The Sufficiency of Good thought and Good Deed: A Philosophical,

Psychological, and Literary Phenomenological Research

Navid Hashemi Taba and Ahdieh Sadat Khatavakhotan

Department of IT and Computer Engineering, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran

Keywords: Philosophy, Thought, Deed, Word, Phenomenology, Psychology, Avesta.

Abstract: This essay provides a conceptual model Thought Deed Word (TDW) to address the right position of word

from a new phenomenological aspect. The sole of the paper is based on this fact that word may be deemed a

subcategory of deeds committed by the individual, albeit unique. In this way, the process of thinking is

analysed and demonstrated from a new points of view and concluded that good thought alone will suffice for

achieving good word and good deed. This is a scientific, legal, philosophical, psychological, and literary

phenomenological research on improving the popular ancient motto “good thought, good word, and good

deed” from Avesta. An empirical study is performed to validate the proposed model and the results showed

the strong support of the model.

1 INTRODUCTION

There are several researches on thought, word and

deed from many aspects doting past five decades

(Tschorne, 2020; Taraba, 2020; Moyal-Sharrock,

2019; Baranova, 2015; Leak, 2012; Card, 2006;

Kofta, 1994; Bambrough and Holland, 1980; Muller,

1945).

What accounts for the elimination of the

expression “word” from the ancient motto in the title

of the paper, i.e. “good thought, good word, and good

deed,” which is attributed to Avesta, is the fact that

this essay claims that the word is a deed and the

popular and ancient quote should be reduced and

improved. This important issue is mentioned

implicitly in some researches (Zhang, 2019; Moore,

2019; Rasmussen, 2019).

Another important issue is that any deed in

general, or any word as its particular, supreme type,

may impact future thoughts in an intentional or

unintentional relationship (Johns, 2020; Ziafar, 2109;

Corcoran and Graham, 2002). That is to say, a

bilateral cause-and-effect relationship with a lag

exists between thought and deed, where thought is, of

course, the origin (Blomberg, 2020). The thought

being deemed the origin reduces the possibility of a

vicious circle coming into being, while facilitating the

search for perfection (Karamercan, 2019; Topper,

2011).

According to Apraksina (2017), “right deeds are

the consequence of correct construction of thoughts

and speech”. The claim of a cause-and-effect

relationship existing between thought and deed with

the independency dimension of thought can lead to

this conclusion that the single means of achieving

good word and good deed is through good thought

(Kent, 2019; Mills, et al., 2018).

Hence, from the viewpoint of this paper, the three

realms of thought, word, and deed are neither

independent nor do they overlap; rather, they are in a

hierarchical model, where deeds are considered to be

the meta class of word and the immediate effect of

thought. In other words, the word may be deemed a

subcategory of deeds committed by the individual,

albeit unique.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

The research method used in this research is a mix of

qualitative and quantitative approaches. After a brief

and deep review of the literature in the research

domain, a conceptual model for the sufficiency of the

thought and deed, despite word, are performed. The

research question in this research is “How could the

Avesta quote (Good Thought, Good Deed and Good

Word) be improved?”

A new conceptual model is developed. The details

decryption(s) on the model from several aspects

462

Taba, N. and Khatavakhotan, A.

The Sufﬁciency of Good thought and Good Deed: A Philosophical, Psychological, and Literary Phenomenological Research.

DOI: 10.5220/0010317000003051

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies (CESIT 2020), pages 462-468

ISBN: 978-989-758-501-2

would be presented. A survey as an analytical tool to

find the validity of research statement is designed.

The related data is gathered and a quantitative

analysis is performed.

2.1 Literature Review

According to Ziafar (2019) there cannot be language

without thought, but there can be thought without

language. Word, as the existent unit of living speech,

is described as a succession of utterances and

expressions built for conveying a previously

deliberated fact or one that is being pondered (Muller,

1945).

Davies (1998) stated that knowledge about

thought can be had without going via knowledge

about language. An organized thought transforms into

a chain of utterances to represent a meaning or a non-

structured thought transforms into utterances that

suggests no meaning for the audience or even the

speaker and it is construed as senseless expressions,

will basically exert no impact upon the identity of the

occurrence that has taken place, i.e. the physical

translation of the contemplated thought (Rasmussen,

2020).

Whereas legal topics usually overshadow a

proper analysis in liberal arts, and philosophy in

particular, this paper will cast a glance at the legal

dimension of word at the outset. According to Jang

(2020), “Form” is the knowledge of the

correspondent graphic and phonological

representations of a word, while “Meaning” is the

representation of the connection between form and

meaning and is the essence of word knowledge.

According to Tschorne (2020) law has an

‘institutional nature’ due to the fact that its norms

have come to be largely created and applied by

‘institutions’. The presentation of the legal discussion

about word, independent of the theories relating to its

definition and generation, will contribute to dividing

scientific, technical, and legal aspects of word. The

process of thinking and thought will then be briefly

explained in simple terms. Afterward, the cause-and-

effect relationship of thought with word and deed and

the way the latter two are codified in the former are

investigated (Moore, 2018).

Whereas legal topics usually overshadow a proper

analysis in liberal arts, and philosophy in particular,

this paper will cast a glance at the legal dimension of

word at the outset. The presentation of the legal

discussion about word, independent of the theories

relating to its definition and generation, will

contribute to dividing scientific, technical, and legal

aspects of word.

The process of thinking and thought will then be

briefly explained in simple terms. Afterward, the

cause-and-effect relationship of thought with word

and deed and the way the latter two are codified in the

former are investigated.

2.2 Word Thought and Deed (TDW)

Conceptual Model

When discussing the precedence and recency of

thought Figure 1 is a pictorial view of the relationship

of word thought and deed (TDW) presented in this

paper. The detail of the proposed conceptual model is

discussed in this section. Even though scholars of the

field of logic, especially classical philosophers,

consider any utterance as implying a meaning and any

script as implying an utterance (Grant, 2001). It

should, however, be noted that thought may form on

account of mental images from phenomena. Script

can constitute, even without utterance, a set of signs

signifying subjective existence and direct

representation of a thought. This discussion is out of

the scope of this paper. The details of the model are

explained in the next sections.

Figure 1: TDW the conceptual model of word and thought.

2.3 Empirical Study

To examine the validation of the theoretical

statements in this research, a survey is designed,

distributed, gathered and the answers are analysed.

The participants were 320 instructors and lecturers

(174 males and 146 females) at IAU University

holding PhD degree, PhD candidates and Master

students.

The Sufﬁciency of Good thought and Good Deed: A Philosophical, Psychological, and Literary Phenomenological Research

463

3 RESULTS

From the qualitative phenomenological aspects, the

answers to questions about the sufficiency of thought

and deed neglecting the word, are categorized in

several extracted themes. The analytical analysis

based on the main synonyms and antonyms are

performed to validate the classification of themes.

The reasons of eliminating of word in the ancient

moto are discussed by participants in a wide range

from the unintentional body language to intentional

telepathy between the minds.

In the latter sections of this research, the most

frequent extracted themes about the relations of word,

deed and thought and the reason of sufficiency of

thought and deed are discussed.

The quantitative analysis was done based on the

abstract schema. The comparison between the

number of participants who were agree to eliminating

the word from the moto and the experts who were

disagree, figures out the significant meaning of the

research problem statement.

Figure 2 is a pictorial view of the brief data

analysis. The main question was the sufficiency of

thought and word vs, thought, word and deed.

Figure 2: The analytical result pictorial view.

The quantitative analysis shows that most of

participants about 84% believed that the thought and

deed are sufficient in both general and specific

situations. About 10% stated that thought and deed

only in the specific situations are sufficient. This

group stated that in specific situations the deed, body

language and activities are not enough and the

dialogue is important to complete the axiom. On the

contrary, 4% of participant stated that in General

situation. The word is essential and is not match with

the deed even with a same thought. Finally, only 2%

believed that the thought and deed is neither sufficient

in general neither in specific situation.

4 DISCUSSION

The participants answer could be discussed from

many aspects. This section clarified the school of

value behind the opinions and the though accounts

bases on the theoretical frameworks developed in

related academic researches.

4.1 Legal Dimension of Word

The legal discussion on word differs in essence from

a scientific or technical discussion about the same

topic. From a legal perspective, the effects of a

remark are investigated rather than the remark or

thought itself (Kavanagh, 2015). In certain instances,

compelling a person to express their thought is even

categorized as inquisition (Walsh, 1941). In other

words, a remark is not worth discussing nor

examining unless another person is made aware of it

because it is inaccessible by that time. Therefore, a

remark that is not registered, recorded or, in other

words, documented, lacks any legal value. That a

remark is registered in another person’s memory or in

media exterior to people’s minds makes no

substantial difference; rather, the way it is retrieved

makes the difference. That is, what matters regarding

the retrieval of a remark is that if it is recorded in

media, it will be retrieved via an impartial device and

there will be consensus that these remarks are the

same as those a certain person has uttered. However,

in light of state-of-the-art technology, the validity or

intactness of remarks may fall under suspicion. This

is a technical discussion, rather than a philosophical

one.

That a comment is made and recorded by a person

or persons or the recorded remarks of a person are

played via an electronic device both serve to prove

that the aforementioned comment was made. What is

notable is the fact that if the person makes the

comments in presence of others, the only way for

retrieval would be the testimony of those people.

Although the aforesaid testimony is valid in legal

terms, there would be no guarantee as to the matching

of what is being observed with what was previously

stated in logical and philosophical terms. On the other

hand, no remark reflects the factuality of the

contemplated thought; rather, it will merely express

the thought in physical constraints that may diverge

from or even contradict with the initial pure, original

thought (Clapp, 2010). An example for this is perjury

about a real occurrence. For a more tangible instance,

suppose that a person does not have a pleasant feeling

and thinks of being faced with an undesirable

phenomenon; however, owing to certain

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considerations which have also been processed

through, the person speaks well of that phenomenon

or vice versa. In either case, neither the cogitated

impression nor the cogitated considerations lead to an

utterance, expression, or remark and different

observations are made as the total product of thoughts

about that certain topic. Please bear in mind that

Galileo said in the court that the Earth is motionless,

whereas his comments prior to and after that

confession reveal that something contradictory has

been going on in his mind (Taylor, 1876). In such

circumstances, even if the person oneself claims the

words to be representing what they have thought

about, it will only express the thought built in the

mind in order to convey what they have intended to

say, not what was thought.

The result of a word inflicting damage on others

or the speaker may be mentioned as another legal

aspect of word Taraba (2020). If a comment or

remark somehow violates the right of a person or

persons, for instance the physical comfort and peace

of mind of a person or group is disturbed, legal

consequences will ensue (Allister, 2015). The

violation of right may be direct or indirect. Offensive,

untrue words or even expressing a fact that shatters

the peace of mind of innocent people are considered

to be a direct violation of right and commanding a

person to harass another is deemed as playing a role

in violation of right in an indirect manner.

4.2 Precedence of Thought over Action

and Negation of Vicious Circle

When discussing the precedence and recency of

thought and action, thought evidently precedes action

since a bilateral cause-and-effect relationship with a

lag exists between these two. It is senseless to express

a thought before it is formed. The noteworthy fact

here is that thought, itself, is formed via words.

Notwithstanding the fact that there is a mapping of

phenomena in the visual memory and it is possible to

investigate, validate, match, calculate, conclude, etc.,

all these components at most constitute an

environment and develop a foundation and may be

considered to be instruments for thinking (Nawar,

2020).

A question which may be raised is that do not the

need for the physical existence of memory and brain

for thinking and the need for thought for employing

the aforesaid tools establish a vicious circle? The

answer is negative because the microprograms set in

the brain and memory may be deemed as an

embedded system whose hardware and software are

concurrently designed, providing the required

foundation for thinking. In other words, the

commencement of an action begins with the

termination or, at least, the initiation of a though –

with a lag – and this lag suggest that thought is the

origin in this circle, annulling its being vicious. That

is to say, thought may be considered to be the creator

of action (Tallon, 1950). This very action can, later

on, impact the thought that gave rise to it, which may

still be incomplete. For example, if a thought is

translated to a shout and it is actualized, the physical

arrangement of the muscles and nerves can not only

influence the orientation and formation of future

thoughts, but also the thought that is being

contemplated. The reason is the bilateral cause-and-

effect relationship between thought and action.

4.3 Multimedia Mind

Suppose that the invitation of a person for company

is recorded as a memory in the mind, whether it has

actually existed in the past, or it is an imaginary

visualization from an event that has never occurred,

or the person is thinking about that happening. In any

case, whether the image of a hand gesture for

invitation, or the sentence “come with me” or

“accompany me” is formed in the fantasy or thought

of the thinking person, each case is a type of

representation from the subject being thought about.

According to the requirements – assume an imaginary

scenario – each case will form in different ways;

however, they all share the same foundation, i.e. the

multimedia environment of the mind that makes

possible retrievability in various forms.

4.4 Word: Dynamic Translation of

Thought and a Subcategory of

Deed

An important statement that may be inferred from

previous discussions is that word is a subcategory of

deed. In simpler terms, it may be claimed that word is

a special sort of deed that is actualized using such

tools as the muscles, nerves, and speech system in

general (Tallon, 1950). Hence, thought and word

share a boundary and have an overlapping where

thought takes shape in the framework of utterances

and it is not yet transferred to the vocal system in

order to become physical (dynamic). In such a state,

thought and word coexist. Therefore, the

conversation of a person with oneself may be

considered to be a kind of structured thought with the

apparent features of word. It is, however, not

actualized before it is expressed and is not regarded

as word.

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When a person is willing to share one’s thought

with others, one solution is to offer it in a physical

format, which can be static or dynamic. A person can

relay a message by standing in a place and remaining

still. At the same time, making dynamic motions can

transmit the same message or another one. In either

case, whether static or dynamic, certain body parts are

tasked with translating thought. Alongside with body

language that allows the transmission of message to

be quite visible physically, another media selected for

sharing a thought may be the speech system. In this

case, muscles of larynx and mouth, the nervous

system, and the lingual system generates specific

vibrations with a special physical arrangement,

certain dynamic motions, and using previously-

defined inherited programs and the acquisitions of the

respective language. These vibrations and quivers

produce sounds in an environment of transference

(air) that will be retrievable and comprehensible

according to the protocols known to the people of the

same language, and the same accent at certain

instances, who are familiar with the words,

expressions, and even sounds. What matters is the

fact that even if a remark is unintelligible to everyone,

it is still a thought that has entered the physical realm

(Dunning, 2013; Bell and Maddieson, 1986).

In consideration of all that was explained, word

can also be deemed as a deed. To call a person, you

can touch them, say their name, or point at them using

your finger and even eye motions. All three actions

are one type of translation actualized from a thought

that was or is being contemplated. In cases where the

words expressed by a person is incomprehensible to

others or they are inaudible, it can be stated that

thought is actualized but has failed to achieve the

main purpose, i.e. transmission of thought. In this

event, its having been actualized still holds. Even if a

person utters something as a murmur or soliloquy and

not for communication and sharing mentalities,

thought has again transformed into vibrations and

quivers; therefore, it has been actualized although the

purpose of this actualization is different.

In cases where the actualization of a thought aims

at its transference to another person but the words

uttered and the sounds made are not heard by a person

or persons or are not recorded by media, thought has

been actualized; however, it is not retrievable using

present-day knowledge. What is of consequence is

the fact that even though no other person except from

the speaker hears or comprehends a comment, the

reflection of that comment still exists at least for the

speaker; it is a thought that has entered the physical

realm of dynamic type. The last considerable point in

this discussion is the fact that the actualization of a

thought, regardless of why it was conducted, can be

utilized with different intentions. A person may make

a comment, but the audience may infer something

else. This also produces no effect on the actualization

of thought as the main topic of this paper. This may

be further investigated in another very important

topic, namely the matching between “will and

inference.” (Morreau 1998).

4.5 Intentional and Unintentional

Thought

Motives abound for the creation of a thought. Data

and information received by the five senses, past

experiences, inherited data received from the genetic

characteristics of other people, and of course the

acquisitions made, which are also categorized as

experiences, impact the mentality of a person in

general and the formation of a thought in particular

(Feest, 2014). However, if a person employs all

factors consciously and builds thoughts using evident

principles and recognized authentication procedures

of thought, it may be said that the person has had

intentional thought. If a person comes to a thought

accidentally under the influence of certain factors or

if a person merely reflects a source identically

without having perceived it, it may be stated that this

is an unintentional thought.

4.6 Intentional and Unintentional

Word

Just as people’s thought and deed may be intentional

or unintentional, word is also not excluded from

displaying intentional and unintentional

characteristics as a subcategory of people’s deeds

(Wasserman, 2011). Just as when a feeling of pain is

experienced upon facing a threat, the source of that

pain is unconsciously evaded, certain previously built

and adopted models and sentences or sounds and

words are unintentionally uttered when they are

required (Carter, 2019). As a response to a hello, the

word hello is unconsciously expressed. When running

into people, apologies are made unconsciously. When

being distressed due to a remark, a cliché is

articulated without paying attention to its meaning

and purpose and only to avoid the situation and the

conversation at hand. These unintentional comments

may be categorized in the subclass of unintentional

deeds.

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4.7 Thought: A Fully Interactive

Phenomenon

For the process of thinking, sensors and tools attached

to body as well as information from the external

environment are usually required (Rasmussen, 2020).

For example, to analyze an image, regardless of the

fact that it will be sent to the brain, the environment

around that image is also taken into consideration in

a bilateral relationship or certain points are focused

on more than others. In general, the eyes provide as

much assistance as they possibly can in the process of

thinking (Laughery, 1974; Massey, 1983).

It is sometimes necessary for a thought that body

parts search for an external object, such as a book, and

transfer its information, or obtain information while

speaking with another person and contribute to the

process of thinking, or share the mentalities of

another person so that thought sharing would be

somehow established (Miller, 2001). The process of

thinking may not basically be considered without

information entering into the system of thought and

merely through inspiration and microprograms

inherited from the puberty process.

4.8 Intentional and Unintentional

Thought

In view of the previous discussions, if thought and

deed are accepted to have a bilateral cause-and-effect

relationship with a lag and thought as the origin, good

thought will lead to good deed and bad thought to bad

deed. As a subclass of deed, word can also be of the

same type as thought. The exception to this cause-

and-effect relationship is unintentional deed that may

arise as a result of unintentional thought or even other

factors. The stimulation of the nervous system can

lead to harmonic or non-harmonic motions of body

(Fukshansky, 2006). In either case, i.e. the deed

stemming from an unintentional thought or the

stimulation of the nervous system, no value may be

attributed to the deed and the person’s thought may

not be evaluated from the person’s deed. In other

words, a deed may be determined as good or bad

through evaluating it using previously defined values.

However, considering that deed to be the result of a

good thought or bad thought is a negative proposition

with the empty subject because no will played a role

in the formation of that deed. The challenging point

here is how to distinguish intentional thought from

unintentional thought that can lead to intentional deed

being differentiated from unintentional deed.

The aforesaid evaluation is typically done

inversely, i.e. people’s thought is judged and

conclusions are made by assessing their deeds (Smith,

2008). The reason why deed is the starting point and

thought comes next, i.e. beginning from the effect and

arriving at the cause, is the fact that deed is of

physical, dynamic type and may be evaluated using

the tools at hand, whereas there is no guarantee that

the reverse path is correct and reliable (Massey,

1983). The effect under study may be the result of a

cause other than thought or, at least, an unintentional

thought.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Word is the physical reflection of a thought as a static

arrangement or a dynamic motion. Word is

considered to be a special class of deed meta class.

Given a normal cause-and-effect relationship where

unintentional motives are negligible or controllable,

good thought can lead to good deed and bad thought

to bad deed. With stronger reason and the previously

mentioned conditions and provided that other motives

exert no or little impact, good thought will result in

good word, and bad thought to bad word. Hence,

efforts made to foster thought and its evolution before

it is actualized as words, sounds, or any other deed

that may bring about unintentional effects on the

same thought or other thoughts can lead to a

remarkable growth in various aspects of life,

particularly ethics.

In light of the discussions put forward in this

paper, and by revisiting the eternal motto of good

thought, good word, and good deed, it may be

claimed that the positive, good actualization of

thoughts and the intended or unintended influence on

future thoughts can be controlled by controlling word

and deed from an external perspective. However,

from philosophical and logical perspective and from

an internal aspect, good thought alone will suffice for

achieving good word and good deed. In short, the

motto of good thought, good word, and good deed

may be codified as good thought from an intentional,

imperative aspect.

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