A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus

Zeynep Nur Kostepen

, Ekin Akkol

, Onur Dogan

, Semih Bitim

and Abdulkadir Hiziroglu

Izmir Bakırc¸ay University, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, Kaynaklar Caddesi Seyrek, Izmir, Turkey

Keywords:

Smart Campus, Smart University, Digital Transformation, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things.

Abstract:

As small cities, university campuses contain many opportunities for smart city applications to increase service

quality and use of public resources efﬁciency. Enabling technologies for Industry 4.0 play an important role

in the goal of building a smart campus. The study contributes to the digital transformation process of

Izmir

Bakırc¸ay University which is a newly established university in Turkey. The aim of the study is to plan a road

map for establishing a smart and sustainable campus. A framework including an architectural structure and

the application process, for the development of a smart campus have been revealed in the study. The system

application is designed to be 3 stages. The system, which is planned to be built on the existing information

systems of the university, includes data collection from sensors and data processing to support the manage-

ment processes. The proposed framework expects to support some value-added operations such as increasing

personnel productivity, increasing the quality of classroom training, reducing energy consumption, accelerat-

ing interpersonal communication and ﬁnding the fastest solution to the problems on campus. Therefore, not

only a smart campus but also a system is designed for sustainability and maximum beneﬁt from the facilities.

1 INTRODUCTION

The rise of urbanization brings along to leverage

advanced technologies to enable a variety of ser-

vices while cities promote efﬁcient, environmentally

friendly and sustainable ecosystems (Du et al., 2016).

Smart city projects provide appropriate information

for citizens, companies and tourists to increase the ef-

ﬁciency of government services by utilizing the power

of information and communication technology (ICT)

(Van Dinh et al., 2018). The global use of ICT has fo-

cused on both how cities are operated and managed.

Many cities around the world have adopted the con-

cept of a smart city to develop the quality of life and

well-being of people, to improve energy efﬁciency

and management services, and to reduce environmen-

tal problems such as air pollution (Sotres et al., 2017;

Gasc

o-Hernandez, 2018; Ojo et al., 2015).

The concept of Smart Campus, which is devel-

oped by applying the smart city approach to a univer-

sity area, can provide great advantages (Fortes et al.,

2019). The university campuses consist of a large

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-2411

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-8758

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-4012

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-9514

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4582-3732

group of eager human resources (students, academi-

cians, and employees) to adopt and develop innova-

tions, and facilities that can be applied the developed

smart approaches. Therefore, universities represent

a valuable opportunity to strengthen the “Smart Cam-

pus” approach. Campuses are “small cities” where in-

clude improvements in many areas from management

to sustainability, and from learning activities to en-

ergy efﬁciency. Various applications possible in smart

campuses are conducted. For example, with the smart

university application, it is possible to monitor class-

rooms or rooms in real time (Huang et al., 2019). In

this way, temperature and humidity rates can be mon-

itored and collected in the cloud system. Thus, the

temperature and humidity in the classes can be kept

at an optimum level. In addition, pollution can be de-

tected by sensors placed in common areas on cam-

puses and thus units can be notiﬁed without requiring

control. Universities are areas where energy is con-

sumed much due to being crowded areas. This energy

consumption can also be controlled in smart univer-

sities. Turning off air conditioners and lights that re-

main on when rooms and classes are empty can result

in signiﬁcant energy savings (De Angelis et al., 2015).

Implementation of all these applications is made

possible by industry 4.0 technologies. The main ob-

jective of Industry 4.0 is to monitor processes and cre-

ate a virtual copy of physical events, enabling decen-

746

Kostepen, Z., Akkol, E., Dogan, O., Bitim, S. and Hiziroglu, A.

A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus.

DOI: 10.5220/0009406807460753

In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2020) - Volume 2, pages 746-753

ISBN: 978-989-758-423-7

tralized decisions to be made through these copies. In

this way, systems and machines that can control itself

can be managed with processes (Santos et al., 2017).

Industry 4.0 technologies, internet of things,

big data, augmented reality, additive manufacturing,

cloud computing and cybersecurity make it easy to

control with internet technologies. Sensors in the in-

ternet of things technology enable real-time reading

of various data. With cybersecurity, access to the ma-

chines becomes secure. All data collected with big

data can be stored on various disk systems. All this

information is shared with the cloud system. Virtual

copies of areas can be created with augmented reality.

For example, virtual copies of classes and courses can

be created. With additive manufacturing technology,

digital designs can be easily transformed into physical

objects with 3D printers. By using these technologies,

objects can communicate among themselves and thus

objects can be smart (Santos et al., 2017; Dogan and

Gurcan, 2019).

For the efﬁcient use of public resources, a pri-

mary research question is determined as ”What kind

of model should be established for more efﬁcient

consumption of public resources within the scope of

smart university?”. In the age of technology, where

objects can communicate with each other, the identi-

ﬁed research question brings together with the con-

cepts of industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT)

and smart city/campus concepts. In this direction, the

use of primary public resources such as costly materi-

als and limited human resources is considered in this

study. Therefore, the paper serves as a road map for

a university campus to turn into a smart campus with

digital transformation.

2 BACKGROUND ON SMART

UNIVERSITY

Smart universities can be deﬁned as small cities be-

cause they are a way to reach smart cities. The meth-

ods applied in cities can be easily integrated into uni-

versities. Therefore, many universities around the

world want to adopt the concept of a smart university

for the purposes of improving the quality of educa-

tion, ensuring energy efﬁciency and improving man-

agement services. Smart university uses advanced

technologies to provide various services. In the lit-

erature, there are various studies related to smart uni-

versities in academic and administrative domains. In

academic domain, many studies focused on digital-

ization in education (Uzelac et al., 2018; Zhai et al.,

2018). It is a very important application area in terms

of ensuring that the data can be received and mon-

itored in real time. Internet of Things technologies

can also be used in libraries on campuses. In this way,

students can see the library density and which books

are available online (Zhu et al., 2018). Zhai et al.,

(2018) developed a game-based learning mechanism

in a smart university. In this way, the students deﬁned

the relationships between the use of technology and

learning. Zhang et al., (2018) have studied that mul-

timedia conferencing systems are possible with cloud

systems, one of the industry 4.0 technologies. They

also offered the advantage of cloud technologies in

smart university studies. Huang et al. (2019) reported

that it is possible to create smart classes with the use

of IoT technologies. They created a smart class pro-

totype at Ming Chuan University.

Energy is the most popular implementation area

in administrative domain due to high level of en-

ergy usage in universities. In a study conducted in

China (Tan et al., 2014), the green campus project

aimed to prevent unnecessary energy consumption.

The air conditioner, lights and computers which are

not used have been turned off by the internet of things.

De Angelis et al. (2015) implemented some energy-

oriented works at the University of Brescia. It was

stated that 30% energy savings can be achieved with

smart campus applications (Kolokotsa et al., 2016).

In the study conducted at PGRI Yogyakarta Univer-

sity, smart buildings and smart parking systems have

been developed. Remote online access to the univer-

sity was provided, and a new learning approach was

developed (Sari et al., 2017). In another study, record-

ings can be taken real time by humidity and temper-

ature sensors in the classes and these values can be

kept automatically at the optimum level. The opti-

mum level was determined by the values that students

could focus on best (Uzelac et al., 2018). Majeed and

Ali, (2018) worked on smart rooms and smart park-

ing systems by making training smart with IoT tech-

nologies. They integrated sensors and things to ensure

communication.

Table 1 shows the focal points of previous studies.

Main effects areas of the current studies can be clas-

siﬁed as academic and administrative. However, the

studies cannot present all sub-titles of these two main

areas of applications.

The studies mentioned above concern the aca-

demic or administrative units of the universities. Wu’s

study (2016) covers applications both in academic

and administrative domains. They tested the impact

of smart buildings and interactive learning on stu-

dents’ achievement in Taiwan. In this study con-

ducted with 35 selected students, the connections be-

tween smart buildings and learning were observed

with statistical results (Wu et al., 2016). Although

A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus

747

Table 1: Previous studies and main working areas.

Academic

Administrative

Sari et al. (2017) +

Majeed and Ali (2018) +

Zhang et al. (2018) +

Lin et al. (2018) +

Alvarez-Campana et al. (2017) +

Kolokotsa et al. (2016) +

Chieochan et al. (2017) +

Tan et al. (2014) +

Wu et al. (2016) + +

Huang et al. (2019) +

Jain et al. (2017) +

De Angelis et al. (2015) +

Uzelac et al. (2018) +

this study will lead to innovation in both the admin-

istrative and academic units, it does not cover the en-

ergy savings of the universities, the applications that

can be made around the environmental of campus and

the automatic information retrieval systems from the

classes. However smart universities are made possi-

ble by the integration of all units. For this reason, it

is very important to evaluate and integrate administra-

tive and academic departments together. In our study,

academic and administrative units of universities will

be evaluated as a whole.

3 SUSTAINABLE AND

DATA-DRIVEN SMART

CAMPUS FRAMEWORK

The aim of the study is offering a model for the

digital transformation process of the Izmir Bakırc¸ay

University which is a newly established university in

Turkey. As a young university, the university aims

to have a smart and sustainable campus in addition

to its existing facilities. The best way to do this is

to develop innovative business models and a com-

prehensive IoT strategy. At the end of the study, a

roadmap will be presented for the digitalization stud-

ies of Izmir Bakırc¸ay University. At the end of the

digital transformation process, these results are de-

sired to be achieved:

• to reduce energy consumption,

• to reduce waiting times to take advantage of cam-

pus facilities,

• to improve staff productivity,

• to improve the quality of classroom education,

• to ensure the contribution of all individuals on

campus to problem identiﬁcation and resolution,

• to analyze the usage of public resources by ana-

lyzing all data collected.

The methodological framework, which fully ex-

presses the scope of the study, is shown in Figure

1. The areas shown in the methodological framework

will be built on the existing information systems of

the university (automation, personnel, procurement,

web services, etc.).

As shown in Figure 1, the concept consists of 3

different stages. In Stage 1, a sample building was

selected from the university campus. On this selected

building, a framework has been established about en-

ergy, environment and classroom domains. In Stage

2, the framework is spread across the campus. In ad-

dition to the domains in Stage 1, different domains

were identiﬁed and included in the framework. In

Stage 3, the data generated by the systems in Stage 1

and Stage 2 will be stored in integration with existing

university data. At this stage of the framework predic-

tive, prescriptive, diagnostic and descriptive analytics

can be performed with the data stored. Domains for

each stage are given below.

Energy Domain: Energy consumption is the most

challenging area of smart city works. High energy

consumption brings with it high energy costs. It

also accelerates the consumption of limited energy

sources. Therefore, improvements in the ﬁeld of en-

ergy have signiﬁcant ﬁnancial and environmental im-

pacts. Feasibility studies present that electricity con-

sumption of unknown cause (non-working consump-

tion) are 10% per month. Since the heating of the uni-

versity is provided with air conditioners, the improve-

ments will directly affect the electricity consumption

in this topic. In order to save electricity, it is envis-

aged to develop a system for the automatic activation

or deactivation of lighting devices and air condition-

ers in unused environments.

To improve this system, presence sensors can be

used to detect small movements in the environment.

Presence sensors will help to understand whether

classes or rooms are in use. The temperature and hu-

midity sensor will operate the air conditioner if it is

not suitable temperature and humidity of the environ-

ment. At the same time, the photocell will measure

the amount of light and, if not appropriate, turn on the

lights.

Environment Domain: Providing a clean and tidy

environment will help to improve the quality of life

in universities. It is also important for the clean-

ing staff to make plans such as work load and work-

ing hours. Along with the proposed systems, opera-

tional efﬁciency can be enhanced and environmental

arrangements can be improved. For example, when

it is time to clean the toilets, the touch screen service

kiosks and the university mobile app can send notiﬁ-

cations to cleaning staff about the need for cleaning.

ICEIS 2020 - 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

748

Figure 1: Sustainable and data-driven smart campus framework.

This will prevent the cleaning staff from wasting ef-

fort with continuous cleaning control, and at the same

time ensure continuous cleaning. Furthermore, it will

be possible to inform the cleaning staffs automati-

cally according to the occupancy status of trash cans

and soap containers. In addition, automatic irrigation

systems which will be activated according to the soil

moisture and weather conditions can be given as an

example for the studies that can be done in this ﬁeld.

It is not possible to accurately distinguish the objec-

tives of the identiﬁed study domains. Sometimes the

objectives of one area overlap with the objectives of

other areas. For example, the intelligent waste bin re-

duces both environmental pollution and improves the

working conditions of cleaning staff (eliminating the

need to walk around for cleaning control).

Clasroom Domain:

Izmir Bakırc¸ay University

aims to increase efﬁciency in educational activities by

using technological infrastructures. Classes are one

of the most important areas in universities. Improv-

ing the physical environment of the classes will also

improve the quality of education. In the survey con-

ducted to

Izmir Bakırc¸ay University students, 30% of

the students complained about various problems such

as temperature and airlessness related to the classes.

Therefore, it is important to control the environmental

factors such as temperature, humidity, amount of light

in the class that may affect the efﬁciency of the course

and disrupts the students’ concentration. The study to

be carried out in this ﬁeld is also related to the en-

ergy ﬁeld. Factors affecting the quality of education,

such as temperature, humidity and amount of light,

also affect energy consumption. At the same time,

the proposed smart attendance system aims to prevent

the students from being interested in signing the atten-

dance sheet during the course. Therefore would help

them not to get distracted during the course.

The second stage of the study consists of 5 dif-

ferent domains. Information about the environment

domain is provided in Stage 1. This stage covers the

proposed activities to be carried out throughout the

campus.

Availability Domain: From time to time, there

are densities in common areas such as dining hall,

A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus

749

libraries and cafeterias. The purpose of the pro-

posed system is to utilize the physical facilities of

the university campus with maximum beneﬁt. With

the efﬁciency-oriented strategy, it is desired to reduce

waiting times in common areas. The availability do-

main includes sub-application titles such as parking,

library, dining hall, cafeteria, class/room information.

Training Domain: Training domain covers many

different ﬁelds. The aim of the domain is to ﬁnd prac-

tical solutions to some problems with digitalization

and to prevent loss of manpower and time. There

are three sub-application titles: virtual campus tour,

smart orientation and virtual laboratories. The virtual

campus tour will enable virtualization of university

promotion and orientation meetings with a website or

mobile application. The smart orientation application

will help new staff and students get to know the uni-

versity and its facilities. Virtual laboratories include

both AR/VR supported applications and desktop vir-

tualization applications. In particular, virtualization

applications reduce software installation time consid-

erably. Software installation time will be reduced by

98% with a virtual laboratory.

Administrative Feedback Domain: In some cases

it is either not possible to determine the problem with

the sensors or the application is impractical. In such

cases, it is aimed to support the smart campus feature

with the feedback from the users. For example, defect

of a projection in classes will not be controlled by sen-

sors. However, a digital display or mobile application

can be developed where students or faculty members

can report the problem to the relevant unit when it

fails. Thus, quick solution of the problems will be en-

sured by the feedback received from the users. Simi-

larly, a digital display can be designed that can always

measure the level of satisfaction of the services pro-

vided to increase the satisfaction of the users. The

areas of administrative feedback and fast contact are

complementary. There are three sub-application titles

as support services, student affairs and satisfaction.

Students or staffs will be able to report their requests,

complaints and satisfaction to the relevant administra-

tive units with the mobile application to be developed.

With this application, satisfaction surveys can be con-

ducted easily. With instant notiﬁcations, authorities

will also be aware of emergencies in the university.

Contact Domain: The most important element

in an organization is fast and accurate communica-

tion. In universities, it is very important that academic

staff, students and administrative staff communicate

quickly with each other. In this area, a proposal will

be made in which interpersonal communication can

be realized with an intelligent system. Contact Do-

main has subheadings such as supervisor, academic

staff, administrative unit, student club. Interpersonal

communication can be made fast and effective with

a mobile or web application that can be developed.

In addition, the user experiences from the application

can be processed and converted into useful informa-

tion and used in administrative processes.

Real-time Data Analytic, Monitoring, Reporting

and Performance Measurement Domain: A com-

pletely data-oriented approach is adopted in the pro-

posed system structure. Sensor data and data col-

lected from individuals will form very large data

stacks. Adding the data obtained from external

sources to these raw data, processing the data and

converting it to useful information, and establishing

models that can be made for future predictions are of

great importance for the university. Information that

can be useful at every stage of decision-making lev-

els, including tactical, operational and strategic, can

be used by developing a user-friendly and dynamic

reporting system. Reports about academic, education,

performance, and student will be effective for the im-

provement of physical conditions, more sustainable

and high quality campus objectives.

4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

AND IMPLEMENTATION

Industry 4.0 technologies play an important role in the

goal of building a smart and sustainable campus. This

technologies to be used in the stages of the framework

are shown in Table 2. Cloud and IoT technologies

will be used in the ﬁrst stage which consists of energy,

environment and classroom domain. Cloud, IoT, big

data, mobile and augmented reality technologies will

be used in the second stage which consists of environ-

ment, availability, training, administrative feedback,

and contact domain. Cloud and big data technologies

will be used in the third stage of the study.

Table 2: Applicable Industry 4.0 Technologies for Sustain-

able and Data-Driven Smart Campus Framework.

Stages Cloud IoT Big Data

Mobile

and AR

Stage 1 X X

Stage 2 X X X

Stage 3 X X

System application is designed to be 3 stages in Fig-

ure 2. In the ﬁrst stage, called Single Facility, studies

will be carried out in the ﬁelds of Energy Domain,

Classroom Domain and Environment Domain using

cloud and IoT technologies.

ICEIS 2020 - 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

750

Figure 2: System Architecture.

For Energy Domain, temperature, light intensity,

humidity and mobility values of the laboratories will

be collected with sensors. This data will be stored

on a data collecting-recording server to be conﬁgured

with various internet protocols. If the values are be-

yond the speciﬁed range, the light or heating cooling

systems are automatically switched on or off using in-

ternet protocols with the data sent to the IoT unit. If

no motion is detected in the laboratories for a certain

period of time, the light and heating-cooling sources

will receive an automatic shutdown signal. This will

allow more productive use of energy resource con-

sumption and huge savings.

For Environment Domain, trash boxes to be ﬁtted

with wireless occupancy detection sensors would en-

sure that alerts are sent to the appropriate units from

the trash boxes exceeding a certain occupancy rate. In

this way, human resource planning will be made more

efﬁcient.

Studies will be performed in the second stage

called Extended Facility and Environment using

cloud, IoT, and Mobile and Augmented Reality tech-

nology in the ﬁelds of Environment Domain, Avail-

ability Domain, Contact Domain, Training Domain,

and Administrative Feedback Domain.

For Classroom Domain, RFID cards will provide

the data entry and exit information of the students and

teachers to the Data Collection-Recording Server in

the 2 laboratories to be prepared for the classroom

domain. In this way, student attendance lists can be

automatically transferred to Student Information Sys-

tem automation. It will be ensured that the relevant

areas are closed for use outside the hours speciﬁed in

their schedules thanks to the smart doors to be con-

ﬁgured for laboratories. With the information screens

to be installed at the laboratory entrance, class occu-

pancy rates, the next course, etc. will be shown.

For Availability Domain, wireless sensors will

track the parking spaces on our campus, and data

on the occupancy of these parking spaces will be

sent to the IOT system. This data will be processed

with different internet protocols on a data acquisition-

recording server. In this way, parking guidance, park-

ing management and warning systems for occupancy

can be designed. Wireless access points and private

wireless networks will be built in the Dining Hall

and Library entrance areas. This will determine the

number of devices that provide instant wireless net-

work access. Occupancy rates of related ﬁelds will

be monitored and students will be shown occupancy

A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus

751

rates through information screens, mobile devices and

various platforms.

For Training Domain, Three sub-application titles

are included in this domain: virtual campus tour, mo-

bile orientation and virtual labs. The virtual campus

tour would allow students to visit the campus for pro-

motion and orientation events with a website and mo-

bile application. In addition, the mobile orientation

application includes the trainings required by newly

recruited employees, identiﬁcation by newly enrolled

students of the university and its services, and support

by regular training for current staff and students. Vir-

tual laboratories include both AR/VR supported ap-

plications and desktop virtualization applications.

For Administrative and Contact Domain, In some

situations, either identifying the problem with the

sensors is not possible or practical. Feedback from

the users will be forwarded to the data collection-

recording server with the interactive information

screens to be built and the mobile application.

For Environment Domain, With the smart irriga-

tion system to be designed; the IOT device will ir-

rigate the amount of water the predeﬁned vegetation

requires. This device will measure the soil’s moisture

content and allow the transfer of relevant data through

internet protocols to the data collection server. This

smart irrigation system will make a signiﬁcant contri-

bution to the efﬁcient use of water resources.

For Real-time Data Analytic, Monitoring and Per-

formance Measurement Domain, Cloud and Big Data

technologies will be used in the third stage called

Smart Campus. Data collection-recording server will

perform the task of recording data from all sen-

sors, IoT devices, etc. Data sent to the Analyt-

ics&Reporting Server will be processed and con-

verted into useful information. With the web-based

software that will run on this server, all data can be

tracked in real time, notiﬁcations can be created in

accordance with the deﬁned rule sets, and they can be

transmitted to people or units automatically.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The increase in the urban population results in man-

agement and complexity problems in cities for gov-

ernments in various domains such as energy supply,

waste management, the use of public resources, and

educational services. At the same time, the grow-

ing population creates a huge amount of data by con-

tacting many devices. A notable improvement in de-

vice variety, the volume of data and sensor technolo-

gies have proposed chances to build smart cities for

authorities. Because university campuses are small

cities, all implementations in smart cities can be

adapted to campuses to build smart campuses.

The use of industry 4.0 technologies on campuses

is a powerful factor that increases efﬁciency both in

academic and administrative operations. By integrat-

ing Industry 4.0 systems into campuses, efﬁciency

can be increased in sustainable universities. Uncon-

trolled use and excessive consumption of energy, ma-

terials, and manpower in universities can cause many

problems. Sustainable systems on campus offer many

opportunities to manage these problems. The regu-

lation of both academic and administrative processes

and sustainability in universities is of great impor-

tance for the formation of self-sufﬁcient campuses.

In this study, a framework on smart university

and the sustainable campus is presented for

Izmir

Bakırc¸ay University to have a sustainable and data-

oriented smart campus. A roadmap was prepared to

create a model for the digital transformation process

of the university, which aims using resources effec-

tively, being technology oriented, being productiv-

ity oriented, strengthening communication between

employee, providing the best physical opportunities.

Some enabling technologies for Industry 4.0 such as

Cloud, IoT, big data, mobile and augmented reality

are associated with the framework considering the

previous smart campus studies. The determined road

map consists of three stages. The ﬁrst stage includes

the single facility applications, the second one con-

sists of the extended facility and environment appli-

cations, and the last stage covers smart campus appli-

cations with real-time data analysis. The system ar-

chitecture that represents all stages in the framework

is discussed. It includes all processes from model-

ing to data collection, sharing, conversion, and analy-

sis. The possible beneﬁts of the proposed framework

are twofold: to prevent waste of limited public re-

sources and support academic services by increasing

the service quality. Because of the dynamic structure

of the proposed framework, new universities in digi-

tal transformation process can adopted the sustainable

and data-driven smart campus framework according

to their strategic goals.

The proposed framework has two main limita-

tions. Since the domains in the study are deter-

mined with respect to the university needs, some pop-

ular application areas, such as transportation, are ex-

cluded in the study. Therefore, they may be extended

or changed according to the university conditions in

other studies. Stage 3 is not detailed in this study

because it needs collected data to interpret and sup-

port decision makers. Therefore, the ﬁrst two stages

present an infrastructure for real time analytics.

ICEIS 2020 - 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

752

REFERENCES

Alvarez-Campana, M., L

opez, G., V

azquez, E., Villagr

V., and Berrocal, J. (2017). Smart cei moncloa: An

iot-based platform for people ﬂow and environmental

monitoring on a smart university campus. Sensors,

17(12):2856.

Chieochan, O., Saokaew, A., and Boonchieng, E. (2017).

Iot for smart farm: A case study of the lingzhi mush-

room farm at maejo university. In 2017 14th Inter-

national Joint Conference on Computer Science and

Software Engineering (JCSSE), pages 1–6. IEEE.

De Angelis, E., Ciribini, A. L. C., Tagliabue, L. C., and

Paneroni, M. (2015). The brescia smart campus

demonstrator. renovation toward a zero energy class-

room building. Procedia engineering, 118:735–743.

Dogan, O. and Gurcan, O. F. (2019). Applications of big

data and green iot-enabling technologies for smart

cities. In Handbook of Research on Big Data and the

IoT, pages 22–41. IGI Global.

Du, S., Meng, F., and Gao, B. (2016). Research on the

application system of smart campus in the context of

smart city. In 2016 8th International Conference on

Information Technology in Medicine and Education

(ITME), pages 714–718. IEEE.

Fortes, S., Santoyo-Ram

on, J. A., Palacios, D., Baena, E.,

Mora-Garc

ıa, R., Medina, M., Mora, P., and Barco,

R. (2019). The campus as a smart city: University

of m

alaga environmental, learning, and research ap-

proaches. Sensors, 19(6):1349.

Gasc

o-Hernandez, M. (2018). Building a smart city:

lessons from barcelona. Communications of the ACM,

61(4):50–57.

Huang, L.-S., Su, J.-Y., and Pao, T.-L. (2019). A context

aware smart classroom architecture for smart cam-

puses. Applied Sciences, 9(9):1837.

Jain, M., Kaushik, N., and Jayavel, K. (2017). Building

automation and energy control using iot-smart cam-

pus. In 2017 2nd International Conference on Com-

puting and Communications Technologies (ICCCT),

pages 353–359. IEEE.

Kolokotsa, D., Gobakis, K., Papantoniou, S., Georgatou,

C., Kampelis, N., Kalaitzakis, K., Vasilakopoulou, K.,

and Santamouris, M. (2016). Development of a web

based energy management system for university cam-

puses: The camp-it platform. Energy and Buildings,

123:119–135.

Lin, Y.-B., Chen, L.-K., Shieh, M.-Z., Lin, Y.-W., and Yen,

T.-H. (2018). Campustalk: Iot devices and their inter-

esting features on campus applications. IEEE Access,

6:26036–26046.

Majeed, A. and Ali, M. (2018). How internet-of-things (iot)

making the university campuses smart? qa higher ed-

ucation (qahe) perspective. In 2018 IEEE 8th Annual

Computing and Communication Workshop and Con-

ference (CCWC), pages 646–648. IEEE.

Ojo, A., Curry, E., and Zeleti, F. A. (2015). A tale of open

data innovations in ﬁve smart cities. In 2015 48th

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,

pages 2326–2335. IEEE.

Santos, M. Y., e S

a, J. O., Andrade, C., Lima, F. V., Costa,

E., Costa, C., Martinho, B., and Galv

ao, J. (2017). A

big data system supporting bosch braga industry 4.0

strategy. International Journal of Information Man-

agement, 37(6):750–760.

Sari, M. W., Ciptadi, P. W., and Hardyanto, R. H. (2017).

Study of smart campus development using internet of

things technology. In IOP Conference Series: Ma-

terials Science and Engineering, volume 190, page

012032. IOP Publishing.

Sotres, P., Santana, J. R., S

anchez, L., Lanza, J., and

Munoz, L. (2017). Practical lessons from the de-

ployment and management of a smart city internet-

of-things infrastructure: The smartsantander testbed

case. IEEE Access, 5:14309–14322.

Tan, H., Chen, S., Shi, Q., and Wang, L. (2014). Develop-

ment of green campus in china. Journal of Cleaner

Production, 64:646–653.

Uzelac, A., Gligori

c, N., and Kr

co, S. (2018). Sys-

tem for recognizing lecture quality based on analysis

of physical parameters. Telematics and Informatics,

35(3):579–594.

Van Dinh, D., Yoon, B.-N., Le, H. N., Nguyen, U. Q., Phan,

K. D., and Pham, L. D. (2018). Ict enabling tech-

nologies for smart cities. In 2018 20th International

Conference on Advanced Communication Technology

(ICACT), pages 606–611. IEEE.

Wu, Y.-W., Young, L.-M., and Wen, M.-H. (2016). Devel-

oping an ibeacon-based ubiquitous learning environ-

ment in smart green building courses. The Interna-

tional journal of engineering education, 32(2):782–

789.

Zhai, X., Dong, Y., and Yuan, J. (2018). Investigating learn-

ers’ technology engagement-a perspective from ubiq-

uitous game-based learning in smart campus. IEEE

Access, 6:10279–10287.

Zhang, W., Zhang, X., and Shi, H. (2018). Mmcsacc: A

multi-source multimedia conference system assisted

by cloud computing for smart campus. IEEE Access,

6:35879–35889.

Zhu, M., Sari, A., and Lee, M. M. (2018). A systematic

review of research methods and topics of the empirical

mooc literature (2014–2016). The Internet and Higher

Education, 37:31–39.

A Framework for Sustainable and Data-driven Smart Campus

753