look forward for the

implementation of the synchronization process into

an autonomous device. This will allow the use of

this platform for purposes of localization, which is

the application subject of interest of the research

team.

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