Smart Home based on Internet of Things and Ethical Issues

Victor Chang

, Zhi Wang

, Qianwen Ariel Xu

1,2

, Lewis Golightly

, Ben S. Liu

and Mitra Arami

Artificial Intelligence and Information System Research Group, School of Computing,

Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, U.K.

IBSS, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China

Department of Marketing, Quinnipiac University, U.S.A.

EM Normandie Business School, France

Ben.Liu@quinnipiac.edu, mitra.arami@pardis.eu

Keywords: Smart Home, Ethics, Internet of Things, Data Analytics.

Abstract: With the growing popularity of the Internet of Things, smart home applications are developing gradually and

bring convenience to users' lives. In this paper, first, an overview of IoT and widely agreed and accepted

three-layer architecture of IoT are introduced. Next, this paper discusses the basic features of the smart home

and data analytics in a smart home with the benefits and analysis process. Security and privacy are the key

ethical problems in the smart home, such as security attack, analysis of "non-sensitive" data, improper

information collection and data abuse. Additionally, the user perception of privacy issues is included in this

paper. Furthermore, this paper recommends suitable suggestions for improving ethical issues.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a crucial component

of emerging information technologies and an

extension of Internet applications. Automated work

and connection of devices used in daily life via the

Internet are the basic concepts behind IoT (Burhan et

al., 2018). Data from the physical world collected by

devices attached to each object is processed and

analyzed and finally used to perform the actions. IoT

has covered many areas, such as the health care

domain, smart home, smart transportation,

infrastructure management, etc. (Burhan et al., 2018).

This paper will focus on smart home, which brings

ordinary home the characteristics of intelligence,

remote control and interconnection. It is one of the

most representative components in the IoT era

(Yassin et al., 2019). Apart from the introduction of

the IoT and smart home, ethical issues, such as

security and privacy, and the suggestions will be

discussed in this article.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-5852

2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

2.1 Introduction of IoT

The meaning of the IoT is a vast network connected

by a variety of objects or processes through various

information sensing devices for intelligent

recognition, positioning, tracker, surveillance, and

management with the presence of the Internet (Leng

et al., 2020). The aim of the IoT is to connect all

physical things in communication so that they can be

integrated with computer-based systems more

directly and the identification, management, and

control can be simplified. (De Cremer, Nguyen &

Feamster, 2017). The Internet of Things can bring

benefits and services to individuals, businesses and

societies by capturing and analyzing data from

sensors at the endpoints of connected devices and

combining these data (Nguyen and De Cremer, 2016).

Furthermore, IoT improves comfort and efficiency

through collaboration between smart objects

(Risteska Stojkoska & Trivodaliev, 2017). It can be

applied in numerous aspects, including personal

health, public safety, industrial monitoring,

intelligent transportation, environmental protection

Chang, V., Wang, Z., Xu, Q., Golightly, L., Liu, B. and Arami, M.

Smart Home based on Internet of Things and Ethical Issues.

DOI: 10.5220/0010178100570064

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business (FEMIB 2021), pages 57-64

ISBN: 978-989-758-507-4

Figure 1: Three-layer architecture of IoT.

and other fields. For example, in the manufacturing

field, the equipment can be remotely monitored,

upgraded and maintained from a long distance away

by installing IoT based sensors on the equipment.

Moreover, the equipment manufacturers are able to

learn the use of the products in a better way, collect

the data of the product life cycle completely, thereby

guiding the product design and after-sales service

(Lee and Fumagalli, 2019).

2.2 IoT Layered Architectures

Building a capable IoT architecture is beneficial to

the fast, reliable, and secure integration of

information technology and communication

technologies (Kumar & Mallick, 2018). In general, as

is shown in Fig. 1, the architecture of the IoT has three

layers, namely, the perception layer, the network

layer and the application layer.

The three-layer architecture is a fundamental and

widely agreed architecture proposed at the beginning

of the development of IoT (Burhan et al., 2018).

The perception layer is named the sensing layer as

well, whose feature is to identify objects and gather

environmental data. It contains a variety of sensors,

consisting of RFID tags and readers, temperature and

humidity sensors, Global Positioning System,

cameras, infrared, two-dimensional code tags, as well

as other sensing terminals. It is similar to the role of

skin and facial features in the human body structure.

The network layer is the whole IoT’s hub, which is in

charge of the transmission and processing of data

obtained by the perception layer with the internet

connectivity of devices (Kumar & Mallick, 2018). It

contains a number of networks, consisting of the

Internet, WAN, a network management system, and a

cloud computing platform. The network layer is

similar to the nerve center and brain of the human

body structure. The application layer is the interface,

which connects the IoT with users. Its primary

function is to analyze and process the information

from the network layer, make correct control and

decision, and realize intelligent management

applications and services.

3 SMART HOME BASED ON IoT

A smart home (SH) is an essential application of IoT

and it comes into the picture to control and monitor

the home (Geneiatakis et al., 2017). The trends of

search popularity since 2013 for the terms: smart

home, IoT are shown in Fig. 2. It is demonstrated that

there is an increasing trend for smart home and IoT,

according to Fig. 2. By combining different kinds of

IoT based, the smart home provides a variety of

functions, e.g., lighting control, household appliances

control, telephone remote control and others (Alaa et

al.,2017). Compared to conventional homes, the

smart home has ordinary residential functions and is

also equipped with functions of home establishment,

networking, intelligent appliances, and equipment

automation. Additionally, all-around interaction

capabilities are provided, and even related costs are

reduced on various energy consumption (Marikyan et

al., 2019).

Figure 2: Interest over time according to Google trends

since 2013 for terms: Smart home and IoT.

FEMIB 2021 - 3rd International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business

Table 1: Features of Smart Home.

Smart

home

Devices

air conditioning control, network appliances, lighting systems, digital cinema

systems, security systems, audio and video equipment, curtain control, etc.

Smart

Home

Functions

home appliance control, lighting control, telephone remote control, indoor and

outdoor remote control, burglar alarm, environmental monitoring, infrared

forwarding and programmable timing control, etc.

Referring to Table 1, under the notion of SH, there are

some important components, and a brief introduction

to some of them is given. One is home automation, an

essential system of the SH. It refers to integrating or

controlling electronic appliances in the house

(MIHALACHE, 2017), consisting of systems of

lighting, security, video and audio, computer

equipment, heating, and air-conditioning. A Central

Processor Units is set to receive the data from

electronic and electrical devices and then send

specific information to other devices with some

procedures. It can control the devices by using

interfaces like mobile phones, remote controllers,

computers, etc. Home Network is also a vital part of

the SH. It is a family information platform that links

the PCs, household electrical appliances, safety

systems, lighting systems and WAN in smart homes,

implements equipment management, and data and

multimedia information sharing (Tetteh &

Amponsah, 2020).

4 DATA ANALYTICS IN SMART

HOME

4.1 Benefits of Data Analytics in Smart

Home

Through intelligent devices linked to the IoT system,

SH can generate a massive amount of data (El-Sayed

et al., 2018). In the face of data with information, how

to transmit, store, analyze, and apply, it is a

tremendous opportunity and challenge in the current

era for the smart home. Analyzing these data in

almost real-time or off-line has a significant effect on

the economy, health, and safety of the society, as the

useful information implicit in the data can be derived

(Yassine et al., 2019). Take an example mentioned in

Yassine's paper (2019)- manufacturers can

continuously analyze the data of devices under the

permission of IoT applications and then take

measures to develop equipment maintenance plans or

replace faulty equipment immediately. It can be

revealed that data analytics in a smart home can

summarize the behavior rules of smart home

occupants and it can enhance the convenience and

efficiency of daily life.

4.2 Data Analysis Process in Smart

Home

The paper will briefly introduce a kind of big general

data analysis and recommendation for SH (Rathore et

al., 2017). The SH generates an enormous amount of

data with different formats, sources and periods

because various types of sensors produce them. As

the raw data is messy and has much more metadata

than actual measurements, it is necessary to apply

registration and filtering technology to filter

unnecessary metadata and discard the repeated data.

Then, by using different communication technologies

through the Internet, the data is transmitted from the

relay towards the gateway node, and then from the

base station to the internet cloud. Tightly related data

can be grouped into a collection, which can be

processed more effectively. Afterward, it is filtered

and classified using different algorithms. After

passing through the transformer, preprocessed data

will be stored in the database and processed (such as

statistical analysis, professional computing, and data

mining) in a stable system. Finally, the interpretation,

prediction, and visualization results are used to make

smart home applications and reports generated

intelligently. During this process, the quality and

availability of the data should also be considered, as

well as the privacy-protecting-and-detecting

environment (Lee, 2018). See Fig. 3.

5 ETHICAL ISSUES IN SMART

HOME

Apart from the benefits of data analytics for smart

homes, smart home raises substantial ethical issues in

different ways and aspects when analyzing and

applying data. The problems have aroused public

Smart Home based on Internet of Things and Ethical Issues

Figure 3: The IoT-based big data analysis process.

applying data. The problems have aroused public

attention, including individuals, companies and the

government. In the following paper, the basic

concepts, ethical issues and the threats they pose will

be discussed.

5.1 Security and Privacy Threats

Among the ethical issues in smart homes, data

security and personal privacy are the most important

and concerning issues (Guo et al., 2019; Butun et al.,

2019). A considerable amount of sensitive personal

information is collected by sensors from the

occupant's private space and is transmitted through

the Internet. Security is related to data protection from

tampering, alteration, or disclosure for incidental or

malicious reasons. Privacy mentioned in this paper is

the appropriate collection, analysis and sharing of

personal data (Shave, 2018). The two concepts will

be discussed together in this article as they are

inseparable.

5.1.1 CIA Triad Model

While speaking of information security or data

security, the basic concept of information security

CIA should be introduced, whose principle is to

ensure data protection and information systems

(Shave, 2018). CIA is short for Confidentiality,

Integrity and Availability (Zheng et al., 2014).

Confidentiality refers to prevent the data from being

accessed by unauthorized users. In order to maintain

confidentiality, several protective approaches like

encryption or permission are often implemented

when processing, transmitting and storing data for

security control. The integrity of information refers to

that the original data should be prevented from being

changed arbitrarily during the process of data storage

or transmission. Consequently, to maintain integrity,

strict control is required on the identity authentication

and data access. The availability of information

stands for the information available to the legitimate

owners and users of the information in a timely

manner and whenever they need it (Shave, 2018). The

core of information security is to make sure that the

raw data can be timely and securely transferred or

stored between its legal owners and users without

being destroyed. It cannot be obtained or changed by

those who should not obtain them.

5.1.2 Security Attacks

One of the troubles about security and privacy in the

SH is the unknown vulnerabilities. With the

innovation and development of big data storage,

computing and analysis, it has driven a new

revolution in the software and hardware architecture

of information systems. Following this trend, smart

home appliances are continuously being updated. It

may introduce unknown vulnerabilities in software,

hardware, protocols and devices because the speed of

discovering and fixing vulnerabilities is not keeping

up with the speed of updating. The existing security

protection technologies cannot withstand the security

risks of unknown vulnerabilities. Simultaneously, the

development of big data technology has spawned a

new type of advanced cyber-attack. Hackers can

maximize the collection of useful information, such

as phone calls, home addresses, even private

information within the family to prepare for attacks

and make attacks more accurate. Hacking and

unauthorized access can pose one of the most direct

threats to personal privacy in a smart home

environment. Unknown vulnerabilities combined

with new cyberattacks make intelligent home systems

vulnerable to attacks, causing serious security and

privacy concerns. According to Geneiatakis et al.'s

(2017) analysis, eavesdropping, simulation, DoS, and

software development attack vectors can pose serious

privacy hazards to existing smart home IoT

infrastructure under certain conditions. The emerging

threats of security and privacy will be divided into

three parts under the three-layer architecture. This

paper will mainly focus on the perception layer.

FEMIB 2021 - 3rd International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business

First of all, security threats in the perception layer

are mainly carried out in the following three ways:

• Physical Attack: The attacker implements

physical damage to prevent the IoT terminal

from performing properly or stealing terminal

equipment and generating users' sensitive data

by cracking.

• Eavesdropping: Eavesdropping is a means of

network attack. It is to steal data resources and

sensitive data by a variety of feasible legal or

illegal approaches in real-time. In a smart home,

to manage it, users generally adopt two

interactive modes to interact with IoT devices

through different platforms such as personal

computers, smartphones, and tablets. One

modality is to use the hub's connectivity and

services directly and the other is to access

Internet cloud services, which are interrelated

with IoT hubs and linked IoT devices

(Geneiatakis et al., 2017). During this process,

an attacker can intercept information

transmitted via a network, which means that

eavesdropping happens. For example, hackers

can use security holes to watch real-time home

surveillance video. They can obtain a large

amount of personal privacy information by

monitoring videos, such as the living habits and

behavior patterns of the occupants.

• Simulation Attack: Through deceiving the

communication system (or user), illegal users

are disguised as rightful users or privileged

users. Then, attackers can control the smart

home system and extract sensitive information

from it; that is to say, hackers can have the same

permissions as the owner and can operate

various smart home components. This kind of

active attack affects the user's privacy and the

confidentiality of the services provided and

influences data integrity (Geneiatakis, 2017).

Second, in the network layer, there are also

several kinds of security threats, including DoS

Attack, Storage Attack, Exploit Attack and Fake base

station attack. Among them, Dos Attack and Exploit

Attack are introduced as follows:

• Denial of Service Attack (DoS): The most

frequent means of a denial of service attacks is

to use legitimate service requests to occupy too

many service resources, thereby overloading the

server and making it unable to respond to other

requests typically.

• Exploit Attack: Exploiting is a crucial way to

gain control of the system. The user finds a

vulnerability from the target system and then

uses it to obtain permission to control the target

system (Burhan et al., 2018).

Finally, the False Terminal Trigger threat often

takes place in the application Layer. An attacker is

able to trigger the maloperation of the terminal by

sending fake messages to the terminal through SMS.

All types of security threats in different layers are

shown in Table 2.

5.1.3 Analysis of “Non-sensitive” Data

Another key point that needs attention is that personal

data can be indirectly generated from "non- sensitive"

information. The data seems to be irrelevant to

personal information, but using big data techniques

for in-depth correlation analysis and mining will

reveal useful information. For example, it is

demonstrated that even in the case of device

encryption, the privacy-sensitive home activity can be

inferred by analyzing the Internet traffic in smart

homes through Internet Service Provider (ISP) or

other network observers (Apthorpe et al., 2017).

Many intelligent devices in smart homes have sensors

always connected to the Internet and for some

devices, and the traffic rate is affected by different

user activities. By drawing the send/receive rates of

the specific equipment's streams, attackers can

observe fluctuations to infer the user activities

(Apthorpe et al., 2017). Taking an example in

Apthorpe's paper (2017), by observing the

send/receive rate of Sense Sleep Monitor, it is

possible to infer the user's working and sleeping time

because it would reach the peak when the user activity

happens.

Table 2: Security Threats in Different Layers.

PERCEPTION LAYER

Physical Attack, Eavesdropping, Simulation Attack, Replay Attack,

Timing Attack

NETWORK LAYER

DoS Attack, Storage Attack, Exploit Attack, Fake base station attack

APPLICATION LAYER

Cross-Site Scripting, False Terminal Trigger

Smart Home based on Internet of Things and Ethical Issues

In Zheng’s article (2018), the authors brought

forward the view that not only A/V (audio/video)

devices in the smart home should be paid attention to,

but also the non-A/V devices should be watched out

for the privacy risks. As the concepts of smart home

data are generally divided into two part: "sensitive"

and "non-sensitive”, it is a risk to show no skepticism

about “non- sensitive” data with unaware of the data

analysis capabilities of inferring sensitive

information from “non-sensitive” data.

5.1.4 Improper Information Collection

Whether personal information can be reasonably

collected, used and cleared is also an important issue.

In big data scenarios, the omnipresent data gathering

techniques and numerous varied data processing

techniques pose significant challenges to people's

privacy protection in this area. Data information

collection is basically “automatically” implemented

by computer networks and smart applications in

different smart home devices. As data collection

becomes more convenient and low-cost, the

imperfection of legal regulation leads to the confusion

of the object of data collection. Some data is collected

without the user's knowledge or consent. Another

possibility is that although users agree with the

applications or devices to collect data, they do not

really understand the content and purpose of the

collected data or lack sufficient freedom of choice

(Mantelero, 2017). For example, users have to accept

all the data collection terms if they want to use the

service. If the users want to withdraw their consent, it

is difficult because of the complex data processing

and the unfriendly digital interfaces (Mantelero,

2017). The vast amount of information collected,

coupled with increasingly intelligent analytical tools,

will make big data controllers aware of almost

everything related to individuals in the home, which

is a situation that everyone is not willing to face.

5.1.5 Data Abuse

Personal information abuse is inevitable due to the

pursuit of maximizing the value of data, putting

personal privacy at risk. There is an inevitable

conflict between the appeal of open and shared big

data resources and protecting personal privacy.

Because of the unclear rights and responsibilities of

data collection and use, some public departments and

large companies over-collect, occupy data and

infringe on data information owners' legitimate rights

and interests. When data is collected, how the data

will be used or analyzed is not always known or

expected because of the complexity of data analytics

(Mantelero, 2017). Moreover, owners lose control of

the data after it has been collected. Some people or

companies have the ability to occupy and utilize

substantial data resources in a better way, while it is

hard for others to do the same thing. This forms a data

gap and creates a problem of unfair distribution of

information dividends, which intensifies differences

between groups and social conflicts. Back to the

smart home, on the one hand, service providers need

to analyze daily data generated from smart homes to

improve service quality. On the other hand, over-

analysis of data may reveal privacy that some

residents do not want others to know.

5.2 Other Ethical Issues

Besides security and privacy issues, some other

ethical issues and malicious behavior of enterprises

are among them. For example, for consumers to

continue to use their products, some smart home

enterprises would intentionally create a complex IoT

ecosystem where only their own products can be

applied. In order to adapt to the system, consumers

have to choose the company's products when they

want to add new smart home products. The company

may also sign complicated contracts with users,

making it difficult for them to change to other IoT

systems (Cremer et al., 2016).

6 INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION

As there are various ethical issues in smart homes, it

is vital to understand users' perceptions better. In

Zheng's article (2018), researchers interviewed some

smart homeowners ranging from 23–45 years about

their views on the privacy of smart homes and they

came to some conclusions through analysis. This

paper will briefly summarize some noteworthy

individual perception in Zheng's article. Smart home

users can accept the risk of personal privacy leakage

in exchange for the convenience and connectedness

of smart homes to a certain extent. However, they

hold different views on different entities collecting

and accessing data, such as manufactures, advertisers,

Internet Service Providers and government. Owners

are most concerned about the government and pay the

least attention to manufacturers because they believe

it is necessary and reasonable for manufactures to

improve their devices by accessing their usage data.

Furthermore, smart home users tend to trust big

brands before they thoroughly understand, although

some do not take adequate measures to protect

personal privacy. One of the implied reasons is that

FEMIB 2021 - 3rd International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business

individuals are unwilling to spend time and energy,

protecting personal privacy and rationalizing their

behavior by trusting big brands.

7 SUITABLE

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR

ETHICAL ISSUES

As smart home gradually enters more people’s lives,

the ethical issues related to it have raised concerns of

smart home shareholders. For the purpose of

protecting data security and privacy and improve

other ethical problems, many methods can be

proposed in different aspects.

7.1 Data Security

For technology, personal data should be minimized

for privacy protection. The privacy level of collected

data by the smart home environment should be

evaluated and data is supposed to be processed before

implementing the SH system (Lee, 2017). Data

segmentation is one of the conventional methods for

data protection. It refers to the division of logically

unified data into smaller, independently manageable

physical units for storage. By partitioning data,

personal data can be processed and analyzed

separately, reducing privacy leakage risk. Another

advanced method is data aggregation, referring to the

process of selecting, analyzing and categorizing the

relevant data, and finally obtaining the desired results.

For smart homes, the greatest aggregation level and

the least amount of details should apply to personal

data (Lee, 2017). Additionally, differential privacy

technology can be mentioned. Its function is using

cryptographic algorithms to "encrypt" the user's

information to the server. The company can calculate

the user group's behavior patterns through the

"encrypted" data, but cannot resolve the data of the

individual user. This mechanism makes sure that each

individual's data will not be revealed.

Simultaneously, it is still not difficult for the outside

world to understand the general statistical

information of the dataset. (Tsou et al., 2017).

7.2 Manufacturers and Service

Providers

For manufacturers of smart home devices and the

service providers, they should also take

responsibility. They must be responsible for

protecting the collected user's personal information

and preventing information leakage, damage, or loss.

Personal data collected by them may not be altered

since it may not be provided to others without the data

owners' consent. The data information collector must

use the obtained data information following the

prescribed or agreed use, and may not be used for

other purposes. Moreover, they should provide more

natural ways for users to handle their private data. For

example, it is suggested that smart home applications

allow users to check and choose the data they want to

be recorded or analyzed, and should also allow them

to delete their data (Zheng et al., 2018).

7.3 Individuals

For smart home occupants, they need to raise their

personal consciousness and use related security

technologies. In the era of big data, it is necessary for

everyone to take the initiative to learn this knowledge

and understand the potential risks that may exist in

this area elated to personal privacy disclosure, so as

to learn the method of protecting their private data

from being leaked. It is very important for the

consumers to pay attention to the issues related to

personal privacy and data security when they

purchase smart home products and carefully check

the privacy policy at the beginning of use as well.

8 CONCLUSION

This paper firstly reviews the concept and three-layer

structure of the IoT and introduces the smart home

established on IoT with its benefits and components.

Data analytics in a smart home is mentioned, which

is the core of the smart home and brings many

benefits. A kind of big general data analysis

implementation is discussed for understanding the

data analyzing process in a smart home. Besides the

convenience of smart homes, it also poses challenges

in ethical areas, mainly data security and privacy.

Attack and analysis of “non-sensitive” data can cause

threats to personal information security. Data

collectors may gather information improperly and

abuse private data. Under this situation, the smart

home occupant's perception is summarized, showing

immature ideas in some aspects. Finally, there are

some recommendations made for different objects,

such as users, manufacturers. In conclusion, data

analytics in the smart home makes users live more

convenient and interconnected, but more

considerations should be taken to solve ethical issues.

Smart Home based on Internet of Things and Ethical Issues

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is supported by VC Research (grant

number VCR 0000095).

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