Potential of Photovoltaic Technology in Indonesia

based on Latitude Coordinate

Muchlishah

Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Depok, Indonesia

Keywords: DASI, Latitude, LCOE, Meteonorm, Photovoltaic, SAM.

Abstract: Based on previous research, solar radiation at every latitude is different. Indonesia is one of the few countries

that is located on the equator furthermore in the tropical region, which is between 23.5° north latitude and

23.5° south latitude, where the sun will continue to move as if it were perpendicular, so tropical areas will

receive more sunlight than other regions in the earth. With a lot of potential solar energy in Indonesia, the use

of solar energy for electricity at 34 capital of the province in Indonesia can be considered. Climate data in this

research obtained from Meteonorm than executed in SAM (System Advisor Model) then generated Daily

Average Solar Irradiance (DASI), Annual System Output (ASO) in Alternating Current (AC), and Levelized

cost of Electricity (LCOE). The highest DASI value is 5.26 kWh/m2/day in Kupang and the lowest at Bandung

with value 4.12 kWh/m2/day. The highest LCOE value 35.43 $cents/kWh in the city of Pontianak at 0.08°

south latitude coordinates, and the lowest in the city of Kupang at 28.16 $cents/kWh at 10.183° south latitude

coordinates.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is an archipelago country with centralized

system of electricity on one transmission and

distribution network with a large capacity where ever

the majority of power plants using energy from fossil

fuel. This condition become an obstacle in meeting

evenly electricity need. Solar energy is expected to

become a solution to produce electricity that more

environmentally friendly with energy production can

be carried out directly by the energy users.

Figure 1 Indonesian Map (World Atlas, 2020)

Based on calculations from PLN (Perusahaan

Listrik Negara) statistical data for 2019, total of PLN

customers from the household sector are 91.96%

(Statistik PLN, 2019). This means that the use of

electricity in Indonesia is dominated for consumption,

not production. In addition, the load of household

sector is not the biggest contributor in PLN's revenue

because it is still lower than industrial sector revenue.

From previous study, Stieven and Setiawan

obtained formulation for optimum tilt angle

especially in tropical area. Djamal and Setiawan

obtained PV-performance thin film generates greater

energy than crystalline PV in the tropical area. Danar

and Setiawan have obtained the formulation for

optimum tilt angle only in Indonesia that produce

maximum potential economic benefit to be gained

from the installation of solar panels. Isdawimah and

Ismujianto obtained monitoring system to control

environmental protection in PV system. Pratama and

Kumara obtained that PLTS installed on the north

side of the building's roof is capable of producing the

largest amount of electricity using SAM.

From the facts above, the use of solar energy to

meet the electricity needs of household consumers is

expected to be a solution to improve the reliability of

the electrical power system in Indonesia and

simultaneously reduce dependence on fossil energy

which is decreasing in number and has a negative

impact on environmental sustainability.

Muchlishah, .

Potential of Photovoltaic Technology in Indonesia based on Latitude Coordinate.

DOI: 10.5220/0010507800003153

In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Southeast Asian International Seminar (ASAIS 2020), pages 9-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-518-0

To encourage the use of solar energy in Indonesia,

it is necessary to do research on the potential of solar

energy in 34 capitals of the province in Indonesia, so

it can be seen the effect of geographic location

(latitude coordinates) on the amount of electrical

energy produced. Furthermore, from this research, the

LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity) value is

obtained so that it is possible to do electricity

purchase from the public or solar generation owners

to PLN to meet the unmet load of electrical energy

from existing PLN generators, and at the end it can

help to improve the reliability of electrical energy

system in the territory of Indonesia and also to

encourage the further development of the renewable

energy industry, especially from solar energy.

2 METHODOLOGY

Table 1 Latitude Coordinate of 34 capital of the province in

Indonesia

Province

Capital of The

Province

Latitude

Aceh Banda Aceh 5.55

Sumatera Utara Medan 3.58

Kalimantan

Utara

Tanjung Selor 2.83

Sulawesi Utara Manado 1.53

Kep. Riau Batam 1.03

Maluku Utara Ternate 0.783

Gorontalo Gorontalo 0.55

Riau Pekanbaru 0.482

Kalimantan

Bara

Pontianak -0.08

Kalimantan

Timu

Samarinda -0.5

Papua Bara

Soron

-0.867

Sulawesi

Ten

Palu -0.9

Sumatera Bara

Padan

-1

Jambi Jambi -1.63

Kep. Bangka

Belitun

Pangkal Pinang -2.08

Kalimantan

Ten

Palangkaraya -2.2

Papua Ja

apura -2.53

Sulawesi Bara

Mamu

u -2.669

Sumatera

Selatan

Palembang -2.98

Kalimantan

Selatan

Banjarmasin -3.31

Maluku Ambon -3.64

Ben

kulu Ben

kulu -3.8

Sulawasi

Ten

ara

Kendari -3.967

Sulawesi

Selatan

Makassar -5.15

Lampung

Bandar

Lampun

-5.43

Banten Seran

-6.11

DKI Jakarta Jakarta -6.13

Jawa Bara

Bandun

-6.95

Jawa Ten

ah Semaran

-6.97

Jawa Timu

Suraba

a -7.23

DI Yo

akarta Yo

akarta -7.8

TB Matara

-8.6

Bali Denpasa

-8.65

TT Kupan

-10.183

In this research, household consumers are limited

to consumers that located in 34 capital of the province

in Indonesia with assumption that all of consumers

have been connected to PLN network. It is assumed

that all of consumers are economically capable to

investing in photovoltaic technology. This research is

limited by collecting and processing of several

secondary data variables for solar power generation

with installed power capacity from PLN 2200VA or

above.

Meteonorm data input used in this research is

latitude and longitude coordinates for 34 capital of the

province in Indonesia. For latitude coordinate which

located above the equator the input value is positive

and for latitude coordinate which located below the

equator the input value is negative. Afterwards,

because of Indonesia is located in the eastern

hemisphere, which is located between 95˚ east

longitude to 141˚ east longitude, the value input is

always positive. Table 1 shown 34 capital of the

province in Indonesia that sorted based on latitude

coordinate.

Figure 2 Methodology

Hereafter, climate data from Meteonorm will

process using System Advisor Model (SAM).

Besides climate data, tilt and azimuth optimum

(Rumokoy, 2015) of the panel and component prices

also added as input in SAM to generate Daily

Input

Meteonorm

Latitude and

Longitude

Coordinate

from34capital

oftheprovince

inIndonesia

Output

Meteonorm

Hourlyclimate

datainoneyear

InputSAM

Output

Meteonorm,

Tilt &

Azimuth,

Component

prices

Output

SAM

DASI,

Annual

System

Output,

LCOE

ASAIS 2020 - Annual Southeast Asian International Seminar

Average Solar Irradiance (DASI), Annual System

Output (ASO) and LCOE from the system. Figure 2

show the process of this research.

3 RESEARCH RESULT AND

DISCUSSION

Daily average solar irradiance is the amount of solar

radiation that measured in terms of electrical energy

in units of kWh per square meter in a day. DASI in

this research is seen from the average data in one year.

From 34 capital of the province in Indonesia, Kupang

is the city with the highest DASI, which is 5.26

kWh/m

/day where Kupang is a city that is farthest

from the equator at 10,183 latitude south side of the

equator. The lowest DASI value of 34 capital of the

province in Indonesia is Bandung, which is 4.12

kWh/m

/day. If Bandung compared with other city

nearby, the climate differences is quite extreme from

the other city, so based on this condition Bandung

data can temporarily ignore in order to see the true

pattern of DASI.

By ignoring the city of Bandung, Pontianak is the

city with the lowest DASI, which is 4.14

kWh/m

/day. When viewed from the position of

Pontianak at latitude coordinates, it is known that

Pontianak is the capital of the province which closest

to the equator at 0.08 to the south of the equator.

The annual AC system output is the average value

in one year of the inverter power output that will

distributed to PLN grid or to be used directly by the

producer. The value of power is already in the form

of Alternating Current (AC), not Direct Current (DC)

that produced by solar panel.

Figure 3 Latitude Coordinate from 34 Capital of The

Province in Indonesia

The northernmost city is located in the Sumatra

area, namely Banda Aceh at the coordinates of 5.55˚

north latitude and the southernmost city is Kupang,

which is located in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) area

at 10,183˚ south latitude. There are eight cities that

are located above the equator and 26 cities that are

located below the equator. More details can see at

figure 3.

Figure 4 DASI from 34 capital of the province in

kWh/m

/day

From the discussion above it is known that if

latitude coordinate closer to the equator, DASI will be

smaller and if latitude coordinate farther from the

equator, DASI will be greater. An exception occurs if

at some point have significant differences in climate

from surrounding area because it will affect the value

of DASI.

From figure shown below, Annual AC System

Output for 34 capital of the province in Indonesia

with the highest value is Kupang as well as the value

of DASI. For the city of Pontianak, annual AC system

output remain at the lowest value because the position

of Pontianak latitude coordinate is closest to the

equator compared to the other city.

Figure 5 Annual AC System Output of 34 Capital of The

Province in kWh

‐12

‐10

‐8

‐6

‐4

‐2

Kupang

Mataram

Surabaya

Bandung

Serang

Makassar

Bengkulu

Banjarmasin

Mamuju

Palangkaraya

Jambi

Palu

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Ternate

Manado

Medan

5,26

5,19

4,98

4,94

4,90

4,89

4,81

4,77

4,76

4,75

4,74

4,72

4,68

4,61

4,55

4,54

4,50

4,46

4,44

4,39

4,37

4,36

4,35

4,30

4,21

4,17

4,14

4,12

KUPANG

SORONG

TERNATE

KENDARI

AMBON

YOGYAKARTA

MATARAM

BENGKULU

JAKARTA

BANDAACEH

BATAM

PALANGKARA…

PEKANBARU

PADANG

JAMBI

SAMARINDA

BANDUNG

1388,95

1385,25

1382,7

1357,78

1316,17

1308,79

1300,81

1296,67

1283,99

1266,41

1259,48

1258,37

1255,41

1255,15

1254,53

1245,04

1231,7

1221,24

1216,47

1200,38

1193,95

1190,03

1175,16

1169,83

1168,28

1158,26

1152,92

1151,34

1143,89

1131,34

1130,53

1115,79

1107,37

1103,89

KUPANG

DENPASAR

TERNATE

JAYAPURA

KENDARI

YOGYAKARTA

BENGKULU

MATARAM

JAKARTA

BANDAACEH

BATAM

PANGKAL…

TANJUNGSELOR

BANDAR…

PEKANBARU

BANDUNG

SAMARINDA

Potential of Photovoltaic Technology in Indonesia based on Latitude Coordinate

Kupang is the city with the lowest LCOE from 34

capital of the province in Indonesia at 28.16

$cents/kWh. Meanwhile, Pontianak is the city with

the highest LCOE value at 35.43 $cents/kWh. This

condition is inversely proportional to the value of

DASI and annual AC system output where the LCOE

value in the city with the farthest latitude coordinates

from the equator will get the smallest value and the

city with the closest latitude coordinate from the

equator will get the largest value.

The value of LCOE in this research depends on

price of the components that used. With different

components, energy prices will also be different.

Therefore, the LCOE value in this research is only

used as a reference for obtaining the LCOE pattern

from 34 capital of the province in Indonesia with the

same components are used in the photovoltaic

system.

Figure 6 LCOE of 34 Capital of The Province in

$cents/kWh

4 CONCLUSIONS

The shift in longitude has no effect on the resulting

LCOE value. A coordinate that closer to the equator

or zero degrees of latitude have the higher of LCOE

value, and the farther from the equator have the

smaller of LCOE value.

The LCOE value in a geographic coordinate point

is inversely proportional to the daily average solar

irradiance and annual AC system output values.

The lowest LCOE value of 34 provinces in

Indonesia is in the city of Kupang with a value of

28.16 $cents/kWh where the city of Kupang is a city

located at coordinates 10,183˚ south latitude that

farthest province in Indonesia from the equator. The

highest LCOE value of 34 provinces in Indonesia is

in the city of Pontianak, at 35.43 $cents/kWh that also

the closest capital of the province in Indonesia from

the equator at 0.08˚ south latitude.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by Tropical Renewable

Energy Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas

Indonesia.

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28,16

28,23

28,28

28,80

29,71

29,88

30,06

30,16

30,46

30,88

31,05

31,08

31,15

31,16

31,17

31,41

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32,02

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34,57

34,59

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35,32

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KUPANG

DENPASAR

TERNATE

JAYAPURA

KENDARI

YOGYAKARTA

BENGKULU

MATARAM

JAKARTA

BANDAACEH

BATAM

PANGKAL…

TANJUNG…

BANDAR…

PEKANBARU

BANDUNG

SAMARINDA

ASAIS 2020 - Annual Southeast Asian International Seminar