Waste Water Treatment of Hospital for Drinking Water Scale with

Ozonation Method

Nizar Kamil Perwira

, Kris Tri Basuki

, Nofriady Aziz

and Nuradam Effendy

Teknokimia Nuklir, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir STTN BATAN, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Pusat Teknologi Bahan Bakar Nuklir, Serpong, Indonesia

Pusat Reaktor Serba Guna, Serpong, Indonesia

Keywords: WWTP, Microorganism, Drinking Water.

Abstract: Waste water from the hospital is containing organic compounds, chemical compounds and pathogenic

microorganisms. Various studies have been done to process the hospital waste to fit quality standards so it

can be disposal into the environment, but in this research, we conducted waste water treatment of hospital for

drinking water using ozonation so the output not only fulfills as environmental quality standards, but it’s

expected output of hospital can be used as drinking water. Ozone is used as a disinfectant for killing

microorganisms and water. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of wastewater in the

hospital, know the results processed use the design of the hospital with ozonation if it is appropriate with

drinking water standards. The research method is to study treatment of hospital waste water so that we can

obtain WWTP and calculation result output of design WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant). The WWTP

design made consisting of equalization bath, bath coagulation, ozonation bath and sump. Based on result, one

of waste water of hospital in Indonesia with discharge is 28 m

/day, the result BOD is 0.75 mg/L, COD is 2.4

mg/L, TSS is 18.94 mg/L, TDS is 1.81 mg/L and Total Coliform is zero. Waste water of hospital processed

from this WWTP can be used as drinking water based on Minister of Health decree.

1 INTRODUCTION

Lately requirement of clean water, especially for

drinking water is difficult to get cause of many water

pollution factors. Source of water pollution can be

come from the hospital. Sources of hospital

wastewater can be derived from bathrooms, kitchen

rooms, the examination rooms, laboratories,

operating rooms and other rooms containing

hazardous materials and germs. Hospital wastewater

may contain assorted microorganisms depending on

the source. Various kinds of toxicities such as

pharmaceutical waste, radio-nuclides, solvents and

disinfectants for medical purposes with a high

concentration for laboratory activities (Verlicchi,

2010). Of course, from the types of microorganisms,

there are pathogenic microorganisms. Hospital waste

as well as other waste containing organic and

inorganic materials, which the containing level can be

determined by testing waste water such as BOD,

COD, pH, microbiological, TSS and others.

Water waste from hospitalsls is one source of

water pollution potential because the hospital waste

water is containing organic compounds, chemical

compounds and pathogenic microorganisms that can

cause disease to the surrounding community.

Pursuant to Law No. 32 of 2009 in Indonesia about

Protection and Management of the Environment, an

activity is required to process and manage wastes

produced by its activities, in order to conserve the

environmental functions so the waste must be

processed and managed with the applicable quality

standards. Kep-MENLH / 12/1995 concerning

effluent quality standards for hospital activities that

requires every hospital must treat wastewater to a

permitted standard. From the explanation above,

those can be used as a guide for the hospital to process

and manage the waste till get the environmental

quality standards that applicable. Hospitals need to

build Wastewater Treatment Plant to produce safe

effluent which can be disposed to the environment

that passed the quality standards. However, much

researches have been done only till the hospital waste

disposal into the environment that passed quality

standards, so if it wants to be drinking water, the

water must get into the next process.

Perwira, N., Basuki, K., Aziz, N. and Effendy, N.

Waste Water Treatment of Hospital for Drinking Water Scale with Ozonation Method.

DOI: 10.5220/0010541800003108

In Proceedings of the 6th Food Ingredient Asia Conference (6th FiAC 2020) - Food Science, Nutrition and Health, pages 107-112

ISBN: 978-989-758-540-1

107

In this research, we use the ozonation method for

waste water treatment so we wish the output of the

process in the hospital can be used as drinking water,

because of ozonizer fit to kill bacteria - in the waste.

Beside having a high efficiency, this type of

Wastewater Treatment also can solve the limited land

in the hospital. Ozone is a molecule made of three

oxygen atoms that occurs naturally in the earth and

that can also be manmade. Ozone is used as a

disinfectant for killing microorganisms in the air and

water. Many spas and hot tubs use ozone to keep the

water free of algae and harmful bacteria. Ozone is

also used for industrial and manufacturing purposes,

as well as a bleaching and deodorizing agent. Ozone

was chosen because it is a proven cost-effective

disinfectant that improves the taste of the treated

water and decreases unwanted disinfection by-

products. However, ozone is more effective than

chlorine in disinfecting the water. Ozone disinfection

produces less disinfection by products which will

enable these facilities to meet more stringent drinking

water standards and regulations. Ozone also removes

more trace organic compounds than chlorine which

will result in better tasting and smelling water.

In this research, the data is obtained from one of

the hospitals in Indonesia. there are many

contaminants in wastewater. Contaminants in

wastewater may include physical, chemical, and

biological. The main characteristics of the hospital’s

waste water is the content of coliform bacteria,

because it has very high value. In addition to the high

content of coliform bacteria, the characteristics that is

high of the waste water are BOD, COD, TDS and

TSS. They should be able to done the processing of

the water, but it also can be used as drinking water for

the future. The objectives of this research are:

1. Knowing the characteristics of wastewater in the

hospital.

2. Knowing the results of Wastewater treatment

design of the hospital using ozonation method if it

is appropriate with drinking water standards.

2 BASIC THEORY

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is a structure

that is designed to dispose of biological and chemical

waste from the water thus allowing the water to be

reused at other activities. The main purpose of

wastewater treatment is to decompose the content of

pollutants in the water, especially organic

compounds, suspended solids, pathogens and organic

compounds that cannot be decomposed by

microorganisms found in nature. For treating

wastewater parameters, processing units that will be

applied consists of several treatment plant. Based on

the selection it has been done, then in WWTP will be

used unit - of processing unit as follows:

a. Equalisation:

The use of equalization tank aims to generate a

uniform flow so that the processing units in the

installations be able to avoid shock loading. Form of

equalization tank that will be used are rectangular.

During the equalization stirring to prevent the

precipitation of solid and odor. Biological oxidation

due to the agitation in the tank, according to Metcalf

& Eddy (2004), can reduce the concentration of 10-

20% total COD, TDS and TSS by 15-20%.

b. Coagulation and Flocculation:

In the process of coagulation and flocculation, the

water will be very role, because the chemical must be

mixed with water. Stirring / Agitation process will

very quickly and uniform dispersion of compounds in

water, the coagulation process occurs with rapid

stirring. In this case the process of coagulation and

flocculation chemical and physical reactions will

occur precipitation: Aluminium Hydroxide, or ferry

hydroxide. After the formation of deposits caused by

the large floc settles, and this process occurs with

slow stirring. A fast stirrer is very important in the

change of physical factors as well as the efficiency of

coagulant addition, the flocculation is a method for

taking particles and highly dependent on particle size.

c. Sedimentation:

Particles that are in the water may be eliminated in the

sedimentation vessel (Clarifier). In the sedimentation

tank types horizontal removed particles is dependent

upon over flow rate (Vo), in this type there are several

assumptions:

1. Particles and velocity vectors are distributed on a

cross-section of the tank, as a function of the inlet

zone.

2. Transfer the liquid will looking down on the

length of the tank.

3. Particles below will be removed from the tank.

d. Ozonation Process:

Ozone is produced when oxygen (O2) molecules are

dissociated by an energy source into oxygen atoms

and subsequently collide with an oxygen molecule to

form an unstable gas, ozone (O3), which is used to

disinfect wastewater. Most wastewater treatment

plants generate ozone by imposing a high voltage

alternating current (6 to 20 kilovolts) across a

dielectric discharge gap that contains an oxygen-

bearing gas. Ozone is generated onsite because it is

unstable and decomposes to elemental oxygen in a

short amount of time after generation. Ozone is a very

6th FiAC 2020 - The Food Ingredient Asia Conference (FiAC)

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strong oxidant and virucide only next to OH radicals.

How effective ozone is, will depend entirely on the

nature of the contaminant and is directly dependant in

the chemistry involved in the process. Many other

oxidation agents are often used in combination with

ozone to provide increased efficacy. Agents such as

peroxides, UV, and conditions of high pH assist

ozone in the oxidation process. Ozone Chemistry is

composed of a single bond and one double bond. The

single bonds are weak and this leads to easy formation

of free radicals. The double bond is as strong as the

double bond of oxygen and so un reactive. Two

resonance structure of ozone exists and they are

interring convertible. The inter-convertabilty is so

fast that at point of time ozone as seen as a blend of

the two-resonance structure.

The mechanisms of disinfection using ozone

include:

a. Direct oxidation/destruction of the cell wall with

leakage of cellular constituents outside of the cell.

b. Reactions with radical by-products of ozone

decomposition.

c. Damage to the constituents of the nucleic acids

(purines and pyrimidines).

d. Breakage of carbon-nitrogen bonds leading to

depolymerization.

When ozone decomposes in water, the free radicals

hydrogen peroxy (HO2) and hydroxyl (OH) that are

formed have great oxidizing capacity and play an

active role in the disinfection process. It is generally

believed that the bacteria are destroyed because of

protoplasmic oxidation resulting in cell wall

disintegration (cell lysis).

1. A healthy bacillus bacterial cell (waiting to ruin

your day).

2. Zooming in closer, Ozone (light green) comes into

contact with the cell wall. The cell wall is vital to

the bacteria because it ensures the organism can

maintain its shape.

3. As ozone molecules make contact with the cell

wall, a reaction called an oxidative burst occurs

which literally creates a tiny hole in the cell wall.

4. A newly created hole in the cell wall has injured

the bacterium.

5. The bacterium begins to lose its shape while

ozone molecules continue creating holes in the

cell wall.

6. After thousands of ozone collisions over only a

few seconds, the bacterial wall can no longer

maintain its shape and the cell dies.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Study of Literature

Overview and Hospital Waste, Technique

Wastewater Treatment Hospital, Design Options

WWTP and Research and Planning with different

methods.

3.2 Data Collection

Wastewater discharge and the characteristics of the

hospital.

3.3 Data Processing

The calculation of hospital waste, Determination of

the quality standard as the basis of design and

Calculation of Dimension WWTP earned by each

process.

3.4 Result and Conclusion

Calculation of Dimension WWTP, The calculation of

the final result output WWTP design results and

Comparison of the results of the design output with

Figure 1: How ozone kills healthy bacteria.

Waste Water Treatment of Hospital for Drinking Water Scale with Ozonation Method

109

the output results WWTP's in hospital.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Design Wastewater Hospital

To treat wastewater hospital, it is necessary to design

that fits inside the hospital waste water treatment, the

processing units used is composed of pre-treatment

unit such as equalization bath, flocculation and

coagulation treatment unit ozonation unit. In the

treatment of coagulation and flocculation done a

physical operation which aims to eliminate floating

and dissolved solids in wastewater and wastewater

preparing to enter the further treatment stages,

namely treatment ozonation bath. In this ozonation

bath will acts in killing bacteria present in the water

and to eliminate most of the organic content in

wastewater.

Figure 2: Diagram Block WWTP Hospital.

4.2 Calculation of Dimension WWTP

In this planning, hospital waste flow of water

obtained as follows: 28 m3 / day. It refers of literature,

including the text book Decentralised Wastewater

Treatment in Developing Countries and Treatment

and Reuse Fourth Edition by Metcalf and Eddy both

in obtaining design criteria of planning and

calculating the dimensions of the WWTP

1. Equalization Tank.

The use of equalization tank aims to generate a

uniform flow so that the processing units in the

installations be able to avoid shock loading. Form of

equalization tank that will be used are rectangular.

During the equalization stirring to prevent the

precipitation of solid and odor. Biological oxidation

due to the agitation in the tank, according to Metcalf

& Eddy (2004). After calculation, it can be show that

in Table 1:

Table 1: Design Equalization from WWTP Hospital.

2. Coagulation and Flocculation.

In the process of coagulation and flocculation, the

water will be very role, because the chemical must be

mixed with water. Stirring / Agitation process will

very quickly and uniform dispersion of compounds in

water, the coagulation process occurs with rapid

stirring. In this case the process of coagulation and

flocculation chemical and physical reactions will

occur precipitation: Aluminium Hydroxide (Alum).

*Concentration Of Alum : 75,5 ppm

*Power of stirrer motor : 3,05 Watt

*Flow rate Alum : 0,088 kg/h

*Solution Alum : 5%

*Flow rate air : 1,672 kg/h

*Total volume : 1,76 m

*Diameter Stirrer : 0,26 m

After doing calculation, it will b shown at Table

Table 2: Design Coagulation and Flocculation from WWTP

Hospital.

3 Sedimentation

*Number of Weir Loading : 1

*Weir Loading : 140 m

/day.m

*Over Flow Rate : 28 m

/day.m

*Scour Velocity : 12,53 cm/s

*Horizontal Velocity : 0,78 cm/s

*The slope of the Wall Channels : 0,00097

After doing calculation, it will be shown at Table 3:

Table 3: Design Sedimentation from WWTP Hospital.

3. Ozonation

*Type Ozonizer: Plasma ozonizer PSTA BATAN

*Power: 48,61 Watt

*Voltage: 25 kV/1,5 kHz

*Flow rate ozon: 1,94 mg/det

*Ozon Concentration: 0,12 ppm

*Cost Ozone Requirements once: Rp 131,47

When ozone decomposes in water, the free radicals

hydrogen peroxy (HO

) and hydroxyl (OH) that are

formed have great oxidizing capacity and play an

active role in the disinfection process. It is generally

believed that the bacteria are destroyed because of

protoplasmic oxidation resulting in cell wall

6th FiAC 2020 - The Food Ingredient Asia Conference (FiAC)

110

disintegration (cell lysis). After the ozonation

process, the treated water supplied to the sump. As for

the design of a tank shown in Table 5.

The calculation can be shown at Table 4:

Table 4: Design Ozonation from WWTP Hospital.

Table 5: Design Sump from WWTP Hospital.

Generally calculation of dimensions in the

planning of these is shown in Table 6:

Table 6: Design WWTP Hospital.

4.3 Calculation of Dimension WWTP

In this planning, hospital waste flow of water

obtained as follows: 28 m3 / day so that calculation

Result WWTP refers to parameters of efficiency

reduction of some of the literature includes text book

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing

Countries and Treatment and Reuse Fourth Edition by

Metcalf and Eddy. After calculation, we can obtain

mass balance from design WWTP at Table 7 and

Figure 3 (the units in mg/L):

Table 7: Mass Balance and Effisiency Design WWTP.

*based on PERMENKES RI

No.492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010

**based on PP RI No.82 on 2010

Figure 3: Mass Balance Desain IPAL.

5 CONCLUSION

Hospital Waste water treatment into drinking water at

one of the hospitals in Indonesia. debits 28 m

/ day

using ozonation. WWTP hospital building consists of

equalization bath, flocculation coagulation bath, bath

and sump ozonation. Wastewater treatment plant at

the hospital are planned to be produce effluents

conforming to the standards drinking water quality

standard health department.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors say thank you to one of Hospital in

Indonesia (we can’t say its name) who can share data

and parameter of waste from the hospital.

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