Investigating Trusted Records for Employment and Education

Rayan M. Ghamri

, Nawfal F. Fadhel

and Gary B. Wills

School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, U.K.

Keywords:

Trusted Records, Education, Verifying Records, Employment, Framework, Records Sharing.

Abstract:

Employment uses trusted records such as award certiﬁcates as a part of hiring procedures. Some countries

practices for employment history reference; either a service certiﬁcate or systems based on pension records

which are based on number of years of employment that are also can be used for pension eligibility. However,

there is an increase on the number of issued award certiﬁcates which are, in most cases, do not follow an agreed

standard, which increases challenges for an authenticated record sharing. Moreover, employment systems

are not required to share employment history nor to accommodate record requests educational institutes.

Additionally, public employment systems are by design isolated from interaction with private sector. The

research suggest that distributed systems would reduce costs for verifying and authenticating records while

being ﬂexible on allocating trusted records such as employment history, awarded certiﬁcates and resumes.

1 INTRODUCTION

The general practice, to verify an awarded certiﬁcate,

candidates are required to provide their ofﬁcial docu-

ments to validate any claim on their personal resume.

Also, employees must get some type of certiﬁcate

to verify the length of the job with job duties and

experienced gained. This means any employment

experience outside the organisation is hardly recog-

nised. Which consequently makes it difﬁcult for indi-

viduals to build a resume without a proper managed

employment history. At the same-time employers can

not verify any job seeker claims. The existing practice

to verify employment record requires different depart-

ments to manually and physically provide references.

Such records are either: (1) authenticated records

issued through ofﬁcial organisations or agencies, or

(2) non-authenticated records that are provided by

individuals who are responsible for the accuracy of

records such as resumes. Unfortunately, some indi-

viduals provide inaccurate information which create

a burden on hiring companies to verify the provided

information.

The challenge presented here is how to im-

prove information sharing between education and

employment. To understand the research problem

this research investigated published work relevant to

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4215-779X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-5217

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-4088

problems that can be solved or improved by using

technological factors. The research also presented

several attempt by (Andrews, 2011; Atzori, 2017,

2018; Lemieux, 2016, 2017; Otte et al., 2017; Wang

et al., 2018) to address the trusted records issue

using distributed systems. The technological factors,

are either related to e-government since the main

stakeholder is the government sector; Or related to

information security and sharing. These factors are

measurable and are applicable using distributed sys-

tems for information sharing verifying records.

Finally this paper grouped similar themed factors

and proposed a framework for Trusted records for

employment and education.

2 BACKGROUND

Award certiﬁcates are important documents in educa-

tion and professional development, and are essential

for career development. And, due to their importance,

these records are, or at least should be stored in

long-lasting tamper-proof ledgers. This paper focuses

on Award certiﬁcates for qualiﬁcations and academic

titles that can be conﬁrmed by a traceable issuer to

validate whether or not the qualiﬁcations are true.

Usual paper certiﬁcates are difﬁcult to fake due to

the built-in security features which provide the person

holding the certiﬁcates (usually) with full control

over them. Grech and Camilleri (2017) explored the

412

Ghamri, R., Fadhel, N. and Wills, G.

Investigating Trusted Records for Employment and Education.

DOI: 10.5220/0009489504120419

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security (IoTBDS 2020), pages 412-419

ISBN: 978-989-758-426-8

 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reser ved

notion that certiﬁcates could be store and shared with

whomever authorised them. However, paper certiﬁ-

cates have some disadvantages. Problems include:

• Single point of failure, e.g. the certiﬁcate is valid

but cannot be veriﬁed.

• Register keeping requires a manual process which

uses human resources.

• Producing a paper certiﬁcate costs around e20,

while a highly-secure certiﬁcate costs e150.

• Once the certiﬁcate has been issued, there is no

way to revoke it.

• There is a need for the involvement of third

parties to manually and individually verify resum

claims, which is a time consuming process.

When it comes to digitised award certiﬁcates in public

and private schools systems, they have a sharing

procedure. However, when it comes to employment

history in public sector and private sector, there are

limited to their own sector and is not shared between

companies or institutions. Therefore, we can con-

clude that the research problem statement in trusted

records is:

Employment sectors and educational institutes

does not share information between organisations

outside their own sector and Public sector only gets

their information stored in government systems .

There are also social factors that are unique to each

culture when it comes to introducing new technologies

related to e-government.

2.1 Issues

This paper addresses the ﬁnding from the literature

reviews in a from of issues and their categories as

show in table 1. Factors were categorised in their

relevance to their ﬁndings through adoption and ac-

ceptance models. However, Acceptance and Adop-

tion models do not cover sharing record, therefore

a trusted system for records sharing was introduced.

The issue categories are deﬁnes as follows.

Facilitating Issues. These issues were the social is-

sues that are related to technical and organisa-

tional boundaries which must be addressed to

implement a system. Issues such as, ﬁnancial

barriers which can be understood as if the organi-

sation is not willing to spend money, there will not

be any system for records sharing. Commitment

is another issue coming from the management

taking responsibility on suspending an implemen-

tation. Cooperation and collaboration is another

issues especially in the public sector which start

Table 1: Categories of the Issues.

Category Issues

Facilitating

Financial Barriers Issues [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Top Management Commitment Issues [3,4,7,8]

Cooperation and Collaboration Issues [7,10]

Outdated Infrastructure Issues [3,4,9]

Training and Experience Issues [3,4,10]

Job assignments Issues [4,5,6]

Implementation

Security Issues [1,2,8,11,12]

Reliability Issues [11,13,14]

Scalability Issues [1,2,15]

Usability Issues [9,10]

Flexibility Issues [4,7,8,9,10,16,17]

Storage Issues [1,9]

Trust

Trust Issues [1,4,7,11,12,14]

Privacy Issues [1,11,12,13,18]

Operation Conditions Issues [19]

Unveriﬁed Information Issues [1,13,18,19]

Centralisation Issues [1,11,12,18,19]

Changeable Information Issues [7,18]

Security

Conﬁdentiality Issues [20]

Authenticity Issues [13,14,20]

Data Availability Issues [1,13,20]

Encryption Issues [9,13,20]

Integrity Issues [14,20]

[1] Wang et al. (2018) [2] Angraal et al. (2017) [3] Alassim et al. (2017) [4] Alfarraj et al.

(2013) [5] Assad (2002) [6] Assad (2000) [7] Ølnes et al. (2017) [8] Ahram et al. (2017)

[9] Ølnes (2016) [10] Ølnes and Jansen (2017) [11] Wang et al. (2017) [12] Atzori (2017)

[13] Alketbi et al. (2018) [14] Lemieux (2016) [15] Biswas and Muthukkumarasamy

(2017) [16] Wang et al. (2016) [17] Woodside et al. (2017) [18] Rizal Batubara et al.

(2018) [19] Andrian et al. (2019) [20] Fadhel et al. (2014).

from the ﬁnancial department throughout em-

ployee up to the management, it requires many

departments. Outdated infrastructures which can

be a major issues in implementing new systems.

Untrained employees with limited computational

skills, could be an issue for not having the right

skills to practice implementing new systems. Job

assignment could be an issue for hiring the wrong

person at the wrong positions while not address-

ing all the job requirement.

Implementation Issues. These issues are major con-

cern for system administrators to implement any

new system. Their concerns can be examined

in a form of questions that raise issues which

needs to be addressed before implementing any

new system. The admin requires new systems

to be capable of being secure, reliable, scalable,

usable, ﬂexible and can be stored without many

challenges.

Trust Issues. Trust is another major issue, the pro-

posed framework limits the trust into to trust in the

new system that can handle information sharing.

Privacy would be an issue because the proposed

system suggests sharing private information. Op-

eration conditions is an issues, for example, while

Investigating Trusted Records for Employment and Education

413

executing an operation, it might be wrong or

altered, a need for a mechanism to validate op-

eration is required. Unveriﬁed information is

another issue, ﬁnding how can a system verify the

information through algorithm is something that

must be looked at. Centralised structure means

single ownership and single one point of failure.

not resistance to change is another issue because

once, adding traceability to assure immutability is

a must.

Security Issues. Conﬁdentiality, authenticity, avail-

ability, integrity and encryption are issues related

to security practices.

3 TRUSTED RECORDS

Trust can has different meanings and deﬁnitions,

however, this research will focus on trust in computer

science. This paper examined trusted records from

three prospectives.

3.1 Information Security Prospective

Security is essential in records sharing. However,

there is no clear understanding between security

clearance levels (Top Secret, Secret, Private and Pub-

lic) and the meta data that needs to be share about

the records themselves. Fadhel et al. (2014), authors

discussed the importance of security and how record

provenance is an essential part for protecting records.

Authors related general computer security principles

to conventional archival records. These security

principles are information security, information au-

thenticity and information exchange (McCONNELL,

1994).

In conclusion, these principles and their com-

ponents presents a holistic approach to information

security. Any claim of trust can be challenged using

these components which will be used in validating

this research into trusted records.

3.2 Information Sharing Prospective

A technology-based system focused on record keep-

ing in a permanent way with authenticated ﬁnger-

prints of certiﬁcates and other educational records

should be presented to support learning history. An

educational system that has implemented a record

sharing is a great use case which will illustrate issu-

ing, validating and sharing certiﬁcates. In this paper

we have reviewed a number of these studies as shown

in Table 1.

Based on the literature review and 1, it was clearly

showen that the distributed ledger is presenting itself

as a technological solution to trusting records. It also

shows the importance of this technology in protecting

award certiﬁcates from being forged and maintaining

veriﬁcation procedures even without the certiﬁcate is-

suer because of the decentralised nature of distributed

ledgers Gr

ather et al. (2018) .

Distributed Ledgers and Blockchain usage is no

longer limited to ﬁnancial aspects, and can now be

found in many types of applications. This logic

has emerged because all systems need technology to

ensure safety and to provide integrity (Andrian et al.,

2019). Another paper by, Lemieux (2016), explored

the values of blockchain technology as a solution to

create and protect trustworthy digital records. The

analysis of the results of said study implied that

blockchain can be used to amend security issues

that are related to integrity, while it also guarantees

the reliability of the information because it validates

transitions.

3.3 HR Management Prospective

The authenticity of human resource information is an

important factor which affects the cost and efﬁciency

of human resource management. The risk is produced

by “information asymmetry”; in other words, infor-

mation failure. (Wang et al., 2017) suggested that

the solution be built on combining encryptions tech-

nologies with internet distributed technology to es-

tablish a model for human resource management that

would increase the authenticity of human resource

information to solve discrimination and provide au-

thentic and effective decision support information to

the human resource management of an organisation.

According to (Wang et al., 2017) Past papers have

suggested a distributed ledger technology to record

human resource information in an accounting book.

Pat papers have also underlined the importance of

combining information technology with the human

resource management concept. In addition, these pa-

pers demonstrated the importance the authenticity of

human resource information by illustrating a survey

which shows that over 70% of job applicants hide

details or present fraudulent inaccurate information

during the hiring process, while explicitly mentioned

that this can be achieved through a fake resum

e, fake

diplomas, fake certiﬁcates of qualiﬁcations and other

exaggerations of their capabilities. However, this

study mentioned that there will be personal data that

will be involved and shared, but nothing on privacy

and how to solve it.

IoTBDS 2020 - 5th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security

414

4 RESEARCH METHOD

A qualitative and quantitative mixed methodology

was used to achieve the research objectives (Johnson

and Onwuegbuzie, 2004). More speciﬁcally, this

study employed the triangulation research technique

to achieve its goals (Carugi, 2016). The triangulation

research technique helps to paint and visualise the

research topics while validating and conﬁrming the

results. This research employs three methods in total:

literature review, expert reviews and surveys. The

below ﬁgure explains the techniques.

In order to conﬁrm the framework, the next step

will focus on the triangulation technique methods,

namely literature review, expert reviews and surveys.

The ﬁrst step is to interview experts and request feed-

back on the proposed framework; once this has been

completed, the next step will be to build question-

naires and distribute them. The results and ﬁndings

will be analysed and, according to the framework, will

be veriﬁed or updated. The role of the experts is to

conﬁrm the framework and provide feedback, derived

from their experience in the ﬁeld, on which relevant

factors should be added, updated and modiﬁed.

In engineering and science, there are important

values to consider while conduction a research (Shaw,

2002). Values are: Deﬁne interesting questions

related to the ﬁeld and topics. What could be the

answers that could help to ﬁnd the anticipated re-

sults, while thinking about what research methods

would produce the anticipated results. How can

demonstrate valid results by giving the right evidence

and, also how to distinguish good results from bad

results. In conclusion, based on research that was

done on ICSE 2002 which was based on the submit-

ted abstracts. Questions were focused on methods

through development and analysis, then results that

were found through a procedure or analytical model,

then ﬁnally veriﬁed through examples, experience

research (Shaw, 2002). For this research, there will

be interview with questions given to the experts to

provide a review, then the results will help to improve

the framework, which will be later validated through

surveys and testing a designed software.

Using the proposed framework would help infor-

mation sharing and trust through a veriﬁed record.

The proposed framework would reduce the amount of

time needed to verify provided information; indeed,

this would result in a decrease in the redundant

processing of information. Any provided information

shall be used for veriﬁcation only. Veriﬁcations

would occur through the framework and trust system,

without the need to store any irrelevant personal

information on unnecessary systems.

5 FRAMEWORK

The overall objective of this paper is to address the

research problem represented in section 2. Trying

to solve this research problem will lead to support-

ing unemployed individuals in record keeping their

qualiﬁcations and empower them in ﬁnding employ-

ment. This research my have impact on other areas.

However, this paper focuses on trusted Records for

employment and education. The proposed framework

is about records sharing and not records keeping. The

proposed framework provides organisation the means

to integrate it into existing systems. The records

are already stored and managed by the government

and this backend system is related to information

management.

Developing a new framework for sharing trusted

records will aid the Ministry of Education internal

and external communications between educational

institutes and employment organisations; Communi-

cations that would contain trusted records such as

degrees, qualiﬁcations, credentials, diplomas, course

records, transcripts, recommendations, equivalency

diplomas and alike. Also, the framework will enable

trust chains that assures information is coming from a

government-trusted authenticated origin and that the

information has the proper authenticity, custody and

integrity, which would enhance trust. This means,

any veriﬁer will become a part of the trust chain.

Adding an extra layer of assurance using the trust

chain concept would help to improve citizens’ dig-

ital information through e-government services and

non-government services. Moreover, it would help

to preserve privacy by providing personal information

only after permission has been granted.

Implementing the suggested framework would

only share information between the stakeholder listed

in section 5. Also, the proposed framework is

designed to assist in the examination Facilitating

Conditions, Implementing Conditions, Trusted Chain

Authentication and Security Principles (FITS) which

affect the investigation for the factors of authenticated

records sharing.

5.1 Framework Factor: Facilitating

Conditions

This factor can be explained as the components that

are needed to be presented to enable the use of the

proposed trusted system. These components can

be organisational and technical infrastructures which

needs to be available.

Financial Barriers. At organisational level, top

management must be willing to spend money

Investigating Trusted Records for Employment and Education

415

to invest in records sharing. Providing beneﬁts

would help favouring a decision of implementing.

It is a signiﬁcant barrier for having it has three

obstacles; limited spending on ICT, expensive

cost of running ICT and high cost from service

telecommunication providers (Wang et al., 2018;

Angraal et al., 2017; Alassim et al., 2017; Alfarraj

et al., 2013; Assad, 2002, 2000).

Top Management Commitment. Top management

plays an important part by taking responsibility

on accelerating or suspending an implementation

(Ølnes et al., 2017; Ahram et al., 2017; Alassim

et al., 2017; Alfarraj et al., 2013).

Cooperation and Collaboration. This is a major is-

sue with public sector, to successfully implement

the suggested system, there would be a need

of cooperation and collaboration from many de-

partments such as; cooperation and collaboration

between the ministries and government sectors,

cooperation of ﬁnancial department for funding,

cooperation with researchers to ﬁnd related is-

sues to implementation and cooperation of top

management (Alassim et al., 2017; Alfarraj et al.,

2013; Alfarraj and Alhussain, 2013).

Outdated Infrastructure. There are limitation re-

lated to the outdated infrastructure, this be shown

as a legacy system which could be outdated com-

puter systems. This is a part hardware and an-

other part is the software. Updated infrastructure

enables the government agencies in accelerating

daily tasks by using the technology to save time

and effort (Ølnes, 2016; Alassim et al., 2017;

Alfarraj et al., 2013).

Learning to Build Skills. One part is the ability of

employees to learn to build new skills. Another

part is the employers if they are willing to fund

learning and development for their employees

(Alassim et al., 2017; Alfarraj et al., 2013; Ølnes

and Jansen, 2017).

Job Assignments. Employees assessment should be

practiced during hiring with assigning employees

with the right background and training to be in

line with the job assignments (Alfarraj et al.,

2013; Assad, 2002, 2000).

5.2 Framework Factor: Implementing

Conditions

These are components that are related to the system

administrators and IT department. They are compo-

nents in a form of questions.

Security: is the new system secure? is there any

added value? how can you conﬁrm the system

is more secure than the current practice? (Wang

et al., 2018, 2017; Atzori, 2017; Ahram et al.,

2017; Angraal et al., 2017).

Reliability: the information is reliable because creat-

ing records comes from only authorised personal

which in most cases are the organisation who

issued the information. This means opening the

veriﬁcation process of records to everyone who

has authorisation. In other words, there is no

independent isolated veriﬁcation to complete a

record. Moreover, records must be relatively safe

and are able to prevent human subjective and

artiﬁcial records modiﬁcation. Reliability will

answer these questions: Can the user depend on

the system achieve its tasks? Can it function un-

der given conditions while maintaining accurate

records? (Wang et al., 2017; Alketbi et al., 2018;

Lemieux, 2016)

Scalability: can the new system function quick

enough not to have scalability issues that slows

the system? (Wang et al., 2018; Biswas and

Muthukkumarasamy, 2017; Angraal et al., 2017).

Usability: is the system user friendly? can it be used

with different software and hardware? can the

new system achiev its objectives? (Ølnes, 2016;

Ølnes and Jansen, 2017).

Flexibility: is the new system ﬂexible enough to

be implemented with the current infrastructure

without many software and hardware changes? is

it ﬂexible enough to work with different operating

systems and different users? Ahram et al. (2017);

Ølnes (2016); Ølnes et al. (2017); Ølnes and

Jansen (2017); Wang et al. (2016); Woodside et al.

(2017); Alfarraj et al. (2013).

Storage: where would the shared records stored?

where would be the physical related hardware

stored? Wang et al. (2018).

5.3 Framework Factor: Trusted Chain

Authentication

It is a necessary requirement for a system containing

records to provide secure records that are trustworthy.

This type of citizens record is often required to be

recorded for long periods that might extend beyond

the life span of a database system or a server. Records

should be exchanged in a trusted, secure system.

Based on Blockchain, for having an ongoing chain of

authorised agreements starting from the issuer of the

record. It contains algorithms to conﬁrm the validity

and authenticity of information It for a trustworthy

system.

IoTBDS 2020 - 5th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security

416

Trust. Having a trust in an organisation to handle

personal information. Also, an organisation to

have trust in a new system to store and practice

sharing records (Wang et al., 2018; Ølnes, 2016;

Lemieux, 2016; Atzori, 2017; Ølnes et al., 2017;

Wang et al., 2017; Alfarraj et al., 2013).

Privacy: Blockchain has features of decentralisation

and encryption while being resistant to change

or modiﬁcation. It strength privacy by allowing

citizens to have control over their information to

be shown for public access (for employment or

sharing records) or private for government records

(Wang et al., 2017, 2018; Rizal Batubara et al.,

2018; Atzori, 2017; Alketbi et al., 2018).

Smart Contract. Smart contract is a code to perform

an algorithm attached at the condition of an op-

eration. This code is stored on the blockchain

and it becomes active when it is about to execute

an operation. It can be used in education and

employment to validate a record and to authorise

an update of a record (Andrian et al., 2019).

Consensus Mechanism. An ongoing algorithm that

is aimed to verify information starting from the

organisation that issues the record. It tools to en-

sure the records are valid and conﬁrmand. These

kinds of records will provide data consistency,

fraud protection, information ownership, and im-

mutable records. To achieve this, records should

be securely sealed and recorded in the system;

any proof of tampered data should be discarded or

rejected (Wang et al., 2018; Rizal Batubara et al.,

2018; Alketbi et al., 2018; Andrian et al., 2019).

Decentralisation. A decentralised structure will al-

low for historical/related record sharing in a

secure environment in different organisations.

There is no central ownership of the records,

although information is validated by an authority.

Once a record has been veriﬁed, it is stored (Wang

et al., 2017, 2018; Rizal Batubara et al., 2018;

Atzori, 2017; Andrian et al., 2019).

Immutability. Once the information is recorded, it

will stay the same and should not change and

should be traceable. Information can be changed,

updated, and modiﬁed, but never deleted between

ministries. Even if a system mentions that a

record is not valid, has expired or is hidden, that

record is always stored (Ølnes et al., 2017; Rizal

Batubara et al., 2018).

5.4 Framework Factor: Security

Principles

For this paper, there are three main components of

security principle practices. Information Security,

Information Authenticity and Information Exchange.

Which are needed to be practiced and implemented

assure a secure environment for sharing records of

citizens. Information Security requires the CIA model

which are, Conﬁdentiality, Integrity and Availability.

Information Authenticity requires Authentication, in-

tegrity and non-repudiation. Information Exchange

requires Authentication, Authorisation and Account-

ing. Some components were mentioned under differ-

ent factors, and some could be inherited and achieved

by different factors. The following components were

not addressed by any of the previous factors in the

suggested framework.

Authenticity. Authenticity as a security principle is

a different practice than having it for trust authen-

tication. In this context, it means validating both

parties which are the sender and receiver of the

information. Also, verifying claimed identity to

ensure communication and information are gen-

uine (Alketbi et al., 2018; Lemieux, 2016; Fadhel

et al., 2014).

Conﬁdentiality. A property that only allows ap-

proved entities, parties or processes to receive

information (Fadhel et al., 2014).

Cryptography and Digital Signatures: The digital

cryptographic signature is used to demonstrate

the authenticity of the information which use

public-private key pairs. In a digital signature, the

recipient encrypts the hash of the message using

their private key, which can be sent along with

the message to the receiver. The recipient also

produces the original message’s hash value, and

authenticity can be checked against the hash value

generated by decrypting the hash values sent by

the sender using their public key (Ølnes, 2016;

Alketbi et al., 2018; Fadhel et al., 2014).

Data Availability. The authenticated records should

be available at all times whenever needed. A sys-

tem that stores records or transactions in different

systems would mean a reduction in single points

of failure (Wang et al., 2018; Alketbi et al., 2018;

Fadhel et al., 2014).

Integrity: Authenticated records are stored in a se-

quential order in the form of a trust chain. Said

chain includes all of the previous hashed stored

transactions that led to the veriﬁed record. This

helps to verify and track long-term digital trans-

actions (Lemieux, 2016; Fadhel et al., 2014).

Investigating Trusted Records for Employment and Education

417

5.5 Framework Architecture

A Trust System for Records Sharing is a backend

system that provide security, privacy, integrity and

conﬁdentiality of the shared information between

different organisations. The system task is to share

records and some limitation on storing information.

Government agencies are the main participants with

all the required information, any organisation own the

date, will grant access on the data within the trusted

system. The system allows the sharing of informa-

tion between relevant organisations to employment

and education. There will be users of the system,

however there will be some protocols and algorithms

on handling informant. Users would be individuals,

employers, training institutes, academic institutes and

human resources.

The protocol will provide different types of users

with different types of permissions from administra-

tors to view only users. (see Figure 1) illustrates The

Architecture for the Framework.

MinistryofEducation

Academic

institutes

Training

institutes

Public

Sector

Public

Pension

Social

Insurance

Protocols

TrustSystem

forRecords

Sharing

Implementing

Conditions

Facilitating

Conditions

TrustChain

Authentication

Security

Principles

Protocols

Private

Sector

Education

Employment

FITS Factors

Figure 1: Architecture of Trust System for Records Sharing.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This paper is encouraged by the gap for authenticated

records sharing between education and employment

organisations.

There are many studies to show the capabilities

of blockchain as a distributed ledger, however, there

are not many that are applied into the e-government

to support the government in records sharing for

educational and employment organisations. Most

studies suggest a further investigation on this technol-

ogy because it is proven its capabilities in ﬁnancial

sector. There are some government agencies are using

blockchain however it is more as identity manage-

ment or traceability.

Introducing blockchain as an add on, back-end

system to record information related to employment

and education, it would strength e-government and

assist the countries development vision. In other

words, the use of blockchain into the public and

private sectors would mean using only the blockchain

capabilities that can be customised to be implemented

anywhere that needs records sharing.

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