A Journey to Salamis Island (Greece) using a GIS Tailored

Interactive Story Map Application

Varvara Antoniou

, Paraskevi Nomikou

, Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos

Odysseas Karatzaferis

, Othonas Vlasopoulos

, Christos Stentoumis

and

Ilias Kalisperakis

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment,

Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece

up2metric P.C., Computer Vision Engineering, Michail Mela 21, GR-11521, Athens, Greece

Keywords: GIS Story Maps, 3D Model, Web Application, Structure from Motion, Multipart Features.

Abstract: Web GIS applications have been used to communicate and showcase spatial information to the general public.

In the demonstrated Web GIS application, the aim was to highlight the importance of a historic area, Salamis

island (Greece), through its natural and anthropogenic environment using narrative text, multimedia, and web

content as well as geospatial data and 3D visualization. Using StoryMaps, a widespread geographical

visualization approach, used for science and spatial data communication, information, education, and

dissemination, new functions combining many scientific fields were integrated, producing an interactive

responsive web app in such a way that scientific knowledge can be received and comprehended by a broader

audience.

1 INTRODUCTION

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies

can provide new opportunities for immersive content

while widely engaging public audiences with

complex multivariate datasets. One of their latest

accomplishments is story maps which can provide

support for scientific storytelling compellingly and

straightforwardly (Antoniou, et al., 2019a) using

multi-media content and narrative text for visualizing

spatial data effectively. Thereby, Story Maps can be

used to disseminate and understand scientific findings

to broader non-technical audiences (Janicki et al.,

2016; Wright et al., 2014).

In this paper, an effort has been made to present

history (archaeological sites, monuments),

biodiversity (unique flora and fauna), geodiversity

(geomorphology, geological formations, sea-level

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0351

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-9730

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-2602

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9094

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-9141

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9972-1761

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-093X

changes, land cover), and cultural and recreation

areas for Salamis Island (Greece) through a narrative

interactive story map.

2 STUDY AREA

Salamis island is the largest island of the north

Saronic gulf and is located close to the Attica

coastline. Having a coastline that reaches 100 km in

length, it features tens of bays, peninsulas, capes,

bays, beaches, and small islands (Fig. 1).

The island of Salamis consists of low elevation

hills and small valleys in an approximately east-west

direction. Salamis has been delimited by sea-level

changes, forming an island or a land connected with

the Attica peninsula.

Antoniou, V., Nomikou, P., Papaspyropoulos, K., Karatzaferis, O., Vlasopoulos, O., Stentoumis, C. and Kalisperakis, I.

A Journey to Salamis Island (Greece) using a GIS Tailored Interactive Story Map Application.

DOI: 10.5220/0010440701870194

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2021), pages 187-194

ISBN: 978-989-758-503-6

187

Figure 1: Geographic location of Salamis Island.

During the Pleistocene period, the straits that

separate Salamis Island and Attica, were sometimes

navigable while at other times one could cross them

on foot. Alpine and post alpine geological formations,

consisting mainly of carbonate rocks, ophiolites, and

alluvium respectively, form the geological structure

of Salamis. Fault zones have formed the characteristic

shape of the island. Salamis is an island that has been

inhabited non-stop, since the Mycenaean Era. Its

name is associated with the naval battle of Salamis in

480 BC, between the Persian fleet and the city-states

of the Greeks. It is an island filled with historical

monuments, many of which have had different uses

over the centuries.

3 METHODOLOGY

To meet the challenge of creating the Story Map of

Salamis Journey, which focuses on presenting the

natural as well as the anthropogenic environment of

the island in combination with its historical value,

different types of datasets have been compiled, either

new ones or from open-source portals. New ones

were collected during multiple data collection field

trips, aiming to capture geolocated photos and videos

for each site of interest to enrich the existing geo-

cultural knowledge.

Salamis Journey has been created using the

ArcGIS platform (Esri), although other software (free

https://storymap.knightlab.com

https://www.google.com/earth/outreach/

http://timemapper.okfnlabs.org/

https://cartodb.github.io/odyssey.js/

https://www.thinglink.com/

or commercial) is also available (e.g., StoryMapJ

Google Earth Outreach

, TimeMapper

, Odyssey by

CARTODB

, thinglink

). After sorting out the

outdated software, the selection was based firstly on

the fact that all available data could be processed in

the chosen platform. Additionally, all the necessary

tools and apps exist in this platform without the need

to use different software to achieve the same result

and without the need for programming. Lastly, the

research team has previous related experience with

this platform (e.g., Antoniou et al., 2018a, 2018b,

2019a, 2019b, 2020a).

Thus, all the available vector and grid spatial data,

along with descriptive ones, were first collected,

homogenized, and organized into a geodatabase via

ArcGIS Pro

v.2.6 software. Moreover, the

geodatabase also contained the necessary feature

layers to be used during fieldwork. ArcGIS

Collector

, an application available in web and mobile

version (for Android and iOS devices, tablets, or

smartphones) through the ArcGIS platform was used

to ensure the accuracy of the geographic location of

the sites of interest and to collect and update real-

time, spatial and descriptive data. Using a webmap,

created and shared via ArcGIS Pro, which contained

the feature classes devoted to data collection, points

that correspond to sites of interest were collected

using the map or the GPS signal, while descriptive

text and photos or videos completed the fields

available in the attribute table of the corresponding

layer as attachments. After sharing all available

information layers to ArcGIS Online

, 2D and 3D

webmaps (scenes) were created.

Furthermore, to enhance the interactivity of the

story map, a 3D representation of specific sites of

cultural interest was implemented. Firstly, a 3D

representation of the two museums operating on the

island was created. The building footprints were

converted to multipatch features and then extruded to

the buildings’ actual height. The features’ vertices

were then edited to more accurately and realistically

visualize their architectural features. Finally, facade

and rooftop textures were added to the buildings,

using photos obtained from the field trips. Due to

some building sides being partly blocked by other

structures, photos of other facades were used to

imitate their actual texture. The photos were edited,

cropped, and rectified to be sharp and best fit each

https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-

pro/overview

https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-

collector/overview

https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-

online/overview

GISTAM 2021 - 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

188

side of the multipatch features. The outcomes were

then used to produce 3D webmaps (scenes).

Secondly, for the generation of detailed 3D

photorealistic models of two selected cultural

heritage landmarks, a field photogrammetric survey

was carried out. Highly overlapping vertical and

oblique images were taken using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro

drone. Ground control points (GCPs) were also

measured with GPS-RTK for establishing scale and

accurate geolocation of the 3D models. Textured 3D

mesh models were created through standard Structure

from Motion (SfM) workflows and synthetic fly-

through videos were rendered to showcase the

obtained results. The models were uploaded to an

online 3D viewer sharing app (Sketchfab

) to offer

users the possibility to interact with the reconstructed

spaces in 3D or Virtual Reality (VR) and then

embedded in the StoryMap.

An appropriate template for the StoryMap had to

be selected, after having gathered and processed all

the data for Salamis island. Esri provides several

configured apps

using open source as well as a new

StoryMap template combining popular features from

the previously mentioned ones, which can be used

either as they are (or with minor CSS code

modifications in ArcGIS Assistant

) through ArcGIS

Online or can be downloaded through GitHub,

modified and then served through a private server

(Antoniou & Vassilakis, 2019). The first approach

was followed during the deployment of this

StoryMap, not only due to the large number of users

expected to visit the application but also due to the

lack of a private server capable of managing them.

As far as the visual output is concerned, the new

story map approach called ArcGIS StoryMaps

was

implemented, as it features a user-friendly interface

having, at the same time a responsive design and

enhanced capabilities to incorporate 3D visualization.

Also, the ArcGIS StoryMaps template has many

important accessibility functions to support readers

with impaired vision or limited mobility, which have

been utilized. Furthermore, due to the large variety of

multiple information that needs to be presented, we

used the guided linear narration through immersive

scrolling (Antoniou et al., 2020) as it is more effective

for the users than the one that allows jumping from

one tab to another without sequence (Antoniou et al.,

2018a).

Finally, the ArcGIS StoryMaps builder accessed

also through a free, non-commercial ArcGIS public

https://sketchfab.com/

https://storymaps-classic.arcgis.com/en/app-list/

https://ago-assistant.esri.com/

account, was used to combine narrative text with

scenes, images, and multimedia as well as web

content in an engaging, full-screen scrolling

experience, as described in the following chapter.

4 THE STORY MAP

In the created StoryMap, all the geocultural,

ecological, and tourism data for the historical island

of Salamis

, were presented using 2D and 3D

webmaps (scenes), narrative text, images,

multimedia, and web content, as well as 3D models.

The thematic maps of the application were created

either in ArcGIS Pro or directly in the ArcGIS Online

platform, based on the collected data, fieldwork, and

literature review, depicting the most impressive

points of interest. The individual parameters for each

of the information layers, e.g., its symbol, the

appearance or not of pop-up menus, reference scale,

etc., have been determined (DiBiase et al. 1992;

Newman et al. 2010).

All available information was grouped into six

sections covering (a) the general information of the

natural and anthropogenic environment of the island,

(b) its geodiversity, (c) its biodiversity, cultural

information concerning Historical monuments (e)

and Archaeological sites (f) and (g) recreation and

outdoor activities. The different sections were

separated using a representative photo or video.

A user’s first impression upon entering the

interactive application is a representative photo of the

area showing the monument dedicated to the famous

naval battle of Salamis (Fig. 2), while a button

allowing the change of the display language is also

present. At this moment, the StoryMap is presented in

the Greek text, but efforts are already underway to

translate it to English.

The narration starts with a brief presentation of the

main natural and anthropogenic features of the island

that made it famous, while a video gives a glance of

Salamis Island in time and space. The narrative text

proceeds to provide information about the geographic

location of the island, as well as about its

morphology, while an interactive scene was created

to present the available information. A 5-m-resolution

digital elevation model from the National Cadastre &

Mapping Agency S.A. of Greece rendered according

to elevation, as well as a multidirectional shaded

relief was used to represent the morphology upon a

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/

https://arcg.is/jXqDD

A Journey to Salamis Island (Greece) using a GIS Tailored Interactive Story Map Application

189

light, neutral background basemap with minimal

colors, labels, and features, named Light Gray

Canvas. Drainage network in parallel with the main

settlements and specific locations (e.g., mountain

names, islands around the area) mentioned in the text

complete the scene. Users can use the tools at the

bottom right of the map, to zoom in and out or right-

click anywhere on the scene to tilt and rotate to view

the scene from different points of view (Fig. 3a), a

functionality available in all 3D map frames included

in this application.

Figure 2: Screenshot showing the home page of Salamis

Island StoryMap. In the upper left part, users can select a

different language for the narration.

18.000 years ago, Salamis was a part of the Attica

region, connected also with the other present islands

of the Saronic Gulf, and its morphology was altered

because of the constant upward movement of the sea

level. To demonstrate this movement and enhance the

narration, a video animation, in MP4 format was

created in ArcGIS Pro, being a combination of

successive thumbnails of the spatial distribution of

appropriate feature layers along with two digital

elevation models, one for onshore areas with pixel

size 25 m and one for offshore, provided by

EMODnet

with 1/16 * 1/16 arc minutes resolution.

Keeping the present days' coastline steady, we

defined the sea level boundary in two well-known

critical moments (Lambeck et al., 2014), 18.000 and

11.000 years ago (Fig. 3b).

The anthropogenic environment of the island in

present days is also presented based on the CORINE

Land Cover

2018 classification. Also, using a

topographic map by Curtius, Ernst. and Kaupert,

Johann A. (Curtius & Kaupert,1895-1903), a land

cover feature class was created for the island’s area in

1895. These two datasets along with the shaded relief

of the island upon a neutral background basemap with

minimal colors, labels, and features, named Dark

https://www.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/

Grey Canvas, were combined to create firstly two

separated webmaps and secondly a Swipe media, to

demonstrate landcover changes between these two

different periods, 1895 and 2018. The user can swipe

left or right with the interactive slider to see how the

spatial distribution of each land cover category

changed over the last roughly 125 years (Fig. 4). This

functionality, in combination with pop-up menus,

provides additional information, making the

prevalence of the urban fabric in recent years evident.

Figure 3: Screenshots showing (a) the scene created to

present the morphology of the area and (b) the animation

video presenting the sea-level changes from 18.000 up to

present days.

The first section concludes with a narrative

overview of the archaeological research done on the

island, starting from 1883 when Schliemann

researched the islets in the northern part of the Strait

of Salamis until present days with the collaboration

between the Institute and the Tax Office of

Underwater Antiquities documenting the ancient port

facilities in Ampelakia bay.

The second section presents the geodiversity of

the island consisting of the geological – tectonic

structure which is demonstrated in three-dimensions

along with the shaded relief of the island upon a Light

Grey Canvas basemap using a scene (Fig. 5). Due to

their complexity and the absence of specialized

knowledge of geology by the general public,

https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-

cover

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geological formations are grouped into two main

categories: alpine and post- alpine.

Figure 4: Screenshot showing the Swipe media used to

compare changes in land cover over two time periods, 1895

(left webmap) and 2018 (right webmap). Through pop-ups,

users can extract more information.

Figure 5: Screenshot showing the spatial distribution of

geological formations grouped in two main categories:

alpine (green color) and post-alpine ones (yellow color).

Faults are also presented as line red-colored features.

Although Salamis island is covered mainly by

alpine formations (green color) a narrative text

presents the main characteristics of the geological

formations of each category as well as its tectonic

structure. Alpine formations are separated into two

main geotectonic units: (a) the Sub-Pelagonian one,

which represents the tectonic basement of the island,

and consists mainly of neritic limestone, ophiolites,

and a shale-chert-sandstone formation (Tataris,

1997), and (b) the overthrusted Eastern Greece Unit

at the northern part of the island, consisting mainly of

limestone, which forms the characteristic landforms

of the area. On the other hand, post alpine formations

overlay in unconformity on the alpine ones

differentiated in two phases: (a) the marly limestone,

marls, sandstone, and conglomerates deposited in the

marine environment and (b) the terrestrial formations

consist of slope debris, debris, conglomerate, and

alluvial deposits. The peculiar morphology of

Salamis island is the result of the different geological

formations combined with faults which create local

morphological variations and despite intense

urbanization are still visible to the visitor.

The third section presents the biodiversity and

ecosystems of the area through narrative text and

representative photos. The island belongs to the Euro-

Mediterranean vegetation zone, presenting typically

Mediterranean vegetation species, such as Aleppo

pine that form four forest areas (Fig. 6a) further

described in the text. Additionally, more info (photos

and text) regarding the species of flora and fauna of

the forests, hills, and coasts of the island, presented

through immersive Slideshows (Fig. 6b).

Figure 6: Screenshots showing (a) the narrative text

describing the main forest areas of the island while a

representative photo of one of them enhances the narration

and (b) the immersive Slideshow created to present

representative photos of fauna.

The narration of the fourth section starts by

presenting the historical information about significant

personalities of Ancient Greece, born or having lived

on the island e.g., Euripides and Ajax the Great, as

well as about the famous naval battle of Salamis.

Three presentation ways were chosen for the

important archaeological sites of the island. Firstly, a

3D representation of the Archaeological museum as

well as of the Folk and Maritime Museum of Salamis

was created (Fig. 7a) using the 3D model of the

building produced through a multipatch features

technique upon a 3D representation of satellite

A Journey to Salamis Island (Greece) using a GIS Tailored Interactive Story Map Application

191

imagery basemap. The supplementary text outlines

the buildings’ main activities and exhibits.

After that, photogrammetric computer vision was

used to create a 3D model of one of the most

important monuments named “Circular burial

monument”, while the narrative text describes its

importance (Fig 7b). For the image-based 3D

reconstruction of the monument, vertical and oblique

photos from a drone survey were combined with GPS

measurements. Open-source tools AliceVision &

Meshroom (Jancosek and Pajdla, 2011; Moulon et al.,

2012) were employed for Structure-from-Motion.

Typically, scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT

features) and their corresponding descriptors (Lowe,

2004) are extracted on the available imagery and

matched across different viewpoints. At this stage, all

available GCPs are identified and measured on the

images. An incremental pose estimation algorithm is

followed by a self-calibrating bundle-adjustment

solution to optimally estimate the interior orientation

of the drone’s camera and the exterior orientation of

each view. A sparse 3D reconstruction is also

estimated through the triangulation of all feature

matches. A dense point cloud is then obtained through

multi-view dense stereo algorithms and a mesh model

is computed through 3D triangulation of the point

cloud. The photorealistic texture is applied through a

multi-view blending scheme. The final 3D model was

simplified, uploaded to Sketchfab online 3D viewer,

and embedded in the StoryMap. The users can

interact with the embedded 3D model, rotating,

zooming, and tilting it, while a VR option is active.

Other places of interest, including also modern

and religious monuments, are presented through a

guided immersive, media-focused, Map Tour where

users can scroll through them in sequential order (Fig

7c). Representative photos, as well as narrative text

for each place, frame the location of each area upon a

satellite imagery webmap.

A second photogrammetric 3D reconstruction was

performed for the lighthouse of the island, following

the same workflow described above. The obtained 3D

model offers users the possibility to interact with it

and gain further knowledge by reading the description

in the text (Fig. 8a).

All the other places mentioned, are presented

through a guided immersive, map focused, Map Tour

where users can scroll through them in sequential

order (Fig 8b). Users navigate from place to place

either by following the list of places or jumping from

one place to the other, by choosing a point on the map.

Representative photos and narrative text frame each

point’s location on a satellite imagery webmap.

Figure 7: Screenshots showing the three different ways used

to represent the archaeological, modern, and religious

monuments. (a) 3D representation of the Folk and Maritime

Museum of Salamis using multipatch features technique in

a satellite imagery scene, (b) 3D model of “Circular burial

monument” using SfM technique, and (c) a media-focused

guided tour.

The last section is dedicated to the outdoor

activities on the island. Walking paths, cycling routes,

and scuba diving spots, an immersive Sidecar with a

docked panel is used to present the available

information. For walking paths, narrative text and

photos give information about each path, while a

scene highlights its trail upon satellite imagery. Using

the bullets on the left side of the Sidecar, users can

jump from one path to the other (Fig. 9a). Cycling

routes are presented by a representative photo and

corresponding text while in the diving section, scuba

diving possibilities are presented through a text-

multimedia content combination, accompanied by the

diving spots around it, presented in a satellite imagery

webmap (Fig. 9b). For fishing shelters and bathing

waters, a map focused Map Tour has been chosen.

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192

At the end of the StoryMap, all references that

were used, are properly cited, along with the research

team responsible for its creation.

Figure 8: Screenshots showing the two different ways used

to present the cultural heritage and touristic information: (a)

a 3D model of the island’s lighthouse using the SfM

technique, (b) a map focused on a guided tour for the places

of interest.

5 DISCUSSION

Web GIS applications have been used to

communicate and showcase spatial information to the

general public. As is true with all online content, their

functionality and usefulness are made even more

evident during the current Covid-19 pandemic (e.g.,

Antoniou et al., 2020c). Esri’s StoryMaps in

particular, have aided in disseminating data and

information to all those concerned in a visually

compelling and engaging manner, as shown in

examples used to promote archaeology (e.g.,

Malinverni et al., 2019; Alemy et al., 2017), as well

as ones aiming to enhance the education process

(Kallaher et al., 2017; Cope at al., 2018).

In the demonstrated GIS application, the aim was

to highlight the importance of a historic area through

its natural and anthropogenic environment using

narrative text, multimedia, and web content as well as

geospatial data and 3D visualization.

Figure 9: Screenshots showing (a) the presentation of

walking path trails using text, photos, and a scene and (b)

scuba diving spots around the island along with descriptive

text and multimedia content.

Using StoryMaps, a geographical visualization

approach, which provides many possibilities, due to

the simplicity of use, both from the aspect of the

developer and the end-user, we manage to integrate

new functions combining many scientific fields and

produce an interactive responsive web app in such a

way that scientific knowledge can be received and

comprehended by a broader audience.

The developed application has already reached

several users in a very small period, and we expect to

broader the audience since it is shared through

Salamis Municipality and Regional Governor of

Attica websites.

Finally, as Salamis Island is adjacent to the Attica

peninsula, it has a recognizable historical identity that

the audience can easily access through this

application. Furthermore, the user can navigate

through the natural, historical and contemporary

environment of the Island. Visiting the Island in this

manner, the audience has a strong motivation for a

future in situ exploration.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was funded by the "Regional Development

Fund of Attica", under the framework of the Research

A Journey to Salamis Island (Greece) using a GIS Tailored Interactive Story Map Application

193

Project "Recording and highlighting the geo-cultural

heritage of Salamis Island using modern digital

mapping tools". Mr. G. Patoulis and Mrs. V.

Theodorakopoulou-Bogri are gratefully

acknowledged for their support. This paper was

funded by the Special Account for Research Grants

of the National and Kapodistrian University of

Athens, grant number 70/4/16599. EMODnet

Bathymetry Consortium (2018):

EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM) http://doi.org/

10.12770/18ff0d48-b203-4a65-94a9-5fd8b0ec35f6

was used.

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