An Employing Embedded Weather System for Self-driving Vehicles

Sahar Y. Mohammed

and Hamsa M. Ahmed

Computer Science Department, Al-Maarif University College, Iraq

College of Computer and Information Technology, Computer Sciences Department, University of Anbar, Iraq

Keywords: Weather Station, Temperature, Self-driving Cars, Semi Self-driving Cars.

Abstract: Throughout daily life, control of the atmosphere plays a significant part and includes understanding the

atmosphere environment. This system is a compact, low-cost weather data collection device that allows data

to be collected, processed, and transmitted. The proposal for a smart weather station is a weather reporting

system over the local networking. Weather station system is a hardware and software program that reads the

status of the weather from the real-time temperature and humidity, which is an IoT that is a wirelessly

connected. The client can directly access via local IP from any device connected in the same local network.

It also shows the result on the front web application, as well as supports API routes. A weather station is also

a tool that uses two sensors to collect weather and environment-related data. That means we need a weather

station to make weather forecasts and collect weather-related data. Climate influences the actions of the car.

The efficiency of vehicles, surface traction, and road structures raise the likelihood of crashes. While

automated vehicles (AVs) are already on the road, in adverse conditions, they do not function very well. High

temperature leads to the driver losing control of the vehicle and a crash.

1 INTRODUCTION

Nearly 100,000 fatalities each year were triggered by

tropical weather. Most of these fatalities arise in areas

system. Sensors in the base of operations.

Consequently, the users have been provided the

approximate weather details. (T. M. Bumbary et al.,

2017). Monitoring the atmosphere can help to

monitor different climate practices, including air

temperature (T. Sung et al., 2014). There are several

examples of the significance of al-ecological

forecasting. In order to sustain strong crop growth and

to ensure a healthy working atmosphere in the

industry, environmental conditions must be tracked,

etc. Owing to technological progress, the way to read

environmental parameters has become easier than in

recent days. (A. Sharma et al., 2016). By

automatically activating such behaviour and

monitoring the other equipment depending on the

controlled values of temperature and humidity, this

program may be applied to an automation network in

your house. The real-time weather forecasting

network is a valuable resource for tracking

agricultural climatic factors, as an excellent

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5911-9682

knowledge of the local environmental environment

allows many agricultural problems to be solved (S.

Tenzin at al., 2017). Thanks to its low prices, high

accuracy, and simple user experience with relatively

small maintenance costs, the proposed device is

handy (H. Saini et al, 2016).

In varying environmental environments and various

periods of days, the performance of individual

sensors shifts drastically. A LIDAR is very well

performing under bright circumstances, but its

sensitivity in rainy or snowy environments

dramatically decreases. To render autonomous

vehicles internationally appropriate in any nation and

throughout each region throughout addition to

operating with the same accuracy during the day, a lot

of work and development needs to be performed here.

Different climates have seen their results in the same

location. A trained model will be consistent quite

differently with others in every form of environment

picture. There has been a lot of work and. (S. Bag.

2017). Many obstacles for automated vehicles in

these areas include poor weather, especially because

the general lack of road maintenance often demands

improved danger identification, such as potholes, if

speeds advised must be sustained, in particular (J. P.

Sipani, et al., 2017). As shown in Figure 1, to ensure

safe road and efficient driving, Self-Driving Vehicles

to operate rainy or foggy, there will be a speed limit

so that the vehicle does not run at over speed. To

detect lane in bad weather or at night. (M. Daily et al.,

2017).

Figure 1: The relationship of self-driving cars with weather.

2 RELATED WORK

Although auto-driving cars need all the same

embedded systems as your car today, other methods

are much more important, critical for driving self-

driving vehicles. Self-driving cars need all the

technologies to make them completely aware of their

surroundings and able to respond to environmental

changes. The best reactions to villagers, other

vehicles on the road, road obstructions, and other road

hazards are essential for these automobiles. You will

have to take account of environmental changes. For

example, a self-driving car needs to know precisely

what it takes to drive in this area if a sudden rainstorm

or snowstorm occurs.

Dlnya Abdul had Aziz. 2018, illustrated the

stable, friendly, and structured design of control

systems with low-cost constraints. Due to its

implementation in various fields, the project charms

the (IoT) features in particular as a weather

monitoring device to match navigation; Selecting

transport routes, such as sailing, riding or flying, and

planting the seed in farms under specific conditions,

this work proved a sensible decision to implant the

device in the agricultural fields.

Greco, Luca et al., 2018, designed a new

microcontroller pick. The design of the device

involves a secret aim of achieving a low-power

consumable solution.

In addition to all remaining sensors, the

microcontroller will consume too little power

consumption. Sensor data is typically obtained as

integer values, representing the parameter value of

the setting. Sensor data is generally collected as

integer values, representing the parameter value of

the environment. For consumers to grasp, it will be in

a graphical image. The details hosting on the own site

page are more expensive and must be leased. To-the

expense of the program. This weather station

provides many benefits, including high precision,

high reliability, easy maintenance, low power

consumption, easy to extend, and remote monitoring

in real-time. The device is simple to construct,

compact, cost-effective, energy-effective, and

dependable. The hardware architecture and data

collection methods were illustrated-data of 4 months

with variability altitude and timing of weather

parameters.

M. Nsabagwa, M. Byamukama, E. Kondela, and

J. S. Otim, 2018, proposed an automatic weather

stations are important for the management of weather

information because they provide accurate and timely

data, however, if AWSs are inexpensive or not robust,

it is difficult to achieve timeliness and precision.

Because of our assessment in relation to the key non-

functional categories i.e., this paper has been

presented. Project attributes and constraints on

efficiency. There are several prototype issues that need

to be improved to get an affordable and sturdy AWS.

There are several prototype issues that need to be/

improved in order to achieve an affordable and robust

AWS. Power consumption. The prototype can

minimize power consumption by flipping the gateway,

The Pi Raspberry. The design of the power supply is

important for battery-powered AWS components such

as sensor nodes and microcontrollers with low power

gateways. Transmission of data. The first-generation

AWS prototype uses raspbian, an operating system

similar to that of Linux. A number of communication

devices are supported at the gateway. Environment

parameters. The first-generation AWS prototype lacks

rainfall measurements, which are particularly

important for East Africa. First-generation AWS

prototype is missing. Reliability. The correlations

between temperature data were non-linear, particularly

for July. This was due to the fact that the AWS

prototype temperature sensor was not enclosed in the

radiation shield, which caused the sensor to be heated

by direct sunlight and increased the reading values.

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Using the data cable to connect the Arduino Uno

board to the CPU. The breadboard is fitted with a

DHT 11 temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor

is again attached by the serial communication cables

to the Arduino Uno board. Later, the correct software

is imported into Arduino Software and the humidity

and temperature measurements are displayed in a

serial monitor. Arduino is the weather station's brain,

which gathers several data from sensor DH11. This

can calculate temperature and humidity from the

climate, as its name implies. The planned weather

station project is built around and process and view

them on the computer by using the web-based

Interface of the weather station to track data in real-

time. Users will view data anytime in real-time, the

intended outcome of this effort. This ensures that

consumers will view details in real-time if they decide

to learn what the temperature is. Then there are real-

time updates that allow users to schedule the day.

Awareness of such alarms that help prevent

emergencies. All modules have been planned, and all

components have been assembled. The growing

module has successfully been checked (see figures 2,

3, and 4). In a safe setting, the sensor readings were

effectively retrieved. More experiments in

environments more similar to real weather conditions

are therefore needed.

3.1 Code Mechanism

Figure 2: Code Mechanism.

The ESP8266 functions like an Access Point. We first

create a hotspot Wi-Fi link system (Access Point),

make web server, and handled it.

Figure 3: Connecting weather station components.

Setting up ESP8266 as an AP with the following

commands as a password using the Custom SSID

(WIFI AS) command.

Figure 4: WI-FI station mode and connect to the access

point.

As shown in figure 5, the centralized SDN controller

is responsible for “slice”. The infrastructure include

all physical network that consist some parts: “RAN

nodes”, devices, “transport network”, and “storage”,

then, connecting all the components to each sensor in

order to a breadboard and the connected jumper

wires.

Figure 5: Web -server data.

3.2 User Interaction with Architecture

Figure 6: User Interaction architecture.

Figure 6 shows that the when take mobile and Turn

on Wi-Fi and in Wi-Fi configuration Search for hot

spot, and will find the hot-spot "ESP6822”

Webserver" with password provided in the software.

Open a web browser and enter the dynamic ip address

after connecting to the ESP hotspot. The DHT11

sensor display.

4 SYSTEM DESIGN

This paper introduces a weather station model based

on a microcontroller and a sensor. The system is

designed to be scalable and easy to set up and extend.

It is based on a powerful microcontroller (NodeMcu

v3 ESP8266) that manages the whole system and

sensor (DH11) for temperature and humidity (see

figures 7. For the observation and measurement of the

environment or the location.

4.1 NodeMCU V3 ESP8266

The ESP8266 contains a Wi-Fi transceiver. It not only

binds to and communicates with a Wi-Fi network, but

it even creates a system itself. There are many

microcontroller modules on the market, but the blades

are produced with minimal equipment as low as

practicable.

Figure 7: System design.

As in the module ESP6288, which only has one

analog signal (D. A. Aziz, 2018); (L. Greco et al.,

2016). NodeMCU is an open-source IoT program

operated by the ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip-based network.

Version 3 of NodeMCU is supported by an ESP-11E

(ESP8266MOD), a simple-to-use USB adapter built

on the CH340 g module and a micro USB connector,

with an analog and digital button. Arduino has

recently started to build a new microcontroller. This

war came about when a new ESP8266 Node MCU

module was developed and popularly recognized. As

shown in figure 8, the module is independent of the

AVR processors and partially similar to the Arduino

MCU (A. Al Dahoud and M. Fezari, 2018).

Figure 8: NodeMcu v3 ESP8266 (A. Al Dahoud and M.

Fezari, 2018).

4.2 Jumper Wires

Such quality jumper wires have a total of six (150

mm) and a 'line' of 40 (4 bits in each of ten rainbow

colors); on one end of them, It has 0.1 'male header

contacts and 0.1' contacts on the male header on the

other. The best thing is they are equipped with a 40-

pin belt cord. The ribbon wires may be taken off to

create an independent jumper or held together to

make entirely connected wires. Such male to female

jumpers is robotic and embedded system designs.

Electrical wiring is the electrical construction in a

system of the fence and the associated devices, such

as buttons, boards, and connectors. Cables are subject

to construction and implementation protection

requirements. Arduino Uno and breadboards have

three essential forms of jumper wires (R. Vijay et al.,

2017); (M. Kashyap et al., 2018), see figure 9:

• Male to male jumper wires.

• Male to female jumper wires.

• Female to female jumper wires

Figure 9: Jumper Wires (M. Kashyap et al., 2018)

Jumpers can be omitted or connected to other device

output solutions, including on/off switches. A jumper

is constructed of electricity transmitting materials and

is coated with a non-conducting membrane to avoid

unintended short circuits. The key benefit of the

jumper is its one-time configuration, rendering it less

vulnerable than firmware to manipulation or power

loss. (K. Chidhambaram et al., 2019).

4.3 DHT11

DHT11 is an inexpensive, moisture and temperature-

sensitive sensor. We attached the DHT11 sensor to

the Arduino's digital pin seven during this

phase.There are three pins from Vcc, Data, and NC

(not linked) and GND from left to right. There are

primarily three buttons. DH11 is Connects the soil on

Arduino and Vcc soil to Arduino 5V production (E.

P. Uagbae, et al., 2018). DHT11 is a low-cost wireless

system for temperature control and air humidity

calculation (M. Katyal et al., 2018), see figure 10.

Figure 10: DHT11 (M. Katyal et al., 2018).

4.4 Breadboard

As depicts in figure 11, the breadboard had been a

useful tool for basic electronic experiments. The

breadboard can still survive for another ten years.

Nonetheless, a complicated wiring job can be a

nightmare during the trial except for an expert person.

Requires not only time to wires, but even a non-

logical error may arise where a loose connection

occurs between the jump.

Figure 11: Breadboard.

5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND

DISCUSSION

A full system check was carried out prior to the start

of the experiment to ensure that the transmitter and

receiver system did not encounter a minimal error.

Every sensor has successfully been tested. The

experiment takes place by the receiver system

connected to a device see figure 12. The results are

the minimal error in sensor readings. The Interface

was installed, developed and installed to view the

data.

Figure 12: Hardware implementation.

Within the current weather method, realistic

enhanced data reliability outcomes are calculated.

The findings produced while the station operated

twice a day (7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) in six reading

periods (temp, hum) from the broadcaster node in

Ramadi Iraq between 1-April-2020 and 7 -April-2020

were seen in table1:

Table 1: Weather data from the proposed weather station.

The difference between reading from Table 1

(www.weather.com) and the reading from Table 2

(proposed weather station) is minimum. The

difference in temperature is about 2

C, the difference

in humidity is about 3%, were seen in table2:

Table 2: Weather data from the weather station.

A comparison between weather measurements

from air stations and weather.com, the results are

matched. Weather Station Accuracy 95.2 %. After

connecting the weather station to the wireless access

point, we use a networking tool to get the IP address

assigned to it by the access point DHCP service and

use this IP address to access the weather station's

web-based GUI for real-time data monitoring. And

we can use the same IP address with postfix

'/temperature' or '/humidity' and implement these as

an API to use with other apps that utilize our weather

station's service. All modules have been planned, and

all components have been assembled. Each module

had been successfully tested. The sensor readings

were recovered effectively in a safe environment and

the results are returned to the user for viewing through

a web page. We then plotted graphical charts.

Using the data that offered a nice weather pattern

analytical view based on sensor readings. And the

evaluation process was completed. This study was

carried out in a controlled fashion. Curve of

performance of the findings obtained in the

experiments are below (see figures 13 and 14).

Figure 13: Temperature.

Figure 14: Humidity.

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

SCOPE

This prototype offers a practical and low-cost

approach for continuous monitoring. Fast repair, low

power usage, natural expanding, and remote con troll

in real-time. The only drawback of this sensor is that

you can get current data from it every second or two

seconds. But, despite its efficiency and size, you can't

talk about it. As expected, one of the potential fields

of mobile apps is consistent with some core data

input. The unique feature to be included as an idea in

this device is that it can be used for any vital

environments or local area rather than. Costly

weather stations that can work on a full scale. Such

operate on public wireless networks to a limited

degree. The machine is built for (humidity,

temperature, air pressure, wind speed) direction, and

in the real-time calculation of the current values. The

algorithm for short- term weather forecasting can be

applied based on the juxtaposition of historical data

and actual calculated information, established

methods of weather forecasting, and the

determination of the relationship between produced

meteorological quantities. The device may be used to

measure temperature and humidity in space or

business. People with asthma, pregnancy, old age

need to have different temperature and humidity. The

heat and thickness of the goal region should be

experienced, not in a town or village.

Even when self-driving vehicles also

optimistically forecast temperatures at entry, the

development of the system is used in warm

environments with the first hardware. Nonetheless,

sunny weather conditions may hinder the

implementation of autonomous vehicles, or create

issues if it is deployed too rapidly in cold weather. In

the near term, some of these Motor vehicles will

secretly calculate, track and distribute direct road and

air condition (pressure, temperature) and indirect

(e.g., wiper, anti-locking, and vehicle stability control

system status) measurement and distribution.

Weather conditions play a significant role in affecting

self-driving cars, which are still under development

with advanced digital sensors and cameras to read

weather changes, such as temperature, precipitation,

and fog. Soon, we will work to develop this weather

monitoring to stop the self-driving car driving in the

event of high heat or humidity to avoid accidents. Bad

weather is an unusual natural occurrence. But a

defensive response may be performed to alert citizens

about adverse weather hazards on roads or deteriorate

the environment. Yet drivers may be admonished by

utilizing the weather station program on environment

and road conditions in real-time.

In the future, we can add a number of different

Sensors such as earthquakes detection sensor, rain

Rate sensor, light sensor and send data to the server

and to the cloud. User will communicate with the

device using the app.in the future, we will work to

develop this weather monitoring to stop the self-

driving car. Driving in the event of high heat or

humidity to avoid accidents.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, praise and our appreciation to God who

facilitated this research. We would like to express our

appreciation and thank you very much for your help.

Ali Alshekarchee and Dr. Khattab M. Ali Alheeti

speech to teach values and patience

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