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Identification Relationship Impacts between Work from Home

during the Pandemic of Working Women to the Family

Winida Marpaung, Yulinda Septiani Manurung, Mukhaira El Akmal, Rina Mirza

Faculty of Psychology, University of Prima Indonesia, Jl. Sekip Simpang Sikambing Medan-Sumatera Utara

Keywords: Work life balance, Jobstress, Marital satisfaction, Working Mother, Pandemic.

Abstract: The aim of this research is to identify the relation between work life balance with jobstress and marital

satisfaction on working women during the pandemic in 330 respondents that stretch out in 34 provinces in

Indonesia. The sample technique is Insidental sampling. Likert Scale was used combining with online scale

for work life balance, jobstress, marital satisfaction, the research is quantitative research by using Pearson

Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The result is work life balance with Jobstress (r = -0,559 p < 0,05) and

Jobstres with marital satisfaction (r = -0,272, p < 0,05) having similar significant negative relation, and Work

life balance with Marital satisfaction (r = 0,238 p < 0,05) having significant positive relation. Another result

is showing work life balance, which is time balance, involvement balance, and satisfaction balance has

significant relation to communication, openness, social intimacy, sexual, dan finance. But, there isn’t any role

balance, agreeblesness, dan intimacy significant. Communication and openness are marital satisfaction part

which is most felt during the pandemic by sharing the information and solution. The effective addition of R

Square (R

31,2% work life balance influences jobstress and 5,7% Work life balance influences marital

satisfaction.

1 INTRODUCTION

Lately, the universe is shocked by having the

dangerous virus all over the world started from

Tiongkok. It is called Covid 19. It attacks all human

kinds in the world and causes a lot of sudden death,

including here in Indonesia. The World Health

Organization calls the virus as a pandemic. The

governments from all the worlds try to do many ways

to hold the spread of the virus as, change the life style,

behavior, ethic, the changing of working time that

asked the workers to work from home. The

phenomena case uses the changing of life aspects. It

is not only giving impacts in some aspects such as

economy, social, and culture but also the impact is

health aspect, medically and psychologically.

Especially for women who have multiply task as

wives and mothers.

Some of the women add their task as working

women to make some money for the families with

different reasons. From 51 % of the workers in

Indonesia, women take the most part. They work

inside and outside the households more than 46%. If

it compares to the male, the married working women

is 71%, 5% different to working male 76%

(Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan

Perlindungan Anak, 2018). From the fact, we can see

working how working mothers determine to develop

themselves and their families (Merliani, et all 2020).

It is not easy to do both tasks as mothers and

working women. They feel stress and depress. It can

make them as new stresors. According to medical

doctors more than 1.522 people have mentality

diseases. Some problems occur in daily life and

become new resources of stress and depress. All kinds

of diseases must be taken care by the experts to create

good self perceptions (Javed., A, et sll, 2020).

One case found of the research respondents, a

woman who lived in Medan, North Sumatra. The

woman felt psychologically greater pressure after the

Pandemic. She worked in one of the malls in Medan,

because the community was very young in the

Pandemic, so the company cut their salaries. The

additional task of accompanying their children to

study at home is also a source of high stress. This

situation made the woman angry frequently and beat

her children.

In addition, based on the results of a survey

conducted, many women had to find ways to get extra

money to help manage their household sufficiency

454

Marpaung, W., Manurung, Y., Akmal, M. and Mirza, R.

Identiﬁcation Relationship Impacts between Work from Home during the Pandemic of Working Women to the Family.

DOI: 10.5220/0010316700003051

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies (CESIT 2020), pages 454-461

ISBN: 978-989-758-501-2

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due to the Pandemic. Large household expenses, such

as electricity costs, internet quota for working from

home and studying from home, and many private

companies that cut off their employees' salaries and

lay off their employees (layoffs or ask employees to

resign) because the company suffered huge losses.

Apart from that due to the Pandemic, everyone must

be at home and adhere to health protocols. The stress

of this uncertainty is causing women to work even

harder to pay attention to the health and hygiene of

family members amidst their worries. Many of the

victims died due to Covid 19 which made women feel

fear, victims, and even depression.

The same situation applies to employees in

Indonesia. A survey from PPM Management

explained that as many as 80 percent of Indonesian

workers experience stress because of worry about

their health. Stress occurs from moderate to severe

levels. The average age of workers who were stressed

was the age of 26-35 years by 83 percent, 36-45 years

by 79 percent, and under the age of 25 was 78 percent.

(Kompas.com). The case above illustrates how the

pressure of homework, accompanying children to

study, the demands of work, marriage, and concerns

about health and hygiene make women experience

jobstress and marital satisfaction.

WHO has said women and children face a lot of

violence during the pandemic, because families have

spent a lot of time together at home, household

burdens, and because of economic problems. There

were 275 cases of adult female reporting with a total

of 277 victims. There were also 368 cases of violence

serving children. With 407 children as victims In

Indonesia. This has been the basis we want to do

research on women working from home programs in

Indonesia (Katadata.co.id).

Feeling depress or stress can be happened because

of the unbalancing of physic and psychological that

influence the emotional, the way of thinking, and the

individual dynamic condition in facing constraints, or

demands. It includes something want badly, however,

the result is still uncertain but important. Jobstress,

one of the employees stress, in some officials in

facing their tasks can be seen through some

symptoms, such as, unstable emotional,

uncomfortable feeling, lonely, couldn’t sleep, over

smoking, too worried, depress, hgh nervous, high

blood pressure and stomachache. All the symptoms

above can be seen physically, emotionally,

intellectually, and interpersonally (Rivai & Sagala,

2011; Robins, 2006; Mangkunegara, 2013). Stressor

is feeling of nervous in working. It raises because of

the higher perception and demanding in working

(Munandar, 2020).

In some cases, those conditions above raise some

impacts in marriage (marital satisfaction). Marital

satisfaction is a subjective experience, strong

sentiment and behavior that is based on the intra

individual factors. It influences the feeling of quality.

Having focus only on quality of relation in marital

condition than analyzing couples personalities and

positive feeling giving good attentions to one another

and their marriage (Broucke, et all., 1997). They

could be happy if they have good marriages.

According to Rumondor (2013), marital satisfaction

in Urban couples include 9 (nine) levels, likely,

communication, role balance, agreeablesnes,

openness, intimacy, social intimacy, sexual, and

finance.

Work Life Balance becomes one factors of

jobstress and marital satisfaction. The balancing

between life and work gives impact to psychology

and mental workers (Grawitch, et all in Aoerora and

Marpaung, 2020). Ya-Yuan Hsu.,et all, (2019)

employees are healthy if they have a good work-life

balance. However, in the current pandemic situation,

it is difficult for employees to feel a comfortable

working situation. Women workers have focused on

children and families.

A good Work life balance has an ability to give an

equal quality in private needs, recreations, working,

religion activities, and other commitments

(Rafsanjani, et all 2019), there are any negative

impact and significant between Work life balance and

jobstress. At the time of having good balancing in life

and work, the feeling of comfort in doing the work

and life will come. It can be different when the

situation is not the same. The feeling of comfortable

and happiness in working and life couldn’t be

happened (Ashwini, 2018).

Other factors is spiritual brain, neuroticism,

conscientiousness, forgiveness, religion, gratitude,

dual parts conflict. Psychological prosperous, self

disclosure, emphaty, loving commitments, finance

ability, level of educations, and social maturity

(Wijaya, et all 2020, Sohrabi. R, et all., 2013:

Shahmoradi, et all., 2014; Khoshdast, et all., 2016;

Yusuf & Latifa, 2017; Omidi A, Talighi E, 2017.

Herawati & Farradinna, 2017; Wijayanti & Indrawati,

2016; Damariyanti, 2015; Çag, P & Yıldırım, İ. 2018;

Samani, et all, 2016; Fatimah, 2018; Dermawan, et

all., 2015, Caniago, et all 2020). Methods of data

analysis in this study using Pearson Product Moment.

This is to see the relationship between the

Independent and Dependent variables. This method is

considered more appropriate to see the dimensional

relationship of each variable more easily and clearly

illustrated

Identiﬁcation Relationship Impacts between Work from Home during the Pandemic of Working Women to the Family

455

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Based on the statements above, the researcher is

interested in analyzing the identification relationship

impacts between work from home during the

pandemic of working women (mothers) to the family

(it has relation to work life balance, jobstress and

marital satisfaction). The assumption is if work life

balance is manageable, the house holds

responsibilities are easy to be done, and the marriage

will be better to have. On the other hand, all the above

can’t be happened if the feeling is not be felt by the

working women. It can raise jobstress.

2 METHOD

The method is used in this research is quantitative

method. The variables are Work life balance as

variable independent, jobstress, Marital Satisfaction

is dependent variable.

Based on the above variables, some levels can be

seen in the Figure 1. Analysis method that is used in

this research is Pearson Product Moment. It is used to

find out the relation between Independent variable

and Dependent variable with the scale of SPSS

Statistic 17.00 for Windows. The population in thus

research is the married women from all places in

Indonesia that work from home (WFH) during the

pandemic of Covid 19.

Figure 1: The relation between Work Life Balance to

jobstress, and marital satisfaction.

The sample technique is Incidental sampling.

Samples live in all places in Indonesia (From 34

Provinces in Indonesia, there are 2 provinces which

do not have any working women of WFH). There are

330 subjects are chosen based on the ask criterion,

which are the married working women that do the

activities from home. From the sample above, 323

(97,88 %) are married, 2 are divorced (0,61%), and

5 are death (1,52%).

Likert Scale is used in the reserach to collect the

data with the additional of online scale. The scale is

used is Work life balance scale by Greenhaus

(Rantanen, 2003), stress scale based on theory of

Braham (in Rivai and Mulyadi, 2011), and Marital

Satisfaction Scaledan by Rumondor (2013). Validity

test anad reliability test are used to find out the

consistency of measuring told method. The method

which often use is cronbach’s alpha method. Jobstres,

marital satisfaction, dan work life balance’s scale

scores are 5 to 1 in favorable part and 1 to 5 in

unfavorable part which having choice as Very agreed,

agreed, neutral, not agreed, not very agreed. After

doing the scale, the result is 17 parts scale work life

balance (WLB) consist of 7 time balance part, 4

Involvement Balancepart, and 5 Satisfaction Balance

part with Alpha Cronbach 0,861. There are 23 Stress

part scale, with Alpha Cronbach 0,950 and 30

Marital Satisfaction subscale which consist of 5

communication item, 3 role balance item, 3

agreeblesness item, 3 openness item, 3 intimacy item,

3 social intimacy relationship item , 4 sexuality item,

3 financial item, dan 2 sprituality item with Alpha

Cronbach 0,955.

The following is the conclusion of answering

from 330 respondents using Work life Balance scale,

jobstress scale, and marital satisfaction dimension

scale. From the picture, we can see marital

satisfaction scale higher than jobstress variable and

work life balance variable.

Figure 2: Answering total on Jobstress and Marital

Satiscation scale research.

Respondents Description Datas using mean and

standard deviation can be seen follow:

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Table 1: Marital Satisfaction Description.

Table 1 shows that marital satisfaction dimension

which higher score is communication. The result is

suitable to the research of Gottman, et all (in Abidin,

et all 2018), that communication takes an important

role in marital problem and quality mediation.

Respondents face bigger problem during the

pandemic. One of the ways to take care of the

problem is to use good communication with the

couples.

Table 2: Jobstress Description.

Emotional stress is higher score of jobstress

dimension. Nowadays, almost all working women in

Indonesia are depress and tired because the Covid 19

situation. Have additional job as wives, mothers and

workers (Marliani, et all 2020), and also as teachers

to their children during Study with home (in this

research has 70,91 % subjects having educational

ages children and study at home).

Table 3: Work Life Balance Description.

Variabel

Empirik

Min Max Mean

Work life

Balance

balance

80 145 115.77 9.288 330

Time Balance

16 35 28.09 3.963 330

Involvement

Balance

7 20 15.04 2.724 330

Satisfaction

Balance

9 25 18.57 2.850 330

The deviation in mean and standartd on Work life

balance variable time balance dimension have higher

score. Covid 19 gives easier ways to the working

women, especially about timing balance.

3 WORK LIFE BALANCE,

JOBSTRESS, AND MARITAL

SATISFACTION CATEGORIES

The following diagram shows the respondents based

on jobstress, marital satisfaction, and work life

balance variables. On marital satisfaction variable,

respondents are on 87% high rate (286 people) and 67

% (224 people) which in high categorize to balance

the work and another life aspect, as family. Zaher,

Islam, & Darakhsan, (2016). However, work life

balance has high category to help the respondents to

reduce their stress and marital satisfaction.

Respondents percentage Datas marital satisfaction,

work life balance, and jobstress can be seen follow:

Figure 3: Marital Satisfaction Percentage.

The rate respondents of having jobstress is high

during the pandemic and need help is 2% (7 people),

47 % (156 people) and 51% (167 people) are in

middle and low categorize.

Low

Moderat

13%

High

87%

MaritalSatisfaction

Percentage

Low

Moderate

Identiﬁcation Relationship Impacts between Work from Home during the Pandemic of Working Women to the Family

457

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Figure 4: Jobstress Percentage.

The following picture explains that Work life

balance of respondents is in high level. They feel that

time and other thiinks in life becomes more balance

(68%) and the middle cathegory is less (32%). The

result tells that the respondents have more time

flexible time in pendemic time.

Figure 5: Work Life Balance Percentage.

4 RESULT

4.1 Work Life Balance Impact to

Jobstress and Marital Satisfaction

Based on the data analysis (Table 4) we can conclude

that there is a negative and significant relation

between Work life balance with Jobstress (r=-0,559

p<0,05). Someone could have stress in working when

she is focus too much in working and despite other

enjoyable activities. Jobstress with marital

satisfaction has a negative relation (r= -0,272,

p<0,05) and work life balance with marital

satisfaction has positive relation. (r=0,238, p<0,05).

Jones, et all (in Ashwini 2018) said that there isn’t any

satisfaction in life if someone couldn’t manage her

personal life and work. The result of working of

someone who as balancing in work and others can

reduce stress. Work life balance has high category to

help the respondents to reduce their stress and marital

satisfaction (Shekhar 2016); Zaher, Islam, &

Darakhsan, (2016).

Purwanto, et all (2020) did some interviews with

working women who do WFH. The result is any

advantage and disadvantage on WFH programme.

The Advantage is, WFH is more flexible to manage

the work, not need to depend on office time, not

spending money for transportation, to minimize the

stress of traffic. O the other hands, WFH reduces the

high spirit of working and the data loosing. The

result is work life balance gives impact to marital

satisfaction and jobstress.

4.2 Jobstress, Marital Satisfaction and

Work Life Balance Dimension

Figure 6: Relationship between Marital satisfaction and

Jobstress dimension with Work Life balance Dimension.

Another result is showing work life balance, which is

time balance, involvement balance, and satisfaction

balance has significant relation to communication,

openness, social intimacy, sexual, dan finance. But,

there isn’t any role balance, agreeblesness, dan

intimacy significant. Communication and openness

are marital satisfaction part which is most felt during

the pandemic by sharing the information and solution.

5 DISCUSSION

The formers research found that it is very difficult to

measure the happiness and satisfaction in. Shree

(2012),. Marital Satisfaction focus on marital status is

so complex Hill (2005) says that the leader who gives

good attention and care to support marital satisfaction

as wives, mothers and other parts in family.

Pandemic situation challenges all kinds of people

having life balancing. It is stated that the research of

global has human being aspect. The research result

found that 30 respondents feel work life balance (224

people or more than 67,9%). It concludes that Work

From home during pandemic becomes one of a good

work ways, but still needs the process to adapt the

Low

51%

Moderat

47%

High

StresPercentage

Low

Moderate

High

Low

Modera

32%

High

68%

Worklifebalance

Percentage

Low

Moderate

High

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458

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working way of using old system to new one. The

result will be satisfy if the working women could

manage it well, on the other side, it will give an

unsatisfaction as the way couldn’t work well (There

are 7 or 2,13 % respondents having high stress

because of the last reason before). It shares good

impact to the psychology of working women. Subject

could have a marital satisfaction and could manage

the stress situation very well. Lazarus (in Zaheer

2016), declaimed that stressor as one crisis parts in

human beings’ life influence people physically and

personally.

Marital satisfaction dimension, such as

Communication is not only help respondents to take

care of family issues, but also to glue the relation,

show caring, find the solution together, take care of

couples’ problem, give support so that it could bound

the satisfaction of the couple and relation in marriage.

Besides that, spritualitiy becomes the lower score of

dimension. Sprituality isn’t considerable giving any

contribution to the satisfaction of marriage during

WFH.

Pandemic, It has been done by Griffin, et all (in

Az Zahra 2016) concludes that spirituality is too

subjective to be analyzed by the world. People have

difference concepts about spiritual, it can be seen

through the understanding of the concepts and show

it through their life style and marital life. The

emotional stres, job stress dimension that is felt is the

changing of feeling, over anger, sadness, worried,

easy offending, and uncomfort. Mean while, the

intellectual stress as tired of thinking, difficult to

focus and concentrateedang are low. Respondents

could have intellectual stress but could overcome it.

However, the lately situation gives many benefits

to reduce the stress for the subjects who work at

home. They would have time balancing by doing their

aasignments from homes. On the other hand, the

subjects who do not have jobs due to layoffs and

families who have difficulty working, they will feel

that the balance of time does not help reduce stress.

The subjects feel that working at home make

flexible time in doing one work to another. WFH

scheme can be considered as new work pattern to

develop the quality between work and life (work-life

balance). Before the pandemic, the timing to go to

work is too difficult to handle. However, the WFH

has its own challenge as unstable coordination, loose

the working atmosphere and feel bored, low work

concentration, uncoordinated work time, technically

disturb and administration fee (Vibriyanti, 2020).

Involvement balance is low because of the limitation

of interaction with others besides family.

Trying to balance stresss perception to sources by

using mechanism coping is best way to adapt the

stress. Everyone has difference perception on stress

resources, when the perception is positive the impact

will be good to make coping to stress. In

comprehensive study found out that those who living

in good marital satisfaction are able to solve the

problem, to increase communication, the more

spending time together with the family, the higher

level of communication could be had to raise the

children, and to manage the sexual and money issues

(Shree, 2012). In this research, there are 87% couples

who have marital satisfaction in their marriage with

their couples. Most of the working women adapt the

situation work at home and spend the time with their

families in the pandemic time postively, even though

they have more than one parts at home.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Work life balance has given impact to jobstress in

marital satisfaction. There is a positive significant

relation between work life balance variable to marital

satisfation and also negative relation between work

life balance to jobstress. Work life balance has

positive significant relation to communication,

openness, social intimacy, sexual, and finance.

However, it doesn’t any significant relation to role

balance, agreeblesness, spiritual, and intimacy. Most

of the respondents have time balance,

communication, and stress emotionally during the

pandemic.

Communication is not only help respondents to

take care of family issues, but also to glue the relation,

show caring, find the solution together, take care of

couples problem, give support so that it could bound

the satisfaction of the couple and relation in marriage.

Besides that, spritualitiy becomes the lower score of

dimension. Sprituality isn’t considerable giving any

contribution to the satisfaction of marriage during

WFH. Emotional stress is higher score of jobstress

dimension. Women in Indonesia are stress and tired

because the Covid 19 situation. Have additional job

as wives, mothers and workers and also as teachers to

their children during Study with home. Covid 19

gives easier ways to the working women, especially

about timing balance. The subjects feel that working

at home make flexible time in doing one work to

another. The good manageable WFH program and

adaptation process help the working mothers to

overcome the crisis during the pandemic. The support

and good communication from all members in the

family are needed so that all the working women

Identiﬁcation Relationship Impacts between Work from Home during the Pandemic of Working Women to the Family

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(mothers) could do all their responsibilities optimally.

Following research is able to continue the research by

connecting it with the demographics and another

aspect.

Effective support with R Square 31,2% work life

balance influences jobstress and 5,7% Work life

balance influences marital satisfaction. There are

68,8 % Jobstress and 94,3% Marital Satisfaction

influenced by another factors, such as, spiritual brain,

neuroticism, conscientiousness, forgiveness, religion,

gratitude, dual parts conflict, psychological

prosperous, self disclosure, emphaty, loving

commitment, finance ability, level of educations, and

social maturity.

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