Authors:
            
                    Touby Drew
                    
                        
                    
                     and
                
                    Steve Goetz
                    
                        
                    
                    
                
        
        
            Affiliation:
            
                    
                        
                    
                    Neuromodulation, Medtronic, Inc., United States
                
        
        
        
        
        
             Keyword(s):
            Implant, IMD, Instrument, Software, Trends, Architecture, Mainstream, Programmer.
        
        
            
                Related
                    Ontology
                    Subjects/Areas/Topics:
                
                        Biomedical Engineering
                    ; 
                        Biomedical Instrumentation
                    ; 
                        Biomedical Instruments and Devices
                    ; 
                        Devices
                    ; 
                        Health Monitoring Devices
                    ; 
                        Human-Computer Interaction
                    ; 
                        Implantable Electronics
                    ; 
                        Physiological Computing Systems
                    
            
        
        
            
                Abstract: 
                Active implantable medical devices increasingly depend on and interact with external systems of instrument hardware and software. Based on our work in defining and refining the direction of next generation instruments, we submit that there are and will increasingly be a trend towards complex, mainstream instrument systems, which are distributed, decoupled and part of rich modular information ecologies. As this shift occurs, important challenges arise and must be met with domain-specific solutions including those in the areas of security, repartitioning, and changes to instrument architecture and development.