Preliminary Study of Research and Development of Solid Electrolyte

based LTP for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Selly Pratiwi

, Romie Oktovianus Bura

, and Evvy Kartini

Faculty of Defense Technology, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia

Center for Science and Technology of Advance Materials, National Nuclear Energy Agency(BATAN) South Tangerang,

Indonesia

Keywords: All-Solid-State Battery, Lithium-Ion Battery, LTP, Solid-Electrolyte.

Abstract: Lithium was developed as an energy storage because of various advantages it offers. The development of

lithium batteries further increases the density of stored energy, the safety and the endurance in its life cycle.

Among the development of a new generation energy storage, the development of all-solid-state batteries is

one of the solution to improve batteries with higher safety, energy density and endurance in its life cycle. The

development of all-solid-state batteries by converting liquid electrolytes to solid electrolytes has been carried

out. Low conductivity of solid electrolytes is a challenge to produce all-solid-state batteries. This paper

discusses an overview of the development for solid electrolytes with Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP)

materials. The discussion includes the correlation between the material, composition, method and

conductivity of the solid electrolyte produced. Each material with a different composition has characteristic

and expected to increase the conductivity of solid electrolytes and can be used as a method to improve the

performance of lithium batteries with solid electrolytes (all- solid-state batteries).

1 INTRODUCTION

Defense Development can never be separated from the

development and mastery of Defense Technology.

Included in defense technology is technology for

defense equipments. Defense equipments are all

equipments that are built to support national defense

as well as security and public order. Defense

equipment is an important factor in the development

of national defense whose responsibility is to maintain

national defense and sovereignty to national borders

on land, sea and air.

Unequal energy availability in Indonesia has

frequently been a barrier in military operations,

especially for those that are based in border areas.

These conditions encourage Indonesia to develop

energy storage with higher endurance and energy

density, as well as light weight and secure so that it

can sustain the energy needs of the equipments used

in military operations. The following Figure 1 is

roadmap for development of energy storage,

especially secondary battery in Indonesia.

The development of secondary/rechargeable

battery technology as energy storage in Indonesia

itself has been initiated and introduced since 2011; in

the current era of 2015-2020 the development of

secondary batteries on research and development scale

is at a stage where research is carried out more in

depth, namely on secondary batteries based on lithium

ion and modifications of new electrodes, electrolytes

and separators.

Secondary battery that utilizes lithium ions is a

promising next generation energy storage because of

its high energy density. However, the utilization of

lithium ion batteries faces several problems caused by

its liquid electrolyte. This happens as liquid

electrolytes in lithium ion batteries are vulnerable in

terms of safety. In addition, lithium ion batteries

themselves is very reactive to water or water vapor, so

that the battery assembly is done with minimum use

of liquid material or even liquid free.

In anticipation of the possible problems with

lithium ion batteries caused by liquid electrolytes, a

new form of electrolyte so-called solid electrolyte was

developed. Solid electrolytes can be obtained from

several types of inorganic materials that possess

characteristics of high energy level, high conductivity

potential, high levels of security and safety. This paper

intends to summarize the potential of glass composite

to become Solid Electrolyte on Lithium-ion Battery.

656

Pratiwi, S., Bura, R. and Kartini, E.

Preliminary Study of Research and Development of Solid Electrolyte Based LTP for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

DOI: 10.5220/0010431200003051

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies (CESIT 2020), pages 656-660

ISBN: 978-989-758-501-2

Figure 1: Roadmap of Development for Secondary Battery

in Indonesia.

2 LITHIUM ION BATTERY

Development of energy storage technology is not

only for devices to be used as energy storage but more

to devices that are able to function as energy storage

as well as the conversion of the energy it stores, so

that the stored energy can be used immediately. The

battery is a technology that can be used as an energy

storage and converter of electrochemical energy

which has many advantages and is being actively

developed. In addition, the use of batteries as energy

storage and converter can also reduce CO2 gas

emissions generated from fossil fuels which may

damage the environment. Because of that using

batteries as energy storage and converter is deemed

appropriate to meet existing energy needs. Related to

the statement, batteries in large capacities can be

utilized for power grids and electric vehicles.

Lithium ion batteries are included in the

secondary battery group, which means these batteries

have a reversible chemical process. Reversible

electrochemical reaction is a reaction in which the

process of converting electrical energy into chemical

energy (charging process) and the process of

converting chemical energy into electrical energy

(discharging process) may be done. The development

of lithium ion batteries is carried out due to the many

advantages possessed by lithium ion batteries,

including its light mass and that lithium material

included in the material which is safe to use for

electrochemical processes unlike some previous

secondary batteries such as Ni-MH and Ni-Cd

Lithium is also considered ideal because it has a high

oxidation potential. In addition, another advantage

possessed by lithium ion batteries is good stability in

storing energy so that it has a life time of up to 10

years or more. Researcher from Exxon, M.S.

Whittingham. He researched the Electrical properties

of Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry in

1970. He explained the intercalation process (the

process of moving lithium ions from the anode to the

cathode and from the cathode to the anode) on the

lithium ion battery. In the process of charge and

discharge, lithium ion batteries undergo reaction

based on the phenomenon of intercalation. The

intercalation process on lithium ion batteries can be

seen in Figure 2.

Lithium ion batteries are rated as the next

generation energy storage technology with its various

advantages. The technology can be applied in a

variety of devices as energy storage and supply,

especially in supporting energy supplies in some

defense equipment. Lithium ion batteries are widely

used in some defense equipment, especially in

defense equipment that requires lengthy operating

time such as some military equipments used by

special forces, drones, to submarines.

Figure 2: Charge Dan Discharge Lithium Ion Battery.

3 SOLID ELECTROLYTE

A battery is composed of three main components

namely anode, cathode and electrolyte. Now in

general the lithium ion batteries on the market are

composed of carbon graphite as an anode, lithium

cobalt as a cathode and electrolyte which is still in the

form of liquid or gel. The vulnerability of liquid

electrolytes, especially in terms of durability and

safety makes the need for development of this battery

element. The development of Solid Electrolytes is

considered to be a solution to the current lithium

battery problem caused by the electrolyte which is

still in the form of liquid or gel.

Solid electrolyte itself has the potential to be used

in various types of electronic equipment with various

advantages, namely it is more resistant to high

temperatures, good resistance to impact and vibration

and does not cause leakage.

Preliminary Study of Research and Development of Solid Electrolyte Based LTP for Lithium-Ion Batteries

657

Solid Electrolyte can be obtained from various

types of inorganic materials which have high

conductivity, safety and security values. One material

that is widely investigated as a constituent of Solid

Electrolytes is glass material. The use of glass

material in the manufacture of Solid Electrolytes has

several advantages, among other things is that it is

easily formed in a variety of shapes and sizes and has

a relatively lower melting temperature. However,

behind the advantages of this glass material, the

conductivity value of glass material itself is relatively

low. Therefore, the glass material used in the

manufacture of solid electrolytes still needs to be

modified by the addition of other materials to increase

the conductivity value.

Glass materials such as Li3PO4 Lithium-

Phosphate have a low conductivity value of ~ 10-9S /

m. However, the addition of lithium ions to the

lithium-phosphate bond can increase the conductivity

value. The synthesis results obtained from the

addition of lithium ions to the Li3PO4 bond are

Li4P2O7 with a higher conductivity value of ~

3.85x10-5 S / cm. Glass-based Solid Electrolytes

continue to experience development and modification

to increase the conductivity values of these Solid

Electrolytes.

Modifications to solid electrolytes include the

development of Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP)-

based solid electrolytes. Several studies are reported

to have modified the Li2O-P2O5 system by adding

oxides such as Al2O3, TiO2, GeO2 and SiO2 to

increase the ion conductivity of solid electrolyte

material.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Solid Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP) based

electrolyte is considered to be one of the solid

electrolytes that have good stability potential at room

temperature. Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP) has

chemical characteristics that are stable, non-

flammable and the waste produced is classified as

environmentally friendly. Therefore Lithium

Titanium Phosphate (LTP) material is being

considered to be used as the basis for making solid

electrolytes as a constituent of lithium ion batteries.

Besides that, the characteristic needed by lithium ion

batteries is high conductive capability at room

temperature, but Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP)

material has relatively lower conductivity at room

temperature due to high barriers in grain boundary.

Higher porosity causes lithium ions to travel greater

distances between grains so that the ionic

conductivity is low. Modifying Lithium Titanium

Phosphate (LTP) with trivalent atom doping tends to

reduce the porosity of Lithium Titanium Phosphate

(LTP) and will certainly increase the value of Lithium

Titanium Phosphate (LTP) conductivity and can meet

the criteria as solid electrolytes for lithium ion

batteries.

Some modifications to Lithium Titanium

Phosphate (LTP) with the addition of doping in the

form of trivalent atoms have been carried out. Among

them are the addition of Aluminum (Al), Vanadium

(V), Gallium (Ga) atoms. Besides using trivalent

atoms as doping in the modification of Lithium

Titanium Phosphate (LTP), there are also doping

additions in the form of Liquid Ion ([BMIM] [BF4]),

addition of Li3BO3 Glass. The use of lithium salt as

doping has also been done, the lithium salt group

including LiI. The addition of lithium salt to glass-

based solid electrolytes has been carried out and has

succeeded in increasing the conductivity value up to

10-4S / cm.

The use of doping is considered helpful in

increasing the value of conductivity in the results of

solid electrolyte synthesis. In addition to modifying

the material by adding doping to the synthesis

material, the method used can also affect the

conductivity value of the solid electrolytes produced.

The Solid State Reaction method is a method that is

deemed appropriate to be used to synthesize a solid

material with a solid reacted at the melting

temperature of each material. Solid state reaction is a

method used to synthesize inorganic and organic

compounds. Solid stated also has the advantage that

the method is simple and does not use many

precursors. The use of appropriate methods can

increase the conductivity of the synthesis results,

especially in the use of the right temperature in the

synthesis process.

The production of Lithium Titanium Phosphate

(LTP) based electrolytes can be done through various

methods and raw materials. Certainly, the

modifications made at the research and development

stage aims to improve the quality of the solid

electrolytes produced. The development of solid

electrolytes in the research and development process

can be seen in Figure 3.

CESIT 2020 - International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies

658

Figure 3: This caption has one line so it is centered.

The diagram above is the result of a Preliminary

Study conducted by the author in the development of

solid electrolytes by reviewing material

modifications, the method used and the conductivity

value resulting from each synthesis result. Based on

the diagram, the authors assume that for further

development Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP)

materials can be obtained from Li4P2O7 and TiO2

using LiI Doping. Meanwhile, the synthesis method

used can use the solid state reaction method.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Lithium-ion Batteries bear several vulnerabilities

caused by its liquid electrolytes, especially in terms

of safety and life cycle. To anticipate this

vulnerability, solid electrolytes were developed as a

substitute for liquid electrolytes and t lithium ion

batteries into an all-solid state battery. Solid

electrolytes can be obtained from several inorganic

materials which have the characteristics of high

conductivity values at room temperature and stable

electrochemical properties and have a high level of

security. Based on the preliminary study conducted in

this paper, Lithium Titanium Phosphate has good

potential by modifying the appropriate synthesis

method and the addition of doping. To be used as a

basis for solid electrolytes in lithium ion batteries.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Capacity Building

Program of the Faculty of Defense Technology,

Indonesia Defense University.

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