UIAAC: A Method for Designing of Graphical User Interface for

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

William Sanchez

, Christian Collaguazo

, Daniela Prado

and Priscila Cedillo

Computer Science Department, University of Cuenca, Ecuador

Keywords: Graphical Interface, Older Adults, Accessibility, Pictograms, AAC, Design, Software Engineering,

Health Care.

Abstract: The world's population is aging, which is reflected in the increased proportion of older adults, both in

developed and developing countries. In 2019, 1 in 11 people exceeded 65 years old; and it is projected that

by 2050, this proportion will be 1 in 6 people. Among the most common problems older adults face are those

linked to physical, auditory, and visual impairment and, affect, the way they communicate and interact with

others. While the usual way of communication is through speech, 1.3% do not depend on verbal language,

and as a result, their communication needs are not met. Therefore, it is necessary to search for other modes of

communication (apart from speech), which are used to express thoughts, needs, desires, and ideas. An option

is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), which presents methods and technology to help

people develop or regain communication ability. Thus, this document presents a method called UIAAC, which

aims to facilitate the design of graphical user interfaces for AAC systems oriented to older adults and

incorporate pictograms as a means of communication. The presented method is aligned with usability

standards and considerations of experts in AAC, gerontology, software quality engineers, and user-centered

design. To assess the feasibility of the method, the design of a prototype interface and a case study that

assesses the perception of the prototype's use is presented. The evaluation was developed from the point of

view of the psychological area and the end-user (older adult).

1 INTRODUCTION

Currently, the proportion of older adults has increased

considerably in the world (Office Statistics, 2015).

This age group faces many problems related to their

age; the most common are physical, hearing, and

visual impairment that significantly affects how they

communicate and interact with other people (World

Health Organization, 2011). For this reason,

researchers are motivated to seek alternative

technologies or methods to help people improve or

regain the ability to communicate. Thus

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

(AAC) appears and becomes indispensable

(Beukelman & Light, 2020). It can be achieved

through AAC systems, which are applications that

incorporate some technological means as information

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-4132

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8429-8796

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1241-1782

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-0655

output and provide innovative solutions for a wide

range of users with speech disabilities (Waller, 2019).

One of the means of interaction that the AAC

incorporates is the use of pictograms, which are

figurative drawings, used to transmit information

directly, indicate an object, verb, place, or express an

idea when users speak with limited language skills or

have visual problems (Tijus et al., 2007). The receiver

can interpret pictograms in a more precise and agile

way than words. Therefore they serve as an instant

reminder, such as a danger sign or a specific message

(Portugal et al., 2013).

Most AAC systems incorporate a graphical

interface for user interaction. This interface must

consider the criteria of usability and accessibility to

provide the best possible user experience; if an

interface is adequate, the user will be able to slide and

256

Sanchez, W. and Prado, D.

UIAAC: A Method for Designing of Graphical User Interface for Augmentative and Alternative Communication.

DOI: 10.5220/0010527602560264

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2021), pages 256-264

ISBN: 978-989-758-506-7

use the system without making much effort. On the

contrary, the user can easily become confused,

resulting in low interaction efficiency (Pressman,

2010).

Consequently, the design and construction of

interfaces are an essential part of the software

development process, and in most cases, they account

for about half of the code developed in a system

(Labib et al., 2009). Several primary studies address

the creation of AAC systems and graphical interface

design oriented to end-users in different domains. In

this sense, Keskinen et al. (2012) present a

communication system called SymbolChat, which

considers the needs of users from different

perspectives by customizing the elements of the

graphical interface displayed to the user. Although

this system presents a good alternative for

communication, it does not focus on older adults and

does not consider accessibility aspects aimed at this

particular group. Miguel et al. (2018) present a

project that focuses on designing graphical interfaces

aimed at older adults called Ni nanna, which consists

of a web application for touch devices that provides

advice from older adults with knowledge in artistic

activities to users who require some advice. Its

interfaces are designed according to the User-

Centered Design (UCD) methodology that proposes a

design based on understanding, study, design,

construction, and evaluation. The present research

does not specify details of the process followed in

each subphases. These proposals address the design

of interfaces and forms of interaction; however, the

users' skills to whom they are directed are not

directed, which represents difficulties at the time of

their use (Al Mahmud & Martens, 2016). In general,

this leads to not effectively measuring the usability of

the different components presented to the user

(Saturno et al., 2015).

Consequently, it is necessary to have a method

that guides user interface design with AAC

communication modalities, to improve the interaction

between older adults and high-tech AAC systems

through pictograms. This document presents a

method to design graphical interfaces for the AAC

using pictograms. It has been named UIAAC (User

Interface Alternative and Augmentative

Communication). This method includes all aspects

related to accessibility in order to design effective

interfaces for older adults. Therefore, the main

contributions of this research are: i) An initial version

of the IUAAC method, its phases, guidelines, and

artifacts involved, ii) the design of a functional

prototype of an interface for an AAC system,

designed taking into account each step of IUAAC, iii)

a case study that shows the use of the prototype aimed

at improving cognitive abilities and that has been

used by two older adults, their perceptions and

comments on the experience of using the prototype,

and iv) the psychologist's point of view on the

designed prototype.

Finally, this article has the following structure:

Section 2 presents the related works; Section 3

presents the IUAAC method and its phases; Section 4

shows the feasibility of the method by designing an

interface for an AAC system; section 5 presents a case

study in which older adults and health experts

participate; and finally, Section 6 presents the

conclusions and future work.

2 RELATED WORK

This section presents studies that present methods or

considerations for designing and implementing

interfaces for AAC systems. The objective is to verify

the existence of methods to design or build interfaces

for AAC systems that use pictograms and are aimed at

older adults. Miguel et al. (2018) present an interface

to facilitate the interaction of the older persons with

people who require some advice, for which they use

the UCD methodology. Griffith et al. (2014) present a

study in which they examine how an AAC device's

interface design influences people's behaviors with

aphasia during a narrative counting task. Likewise,

Walsh (2010) presents the design and development of

an intuitive interface for an AAC system that is based

on commercial quality statements.

On the other hand, Pavlov et al., (2018) present a

study that describes the approach and decisions that

should be considered to build accessible interfaces for

users with verbal and written communication

disorders. Furthermore, it describes the TESI system's

interface design, whose objective is to improve oral

expression skills. Finally, Light et al. (2019) present

research on the impact of the AAC variables in

children and adults' visual attention with acquired

diseases; it also presents considerations on these

variables' implications for effective design of the

interfaces for visual scene displays.

Moreover, older adults are immersed in a society

that experiences a constant advance in information

and communication technologies (ICT) (Agudo

Prado et al., 2013). It has been determined that ICT

support in the AAC has been recognized as a key

factor to improve the inclusion of people with

complex communication needs in daily life. It is

supported by Matijević et al. (2014), who present

a method of initial automatic adaptation of user

UIAAC: A Method for Designing of Graphical User Interface for Augmentative and Alternative Communication

257

Figure 1: Main method for design of graphical user interface to AAC systems (UIAAC).

interfaces, which is then distributed among AAC

applications through a specialized platform. This

solution's goal is to produce components without the

need for actual user testing. According to the

solutions presented, it is possible to conclude that

there is no method for designing interfaces for AAC

systems where pictograms are used to communicate

aimed at the older persons. This conclusion is

supported by a systematic review that we have carried

out previously and which is expected to be published

soon; It has the objective of knowing which are the

existing methods, tools and technological solutions

used in the design of AAC interfaces and creation of

AAC solutions in general.

3 THE UIAAC METHOD

Therefore, for the design of an interface for an AAC

system, aimed at improving the communication skills

of an older adult, a design method has been created,

which considers accessibility characteristics and also

integrates several professionals from different areas

of knowledge (e.g., psychologists, software

engineers, project specialists).

3.1 UIAAC

The first activities concerning to UCD are alinged

with the principles proposed by Gould & Lewis

(1983); here, some activities oriented to interface

design have emerged, for example, those proposed by

Wallach & Scholz (2012).

The UIAAC method contains the following

phases: i) scope, ii) analysis, iii) prototype design, iv)

prototype evaluation, and v) implementation. These

phases are presented in Figure 1, and each of them is

explained below:

3.1.1 Scope

This activity is shown in Figure 1 (1), where the AAC

domain expert, the project manager, and the

gerontology specialist intervene. Understanding the

domain and shared knowledge among the participants

makes it possible to obtain the following artifacts:

user needs and problems, scene definition, user

profile, and project structure. They serve as the basis

for the analysis phase. In these documents, the

scenario where the user will interact with the system

will be detailed. A user profile will also be obtained

with different characteristics to understand better the

problems and needs that the user presents and, finally,

a project structure to guide each phase of the proposed

method.

3.1.2 Analysis

This activity is shown in Figure 1 (2). It is based on the

user needs and problems, scene definition, user profile,

and project structure documents. The domain expert,

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258

the requirements engineer, the quality engineer, the

project manager, and the gerontology specialist

perform the requirements elicitation phase, which

delivers the requirements specification document-

oriented to the interface design as an artifact.

Additionally, the vocabulary selection, message

creation, and pictogram selection guides can be used

by the gerontology specialist and domain expert.

3.1.3 Prototype Design

This activity is shown in Figure 1 (3); the quality

engineer, the project manager, and the domain expert

carry out a conceptual design based on the documents

generated in the analysis phase. Additionally, the

interface designer and the quality engineer carry out

the design and prototyping using a prototyping tool.

Design is guided by usability and accessibility criteria

guidelines; also by an organization and design guide of

grids suitable to adapting pictograms on the interface.

3.1.4 Prototype Evaluation

This activity is shown in Figure 1 (4). Within it is the

prototype verification and validation tasks, which the

project manager and quality engineer execute. In this

phase, it is important to ensure the prototype's quality

and is considered purely iterative in conjunction with

the prototype design phase. Once a quality product

has been achieved and meets the proposed

requirements, it is considered that the objective of the

method has been achieved.

3.1.5 Implementation

This activity is shown in Figure 1 (5), from the

designed prototype, and through a software

engineering process, a functional interface is

implemented to adapt it in the AAC system.

3.2 Artifacts in the UIAAC Method

3.2.1 Document of User Needs and Problems

This document specifies the needs and problems that

the user faces. Each need is analyzed to understand

the situation. Here the user is located, and from this,

they can have a global idea about the type of system

that the user needs.

3.2.2 User Profile

The user profile is defined based on knowing in detail

the characteristics of the person to whom the interface

is aimed. Among them is information about the

motivations and aspirations of the graphical interface

and the AAC system. It is also considered essential to

know the degree of familiarity that the user has with

the different technologies.

3.2.3 Scenario Definition

Having the setting defined, it is essential to frame the

product's use or its need for use (Hassan, 2015).

Documenting the place where the actions will occur

is important because it allows the project to be

tailored to a specific situation; in addition to that, the

scenario represents the real situation where the user

will interact with the AAC system to meet an

objective.

3.2.4 Project Structure

The project structure is a document that defines the

activities and how they will be grouped and

coordinated to guide the design process of the AAC

interface aimed at older adults. It also defines each

phase's workgroups, roles, and activities to optimize

the resources and time to invest in each phase. The

objectives and limitations of the project are also

established here. Finally, the work structure is

designed based on the definition of the scope and

should be guided by the domain expert's observations

in the AAC and built by the project manager.

3.2.5 Requirements Specification

As a product of the requirements elicitation, a

requirements specification document is obtained.

This should be clear, unambiguous, easy to

understand, complete, and consistent. This document

is organized by Somerville's structure and includes

the functional and non-functional requirements of the

interface.

3.2.6 Definition of Vocabulary and Messages

This document contains the domain vocabulary

characteristics chosen to adapt it in the interface. It

can also contain a list of common messages that help

to synthesize an idea to increase the communication

skills of the older persons in particular everyday

situations.

3.2.7 List of Pictograms

Once the domain, vocabulary list, and messages of

the AAC system have been defined and based on

selection criteria of pictograms aimed at the older

persons, the most suitable pictograms can be chosen

UIAAC: A Method for Designing of Graphical User Interface for Augmentative and Alternative Communication

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to be integrated into the interface. It is essential to

define and validate that pictograms increase the user's

ability to communicate without using verbal

language.

3.2.8 Conceptual Design

It is a document that refers to the decisions regarding

the graphic interface design and the interface model.

Represents a plan or skeleton that allows

communication from the beginning, how the interface

will interact. Conceptual design is the tool used to

communicate the intention of our design.

3.2.9 Initial Prototype

It is a visual representation of the conceptual design

and helps verify that the interface is designed

according to the expected requirements. It can be

designed in different tools, and its purpose is to offer

a tangible product that can be evaluated and accepted

for later implementation. It usually is functional, but

its features are limited.

3.2.10 Version List and Final Prototype

This document contains all the versions created of the

prototype and includes the changes and

improvements with respect to its predecessors are. It

is the final approved and validated version of the

prototype, with which the AAC system will be

implemented.

3.3 Guidelines in the UIAAC Method

One of the advantages of this method is that it

includes a series of guides that provide content so that

some phases are completed efficiently and, therefore,

a final high-level product is designed.

3.3.1 Requirements Template

Requirements elicitation has the objective of

producing a requirements specification document that

satisfies the user's expectations and the interested

parties. For this it is necessary to use requirements

collection templates. Durán & Bernardéz (2000),

propose templates for obtaining product objectives,

functional and non-functional requirements.

3.3.2 Vocabulary, Message and Pictogram

Selection Guides

This guide presents a series of considerations for the

selection of vocabulary, messages and pictograms to

be displayed on the interface. These guides allow you

to analyze the situations in which the user needs help;

in this way, it is possible to understand the scenario

and develop the vocabulary, messages and

pictograms appropriate to the situation.

This is possible through some considerations and

recommendations proposed by institutes specialized

in the domain of AAC.

3.3.3 User Person Template

UIAAC recommends the use of the personal data

template. To obtain a UCD, the design must be based

on real information about the product's audience, with

specific information obtained through user research

methods.

3.3.4 Project Management Guide

Every project must be guided by general planning;

Bedini & Guerra (2005) propose a project structure

composed of a general description of the project that

includes the objectives and restrictions; organization

of the project, in which the participants and their

activities are organized; calendar, containing

estimates and a schedule for project tasks.

3.3.5 Usability and Accessibility Criteria

Some usability criteria can be considered for a design

to be of quality. Mascheroni & Greiner (2012),

Sánchez (2011), and Sastoque et al. (2016) provide

usability guidelines (e.g., ease of learning,

satisfaction, efficiency, visualization), which will

serve as a design guide for the prototype designer.

UIAAC also includes a guide with accessibility

criteria, which should be considered to guide the

design towards the older persons. Table 1 presents an

extract from the guide, with some accessibility

criteria.

Table 1: Accessibility Criteria.

Type Description

Physical

accessibility

Consider interacting with traditional

media (e.g., keyboard, mouse, touch

screens

)

Cognitive

accessibilit

Consider aspects such as language and

reduction of users’ tasks.

Accesibility

visual and

motor.

- Text size.

- Text style: depends on the user.

- Contrast and color

- Multimedia: intuitive sounds can be

added if necessary.

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3.3.6 Organization and Design of Grids

It is essential to consider that a grid must be designed

respecting the considerations and specifications of the

end-user. UIACC contains a guide with different

types of grid organization and design to create a

model according to user needs.

4 APPLYING UIAAC

In this section, the five activities involved in the

UIAAC method have been applied to design an

interface prototype for an AAC web system to assist

in communication problems for an older adult. Each

of these activities is described at a high level and

detailed in Figure 2.

Figure 3 shows the AAC system with its AAC

interface implemented. This app is available at the

following URL: https://n9.cl/mc3l

5 CASE STUDY

A solution interface was built following the UIAAC

method, and it was evaluated through a case study. It

follows the following activites proposed in the

Runeson et al. (2012) methodology: i) design, ii)

ethical considerations, iii) preparation for data

collection, iv) collecting evidence, v) analysis of

collected data and reporting, and vi) threats of validity

analysis.

5.1 Design

This case study's main objective is to know health

personnel and end-users perceptions regarding

interface pictograms app created for older people. In

this context, the research questions are i) How does

the psychologist perceive the technological solution's

clinical utility? Moreover, ii) How does the end-user

perceive the usefulness of the technological. The case

study method is holistic-multiple, and the units of

analysis are presented in Figure 4.

Figure 3: Interface pictograms app.

Figure 4: Holistic-multiple method.

5.2 Ethical Considerations

Although Amschler & Pradhan (2001) points out a

case study relies primarily on trust between the

investigator and the case, some explicit prevention

measures have been considered to prevent future

problems, mainly because the older adults belong a

vulnerable group.

In this case study, the ethical factors considered

are: i) informed consent with both the older persons

and their primary caregivers, ii) the approval of an

ethics committee for this type of test, iii)

onfidentiality, and iv) feedback. Moreover, due

COVID-19 pandemic context, all health security

protocol was considered by the Clinical psychology.

5.3 Preparation for Data Collection

Two surveys have been designed based on the

technology evaluation model (TAM) proposed by

Davis (1985). This model consists of evaluating the

Perceived Ease Of Use (PEOU), the Perceived

Usefulness (PU), and the Intention To Use (ITU) in

the future. The designed surveys were focused on the

elderly and the health expert. This questionnaire, as is

shown in Appendix 1, uses a 5-point Likert scale.

5.4 Collecting Evidence

In a first step, the interface pictogram app was

presented by the Clinical psychologist to older adult

in his home (see Figure 6). Then, the surveys were

filled out by all participants.

5.5 Data Analysis and Results

Reporting

By analyzing the results, it is found that they allow

answering the case study questions. In open

questions, older adult agree that the interface is useful

for communication. At the same time, the expert

considers that obtain new ways to interact with this

kind of people is essential for healthy social

interaction. Figure 5 shows the overall results of

PEOU, PU, and ITU. In general, Clinical

UIAAC: A Method for Designing of Graphical User Interface for Augmentative and Alternative Communication

261

psychologist and older adult mention that the

interface solution is easy to understand; besides, this

technological input can reduce communication time

and effort. They also rescue that it is a useful input

since it allows the patient's communication; therefore,

it could be used in the future.

Figure 5: Results of the case study: user perceptions.

Figure 6: Data collecting.

5.6 Threats of Validity

The following threats to validity are discussed to

reveal their potential interference with this study.

5.6.1 Construct Validity

Construct validity refers to the relation between the

theory behind the case of study and the empirical

reality. To analyze whether the operative measures

studied represented what the researchers had planned

to investigate and what they investigated. For this

step, validated questionnaires were used, which have

an ideal Cronbach's alpha; thus, the interview

questions' constructs will be interpreted in the same

way by the researcher and the people interviewed.

5.6.2 Internal and External Validity

Depending on how the subjects in a group are

selected, the selection effects may vary. In this study,

the age, pathology degree, and previous experience

that the participants have with technology influence

the ease of use when using the proposed solution.

For the external validity, the selection of the

Figure 7: Steps to design a graphical interface for AAC systems using UIAAC.

4,5

4,8

4,7

4,4

00,511,522,533,544,55

ITU

PEOU

Older Adult Clinical psychologist

ICT4AWE 2021 - 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

262

sample of individuals who participated was made at

convenience. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, access

to the elderly population with disabilities is restricted.

5.6.3 Reliability

The evidence chain was carried out respecting the

data's literality from the interviews to the analysis.

Moreover, the qualitative responses were quantified

using a Likert scale to avoid introducing

interpretation bias.

6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

WORK

The UIAAC method considers design aspects for

older adults based on protocols and standards for

designing graphical interfaces for AAC systems that

integrate pictograms. The design and creation of

prototypes are oriented in the analysis of domains,

end-user documents, and observations of the

specialist in gerontology; this allows for a correct

UCD.

This method is designed to be applied within

software engineering processes, specifically for

designing graphical interfaces of AAC systems. A

web system has been built to help improve older

adults' cognitive abilities; where the interface has

been designed with this method, it has been possible

to test the feasibility of the method. The AAC system

has used a psychologist for evaluation and an older

adult to use the app. The results show that the app is

perceived as easy to use and useful. Finally, as future

work, the UIAAC method will be studied in depth to

expand and detail each phase's activity, guide, and

function.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is part of the following research projects:

“Fog Computing applied to monitor devices used in

assisted living environments; case study: platform for

the elderly people”, “Design of architectures and

interaction models for assisted living environments

aimed at older adults. Case study: playful and social

environments” and “Integration of New Technologies

for the Design of Cognitive Solutions in Ambient

Assisted Living for Elderly People: Evaluation of

Attention and Memory Areas”. Therefore, we thank

DIUC of Universidad de Cuenca and CEDIA for its

support.

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