Waters Utilization of Toba Lake for Fish Cultivation and Tourism

Sabungan Sibarani

Postgraduate Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Borobudur University

Keywords: Toba Fund, Engagement, Tourism.

Abstract: Lake Toba is one of the 15 priority lakes of the government program to save the lake ecosystem in

Indonesia from extinction due to damage. The role of Lake Toba as the largest lake in Indonesia is

undeniably very important to support human life, especially for local communities. Utilization of the waters

of Lake Toba is as a source of raw water for the community. Most of the villages / hamlets around the lake

use lake water directly, both for bathing and washing and drinking. Many of these villages / hamlets are

highly dependent on lake water for domestic needs, because water sources from the mountains are not

available. Lake Toba is used by the local community as a fish farming and tourist destination. These two

aspects provide great benefits for the surrounding community and local government. In this case, it needs

the support and participation of stakeholders in the future so that Lake Toba becomes a pilot area for lakes

in Indonesia for fish cultivation and as a means of tourism.

1 INTRODUCTION

North Sumatera is one of ten leading tourist

destinations in Indonesia. The province has 339

tourist attractions spread throughout its 33

municipalities. Until today 120 of them have been

promoted and marketed. One attraction that is

promoted for its natural beauty is Lake Toba. It is

indeed the mainstay tourist attraction of the

province. There are 8 regencies having

administrative territories around the lake. Each has

tourist sites with their respective unique

characteristics. (Jaya, 2019).

Lake Toba is one of the largest lakes in

Indonesia with the type of volcano-tectonic lake.

The explosion of Toba volcano (tumor Batak)

formed Lake Toba. It located in the coordinates of

2010’N-300’N and 98020” E-99050”E or in the

Bukit Barisan mountains of North Sumatra Province.

The Lake Toba area consisted of seven districts,

namely North Tapanuli Regency, Humbang

Hasundutan, Toba Samosir, Samosir, Simalungun,

Karo, and Dairi. The area of Lake Toba is 1,124

km2 with a maximum depth in the northern concave

section (508 m) while the southern concave

maximum depth is 420 m. (Lubis, 2019).

The huge potential of the waters of Lake Toba is

water that flows through the inlet and has been used

for the Sigura-gura Hydro Power Plant (PLTA). The

capacity is quite large, reaching 286 Megawatts

(MW), compared to the Maninjau PLTA which is

only 68 MW, and has been operating since

1982. Another activity that has developed in the

waters of Lake Toba is the aquaculture business of

the floating net cage system (KJA), which is the first

time tried in 1988 (Dharma, 1988). The level of total

fish production from KJA in Lake Toba waters in

2010 was recorded at 47,478 tons and the dominant

production areas are Samosir Regency (24,420 tons),

Toba Samosir Regency (10,372 tons), and

Simalungun Regency (9,807 tons). (Afonina, 2018).

In the utilization of the waters of Lake Toba,

need a variety of careful consideration for the sake

of balance that refers to the use of the waters of

sustainable development (sustainable

development). The Lake Toba area, which is located

in 7 districts, needs to implement a one-hand

management policy (One lake one management), to

accommodate various interests and maintain the

sustainability of the lake's ecological system

itself. Understanding of the limnological conditions

of the waters of a lake is very important in the

development of today's society. This is related to the

lake's vulnerability to environmental threats which is

getting higher in line with the intensity of its use.

(Hanson, 2012).

The pollution of Lake Toba waters was caused

by the large amount of sediment deposits and other

558

Sibarani, S.

Waters Utilization of Toba Lake for Fish Cultivation and Tourism.

DOI: 10.5220/0010337500003051

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies (CESIT 2020), pages 558-564

ISBN: 978-989-758-501-2

chemical factors. This will result in disruption of

fish habitat and can affect the function of organisms

in the ecosystem. As explained by Shuai et al.

(2017) chemical factors such as DO, water clarity,

NH4- N concentration and TDS will influence fish

to find food. Consistent habitat will affect the role of

organisms in the ecosystem.

Based on the review above, the waters of Lake

Toba are also used as a means of fish farming by the

local community. This is a form of concern for the

Regional Government, in this case the Provincial

Government of North Sumatra in improving the

standard of living of local communities, as well as

serving as a means of tourism for domestic and

foreign tourists. (Kartamihardja, 2012).

Based on various publications, the recorded Lake

Toba fish community reaches 18 species, whereas

Kartamihardja found 13 species and several new

introduced fish. Introduced species such as tilapia

and goldfish were introduced to Lake Toba in 1940

and 1937, respectively. (Sarnita, 1999).

Currently, the Lake Toba area is the center of

tourism in North Sumatra. The main attraction is the

panoramic view of the blue expanse of water, which

makes this lake the largest lake tourist attraction in

Indonesia. Data on tourist visits between 1990 and

1995, about 500 thousand people per year, and 20

percent of them are foreign tourists (Dinas

Pariwisata DT II Simalungun, 1996, unpublished).

The low diversity index and the uniformity index

of living things in the Lake Toba waters were caused

by waste in the environment. Environmental waste

in lake waters is influenced by physical-chemical

properties, such as temperature, pH, organic matter,

inorganic substances, salinity, and others. Afonina &

Tashlykova (2018) stated the temperature of water,

minerals, and pH, the main factors for determining

the abiotic and biotic components of a waters,

greatly influences the structure of the plankton

community. Plankton play a role in the nitrogen

cycle and its response to changes in environmental

factors in freshwater ecosystems.

With regard to tourism development, of the 147

hamlets / villages scattered around Lake Toba, 15 of

which are tourism and business areas that also

support tourism such as Parapat, Balige, and

Panguruan; 12 locations have undeveloped tourism

potential; and others are villages / hamlets not

related to tourism. Overall, there are 27 locations

that need to be given attention in the utilization of

their area, especially water areas, to maintain natural

conditions. Thus, tourism activities and their

development can continue to be supported.

In order to synergize various government

policies with the existence of floating net cages

(KJA) in Lake Toba, which was originally based on

the lack of agricultural produce there, KJA is the

answer to various problems.

Lake Toba in North Sumatra is a popular

destination for local and foreign tourists. The

government of Indonesia expects foreign arrivals to

Lake Toba to increase from 250,000 to 1 million

people over the next four years (The Jakarta Post,

2017). There are many development projects, as well

as promotional efforts carried out by the Ministry of

Tourism Indonesia, aiming to welcome the

international tourists to Lake Toba, thus, generating

tourism revenue for the country. Therefore, in

supporting the ministry’s efforts, this study attempts

to explore and analyze tourists’ experiences in Lake

Toba as a tourism destination.

In Indonesia, the tourism sector has become the

center of attention of the government today and is a

mainstay of state revenue. Jokowi's government has

determined tourism as a priority sector that can

boost the economy. Tourism is an important job

creator, employing millions of people around the

world. (Manurung, et.al. 2020).

Lake Toba has the potential to attribute tourist

destinations on the 5A system. In terms of the level

of local community participation, the community

response to its involvement in tourism-destination

attributes in Lake Toba can be categorized in the

“partnership” phase. (Wiweka, et. al., 2020).

One of the developing tourism areas in the North

Sumatera is the Lake Toba. The government has set

this area as one of the main national tourism

destination Samosir, Toba Samosir, Simalungun,

North Tapanuli, Humbang Hasundan, Karo, and

Dairi, and is located in the center of Batak culture

with several of subethnic, including Simalungun,

Tapanuli, Karo, and Pakpak, and also various

traditions.

This sub-ethnic cluster possesses various cultural

resources which are mainly reserved in rural areas. It

also owns a large topographic and lake surface

potential for various economic and noneconomic

activities. From the perspective of tourism

development, the existence of these resources is

valuable assets to force the development of tourism.

Extensively, lakes are identified by many

countries and destinations in tourism promotional

campaigns, whether it provides a key image of

destination or an attractive backdrop for other leisure

activities. Due to that, attention should be given to

lake tourism as it falls under natural environment

that promotes both tourism and recreational

Waters Utilization of Toba Lake for Fish Cultivation and Tourism

559

activities. There are many beautiful lakes in the

world, such as Lake Como in Northern Italy,

Maligne Lake in Canada, and Lake Pichola in India.

Besides that, one of the largest volcanoes-tectonic

lakes in the world are Lake Toba. The lake is located

in the province of North Sumatra, 176km to the west

of the provincial capital, Medan. Lake Toba can be

reached by car from Medan within three hours. By

plane, Medan is 40 minutes away from Singapore

and two hours from Jakarta, the capital city of

Indonesia. The lake is one of the country’s important

tourist destinations with its position not only as one

of the largest volcanic lakes in the world, but also as

one of the biggest lakes in Southeast Asia. (Azmi

et.al, 2018).

Lake Toba functioned as a water transportation

infrastructure, community water source and the main

one as a hydroelectric power station to supply

electrical energy needs.

The research method used in this research

is qualitative research methods. Research is used to

examine the conditions of natural objects, where the

researcher is the key instrument. And also the

quantitative research that is by looking for

information about existing symptoms, clearly

defined objectives to be achieved, to plan his

approach, collect data as ingredients to make a

report related to the utilization of waters of Lake

Toba to cultivation of Fish and Tourism.

This research was conducted through literature

study and direct observation in the field and

supported by interviews with related parties.

2 LIBRARY

2.1 Concept about Tourists

According to the World Tourism Organization in

Marpaung (2002), tourists are every four people

living in a country regardless of nationality, visiting

a place in the same country for a period of more than

24 hours whose purpose of travel can be classified

as: utilizing free time to be creative, vacation, health,

education, religion, and sports or business and

visiting family. (Maksimovic, 2019).

The development of tourist open space in the

form of tourist image, tourist satisfaction, interest

and loyalty of influential visitors and supporting

regional development.

2.2 Concept of Tourist Attraction

Based on the Republic of Indonesia Law No.10 of

2009, Tourist Attraction is described as anything

that has uniqueness, convenience, and value in the

form of a diversity of natural, cultural and man-

made wealth that is the target or tourist visit. A

tourist attraction is based on several important

points, namely: the existence of resources that can

create a feeling of pleasure, beauty, comfort and

cleanliness; there is high accessibility to be able to

visit it; the presence of special characteristics that

are rare; the existence of supporting facilities and

infrastructure; has high attractiveness due to inner

beauty; and there is a special value because it has an

appeal in the arts, traditional ceremonies or the

existence of values that form objects of past works.

2.3 The Concept of Tourism Potential

Tourism potential is the various resources found in a

certain area that can be developed into tourist

attractions (Pendit, 1999).

2.4 Concept about Management

In a broader sense, management can be defined as:

the process of how to make it manage; the process

helps formulate policies and organizational goals,

the process provides oversight on all matters

involved in its implementation and policies

in achieving goals (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia

III (2001; 470).

2.5 The Concept of Nature Tourism

Nature tourism can be interpreted as a form of

recreation and tourism that utilizes the potential of

natural resources and their ecosystems, both in their

original form and after a combination of human

creativity, according to Fandeli (2001).

3 RESEARCH METHODS

The research method used in this research

is qualitative research methods. Research is used to

examine the conditions of natural objects, where the

researcher is the key instrument. And also the

quantitative research that is by looking for

information about existing symptoms, clearly

defined objectives to be achieved, to plan his

approach, collect data as ingredients to make a

CESIT 2020 - International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies

560

report related to the utilization of waters of Lake

Toba to cultivation of Fish and Tourism.

This research was conducted through literature

study and direct observation in the field and

supported by interviews with related parties (see

Table 1).

Table 1: Data Sources and Collection Techniques.

No Activity Desc

ription

Type

Data

Sources

of Data

Data

Collecti

Techniq

ues

1. Water quality

data

Physical para

meters includ

e temperature,

dissolved sol

ids, conductiv

ity

and turbidity,

while

chemical para

meters

include pH,

ammonia, nitr

ate,

phosphate an

d chloride.

Prima

and

secon

dary

Agency

for

Environ

mental

Living,

Researc

and

Develo

pment

of the

Provinc

ial

Govern

ment N

orth

Sumater

Laborat

ory

analysis

docume

study

2. Data precipita

tion rain

Secon

dary

Depart

ment

of Agri

culture,

Fisherie

s and Li

vestock

the Pro

vincial

Govern

ment N

orth

Sumater

Docum

ent

study

3. Fish farming

strategy

model

Prima

Survey,

observa

tion,

NGOs,

local

govern

ment.

Intervie

ws in de

pth

(in-

depth

intervie

ws)

Based on the table above, it is clear that this

study comes from primary and secondary data,

primary data, data obtained by conducting field

surveys, while secondary data is data obtained from

various literature related to the topic that the author

raises.

4 DISCUSSIONS

Prior to the discussion, the author first explains

about the use of Lake Toba for the use of fish

farming and tourism.

4.1 Fish Cultivation

The utilization of the waters of Lake Toba is very

diverse, well that water, reserves, objects travel,

hydropower, transport media in the area of Lake

Toba, cultivation of agriculture and fish farming. In

this paper, the author focuses on the use of Lake

Toba for fish farming, especially floating net cages

(KJA) and tourism. For capture fisheries business, it

has been recorded since the 1950s (Soerjani et al.

1979). The dominant catch rate before the

introduction of bilih fish was mujaer (69.1%),

followed by tilapia (22.4%), nilem (months) (3.0%),

goldfish (2.4%), and shoes (3.0%). (Tajhjo, 1998)

Based on 2005 data, total fish catch production in

Lake Toba is 4,462 tonnes,

with tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and tilapia

(O. Niloticus) as the most dominant fish caught.

(Poernomo, 2005) Capture fisheries business which

is currently quite dominant is fishing bilih

(Mystacoleucus padangensis). The production rate

in 2010 is estimated at 30,000 tonnes and the fishing

gear that is commonly used is the lift net

chart. (Koeshendrajana, 2010)

Fish farming activities in KJA in the waters of

Lake Toba were first tried in 1988, currently the

KJA activities are quite widespread. It is recorded

that 50 villages / hamlets have KJA, owned by the

community, 5,158 units and 4 locations are owned

by large foreign capital companies (PMA) and 1

location with 72 small KJA units). Total fish

production from KJA in Lake Toba in 2010 reached

47,478 tons, mainly from three districts,

namely Samosir Regency (24,420 tons), Toba

Samosir (10,372 tons), and Simalungun (9,807

tons). By taking the most logical data, namely the

level of fish production in Simalungun Regency and

assuming that the size of all KJA is the same (5 x 5 x

3 m3), the average production per cage is 2.995 (≈

3) tons / year.

It should be noted that fish farming using

floating net cages (KJA) is the main source of

income for residents around Lake Toba. It seems

Waters Utilization of Toba Lake for Fish Cultivation and Tourism

561

that the KJA reduction policy should be

reviewed. Although accused of being the main cause

of Lake Toba's pollution, in fact many other factors

influence this pollution, such as pig farm waste,

household activities and hotels, as well as logging in

the lake's catchment area.

Location of tourism in the region of Lake Toba

almost scattered along the lake, both of which come

into contact with water or not. There are 15 hamlets /

villages that support tourism. In fact, apart from

tourism locations, Parapat, Balige, and Panguruan

are also business centers. There are 12 tourism

potential locations that have not been

developed. Thus, in total, there are 27 locations that

must be protected and it is not possible to use them

as KJA. In business and port areas, the condition of

the marine environment in general is not supportive

of the marine cage due to high domestic pollution

and discharges from ferry boats. Meanwhile, marine

cage in tourist areas will interfere with tourist

activities because it reduces the aesthetic value of

the waters.

Regarding fish farming through floating net

cages in Lake Toba, of course there are several

things that must be considered, namely in relation to

the management strategy. In order to realize the

management of fish farming in a lake/ reservoir in a

productive and sustainable manner, it is necessary to

support all parties who synergize with each other. A

number of strategic steps that should be taken by the

government, business actors, and all other

components of society, including:

1. Spatial planning for public waters according

to its designation. The aquaculture zone is

prioritized for water conditions that are not too

fertile (oligotrophic-mesotrophic) with

adequate accessibility.

2. Rasionalism biomass of fish in cage

appropriate environmental carrying capacity

(carrying capacity), by limiting the number

and arrangement of KJA equitably between

the public and private sectors.

3. Spread of plankton feeder fish (for example:

milkfish, tilapia) in the lake / reservoir

environment to cope with high plankton

abundance.

4. Use of floating fish feed which has a minimal

phosphorus content. High levels of

phosphorus in waters are known to increase

water fertility (eutrophication) which is bad

for fish farming activities.

5. Application of an early warning system

against upwelling events to prevent losses due

to mass mortality of fish. Upwelling usually

occurs when the rainfall is high, which causes

the surface temperature of the waters to drop,

so that the activities carried out should be

harvesting or reducing the stocking density of

fish and raising fish that are resistant to poor

water quality conditions (eg catfish, tilapia).

6. Modification KJA eco able to accommodate

the rest of the feed in order not to precipitate

and cause water pollution. The KJA models

that are built must have improved water

quality through physical and biological filters,

up to 20% of the remaining feed to the

surface, and provide additional benefits such

as from the maintenance of kale plants.

7. Aeration in the marine cage area in

anticipation of low Dissolve Oxygen

concentrations for fish.

8. Excessive water hyacinth weed control

physically, biologically, and chemically.

Through the steps above, it is hoped that the

management of fish farming in Lake Toba can run

productively and sustainably. Furthermore, it can

generate economic growth, provide employment

opportunities, and improve community welfare.

The allocation of the number of KJA determined

through the various scenarios above is by

considering the main function of Lake Toba for the

benefit of tourism, as well as paying attention to

local residents who need land for their

livelihoods. Development of a better fish farming

system, including through increasing feed efficiency

and utilizing leftover feed that is released into the

waters along with waste management that can

increase the number of KJA that can be planted.

4.2 Tourism Sector

The tourism sector in Indonesia is one of the sectors

that plays an important role in the sustainability of

the Indonesian economy. If you get good and correct

management, tourism development as an industry

will create prosperity through the development of

transportation, accommodation and communication

which creates relatively large job opportunities

(Slamet Santoso, 2008).

Tourism is a new type of industry capable of

accelerating economic growth and providing

employment, increasing income, living standards

and stimulating other productive sectors. As a

complex sector, the tourism industry is also arranged

classic industries such as industry- industrial crafts

and souvenirs. Lodging and transportation are also

viewed economically as an industry (Wahab in

Pendit, 2006).

CESIT 2020 - International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies

562

Along with this, of course there are factors that

benefit from being attractive, including the tourism

sector, considering that Lake Toba is the largest

crater lake or volcanic lake in the world and is the

largest lake in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. With

an altitude of almost 1 kilometer above sea level and

surrounded by a series of volcanoes which are part

of the Bukit Barisan Mountains, Lake Toba is so

cool and beautiful. Many palm and pine trees that

thrive around Lake Toba add to the beauty of this

lake.

To the north of Lake Toba, you can still find a

variety of interesting fauna such as langurs,

orangutans, and several types of

monkeys. Meanwhile, in the southern part of Lake

Toba there are different types of fauna such as

monkeys, tapirs, and ingkir. Of course this is also

unique because this lake seems to function as a

dividing line for the ecology of fauna on the north

and south sides of Lake Toba.

As far as the eye can see, you can see the beauty

of the lake which is surrounded by a series of

mountains that are so beautiful and amazing. Thick

fog sometimes blankets this cool and cold lake. If

there is no fog, the curves of Lake Toba are so

beautiful to admire. Lake Toba is like a sea in the

middle of a really cool land.

Based on this, it is clear that Lake Toba inspires

the surrounding community to develop creations,

both through fish farming and tourism, both making

souvenirs for tourists, as guides and other things that

can provide benefits to the surrounding community.

5 CONCLUSIONS

It is time for the integrated management of

the waters of Lake Toba to begin, given the

increasing importance of utilizing its resources so

that problems and conflicts of interest are

increasing. On the other hand, people's

understanding of the importance of a good

environment continues to develop and encourages

every stakeholder to pay greater attention to lake

waters which must be more preserved.

Cultivation of fish in KJA that has developed in

various lakes needs attention so that the direction for

its development is urgently needed. Mitigation of

environmental threats from KJA development is a

policy direction for the development of a cultivation

system that refers to the carrying capacity with

available formulations and a certain level of tropical

status, as well as the determination of zoning that

takes into account the various uses of lake resources

by the community. This book can be used as a

reference for other lakes in Indonesia, while still

paying attention to the characteristics of the lake in

question and aspects of its utilization.

Lake Toba has become a future tourist

destination for Indonesia, so it directly and indirectly

has implications for the welfare of the

community. The people who benefit are the

fishermen and local communities around Lake

Toba. The right government policy and appropriate

regulations will provide certainty for the economic

improvement of the communities in Lake Toba.

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