Design of Solar Cell Potential Devices in Real Time based on the

Internet of Things (IoT)

Hairil Budiarto

, Weny Findiastuti

, Rullie Annisa

, Ach. Dafid

University Of Trunojoyo Madura, Departement of Mechatronics Engineering

University of Trunojoyo Madura, Departement of Industrial Engineering

ach.dafid@trunojoyo.ac.id

Keywords: Solar Cell, Light Intensity, Temperature, Internet of Things.

Abstract: Renewable energy sources, ranging from hydro power, wind power (wind), solar power, sea water wave

power and others. The potential for renewable energy sources in Madura is very high, but not all places have

the potential to be used as electricity generation. Before a place is used as a power plant with renewable energy

sources, it is necessary to know the potential characteristics of an area that will become the reference for the

generator. Solar power plants are influenced by several factors such as light intensity, temperature and several

other factors. In this problem what will be proven is the effect of temperature and light intensity on the voltage

generated by the solar cell. The temperature and light intensity are known using sensors. Data from sensor

readings is managed in the form of an information system that collects in one server. Tools that have been

designed are ergonomically designed, both in terms of material selection, easy to assemble and assemble,

space efficiency, comfort and safety. The data that has been obtained from the test results in this study show

that the higher the temperature received by the solar cell, the lower the resulting voltage. This condition is

inversely proportional to the light intensity, the higher the light intensity, the higher the voltage generated by

the solar cell. This research has shown that the temperature received by the solar cell is not the basis for the

higher the resulting voltage, but the light intensity that becomes the input of the resulting light voltage.

1 INTRODUCTION

Energy sources in Indonesia are mostly non-

renewable energy sources that come from fossil

energy, because their availability cannot be

regenerated. Oil reserves in 2013 were 3.7 trillion

barrels, producing or drilling 882 thousand barrels per

day. Renewable energy is an alternative energy

source to meet energy needs, the potential for new

renewable energy is very significant. Indonesia has

renewable energy potential in the form of 75,091 MW

of geothermal energy, 29,164 MW of micro hydro,

480 KWH / M2 / day of solar power, 49,810 MW of

biomass.

Renewable energy has a very important role in

meeting energy needs considering that the source is

very abundant. This is because the use of fuel for

conventional power plants in the long term will

deplete the depletion of oil, gas and coal resources

and can also cause environmental pollution. One of

the efforts that has been developed is the Solar Power

Plant (PLTS).

PLTS or better known as solar cells (photovoltaic

cells) will be more attractive because they can be used

for various relevant purposes and in various places

such as offices, factories, housing, and others. In

Indonesia, which is a tropical area, has a very large

potential for solar energy with an average daily

insolation of 4.5-4.8 KWh / m² / day. However, the

electrical energy produced by solar cells is greatly

influenced by the intensity of sunlight received by the

system. So that the utilization of electric energy can

be used optimally, it is necessary to have a hybrid

system with PLN electricity nets.

During a clear day, solar radiation can reach 1000

watts per square meter. If a semiconductor device

covering an area of one square meter has an efficiency

of 10%, then this solar cell module is able to provide

electric power of 100 watts. Commercial solar cell

modules have efficiencies ranging from 5% to 15%

depending on the constituent materials. Crystalline

silicon type is a type of solar cell device that has high

efficiency even though the manufacturing cost is

relatively more expensive than other types of solar

Budiarto, H., Findiastuti, W., Annisa, R. and David, A.

Design of Solar Cell Potential Devices in Real Time based on the Internet of Things (IoT).

DOI: 10.5220/0010305700003051

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture Heritage, Education, Sustainable Tourism, and Innovation Technologies (CESIT 2020), pages 173-178

ISBN: 978-989-758-501-2

173

cells. The most important problem for realizing solar

cells as an alternative energy source is the efficiency

of solar cell devices and the cost of manufacture.

Efficiency is defined as the ratio between the electric

power generated by the solar cell device compared to

the amount of light energy received from the sun's

rays. Solar power plants (PLTS) actually depend on

the efficiency of energy conversion and the

concentration of sunlight received by these cells

(Awang Riyadi, 2008).

A solar cell in producing electrical energy (energy

from sunlight into photons) does not depend on the

size of the silicon field, and will constantly produce

energy in the range of ± 0.5 volts maximum 600 mV

at 2A, with the power of solar solar radiation 1000 W

/ m2 = "1 Sun ”will produce electric current (I) of

about 30 mA / cm2 per solar cell. The factor of the

first operation, in order to obtain the maximum value,

depends on the ambient air temperature, solar cells

can operate optimally if the cell temperature remains

normal (at 25

C), the increase in temperature is higher

than the normal temperature in the cell which will

lower the voltage value (Voc ). Each 10 Celsius (from

C) increase in the temperature of the Solar Cell

will decrease approximately 0.4% in the total power

generated or will decrease twice (2x) for the increase

in Cell temperature per 10

C. (Source: Solar

Electricity, Lorenzo Eduardo.)

Both solar radiation, solar radiation on earth and

various locations vary, and very much depends on the

state of the solar spectrum to the earth. The three solar

insolation of the sun will have a lot of effect on

current (I) a little on the voltage. Wind speed blowing,

wind speed around the location of the solar cell array

can help cool the surface temperature of the solar cell

array glass.

The four conditions of the earth's atmosphere, the

state of the earth's atmosphere is cloudy, cloudy, the

types of airborne dust particles, smoke, air vapor

(Rh), fog and pollution determine the maximum

electric current results from a row of solar cells. The

five orientation of the panel or array of solar cells.

The optimum orientation of the solar cell series

(array) towards the sun is important so that the panel

/ row of solar cells can produce maximum energy.

Apart from the orientation direction, the tilt angle of

the panel / row of solar cells also greatly affects the

maximum energy yield. The six positions of the solar

cell (array) to the sun (tilt angle), Maintaining

sunlight falling onto a surface of the solar cell panels

perpendicularly will get a maximum energy of ± 1000

W / m2 or 1 kW / m2.

The mistake that has become common in society

is that if an area is very hot, the potential for solar

power generation is very potential, this wrong

assumption is the basis for this research, another goal

is to create a solar power information system tool in

real time, so that the output of this research becomes

concrete data sources for the realization of the energy

sector, particularly renewable energy.

2 METHODS

This research was conducted at the Industrial

Engineering Laboratory. The designed frame is

analyzed according to the ergonomic method of a

device. The system to be implanted in the device is

carried out at the Mechatronics Engineering

Laboratory by carrying out several activities such as

sensor installation, sensor testing and method testing

of the system. As shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Research flow diagram.

The flow chart above shows the research stages

and the system on the tool. The tool design will be

ergonomically designed, easy to assemble and install,

and pay attention to the comfort and safety factors,

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the potential tool models to be made are presented in

Figure 2.

Figure 2: The tool model to be made.

As input power will use a battery that is connected

in series, battery charging is done every week, or

according to the capabilities of the battery.

Research uses various types of sensors, some of

these sensors include:

a. Temperature Sensor

The function of the temperature sensor is to

analyze the heat of the surrounding air, because

if it is too hot it will reduce the solar cell's ability

to produce voltage and current.

b. Wind speed sensor

The wind speed sensor (anemometer) is used to

obtain real time wind speed data, this data is

useful as a cooling calculation in the solar cell

area.

c. Lux meter sensor

Lux meter sensor, is used to obtain real time light

intensity data, which is used as input to the solar

cell.

In general, the flow chart of the work tool system

and description will be described in detail as Figure

Information:

1. Data from several sensors, in several places

(areas) will be sent via the internet, and will

appear on the web server and android, users can

monitor in real time. System maintenance can be

done manually if reading data is problematic.

2. The web server or Android is the interface for the

data sent by all sensors.

3. Forecasting data from solar cell tools will be

done manually every month, after the data

obtained has passed the normalization process

and the data is accurate.

4. Data analysis, the resulting data are:

a. Light intensity data (lux meter) is used for

solar cells to absorb energy, for how many

hours the energy is absorbed

b. The temperature data, which is used to

determine the heat absorbed by the solar

cell, is related to the voltage drop.

c. Wind speed data, used for cooling

calculations on solar cells due to ambient air

temperature, is used to overcome voltage

drop.

The conclusion is that it is feasible or not feasible for

the area to use solar cell power plants, it is possible to

use other types of new renewable energy sources

(wind / wind, micro hydro, sea waves, etc.).

Figure 3: System Flowchart.

Design of Solar Cell Potential Devices in Real Time based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

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3 RESULT

The design of a solar energy potential tool uses

several sensors and actuators, the sensors used are:

a. Lux meter sensor, is used to detect the intensity

of sunlight captured by solar panels. The solar

panels used are poly solar panels with an output

voltage of 10 WP (watt peak).

b. Anemometer sensor, is a sensor to detect wind

speed, in this research group's research, that

wind speed will be used as a cooling medium

in solar panels, the form of cooling media will

be used by students in the proposal in the final

project that will be submitted.

c. Temperature and humidity sensors are sensors

used to determine the temperature and

humidity of the air around the solar panel.

On the pole, there are several sensors and

actuators, namely a 10 WP solar panel, a console box

containing a microcontroller and a wifi module

because data in the form of land temperature, air

humidity, light intensity, and wind speed will be

transferred to the web and monitor the web server will

be used, so that monitoring can be carried out

continuously and can be accessed via Android,

console box and several sensors installed on the pole

as in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Console Box and some sensors on the solar cell

pole.

Data on sensors can be accessed directly using an

information system that has been built in the form of

real-time and continuous sensor readings. The data

from sensor readings are used as a reference or input

to the system using the artificial neural network

method. Input data is in the form of training data and

test result data. Monitoring information system as in

Figure 5.

Figure 5: Initial appearance of the solar cell monitoring

web.

server. After logging in, it will go directly to the main

view of the monitoring web, as in Figure 6.

Figure 6: The main display of the solar cell monitoring web.

This research was conducted to prove that the air

temperature on the solar panel will cause a drop in

voltage (voltage will drop). The test scenario is

carried out in two ways. First the test is carried out

with a basic indicator in the form of light intensity as

shown in Figure 7. While the second test is carried out

with a temperature indicator as shown in Figure 8.

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Figure 7: Solar cell testing with light intensity indicator.

Figure 8: Testing solar cells with temperature indicators.

The test uses a spotlight as a light source (light

intensity) and a heat source, because the heat

generated by the spotlights can reach 50

C, and the

heater in the heating room, so the heat received by the

solar panels is around 60-70

C. The test result data is

used as a reference for forecasting for one year. From

the above test shows that the greater the temperature

received by the solar cell, the smaller the resulting

voltage. In contrast to the light intensity received by

the solar cell, the greater the value of light intensity

received by the solar cell, the greater the resulting

voltage. This condition is evidenced by the test data

graph as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.

Figure 9: Graph of temperature test results against changes

in voltage.

Figure 10: Graph of test results of light intensity against

changes in voltage.

This research has been carried out in various

places as a form of proof that each different place has

a different resulting stress value. Other tests were

carried out at sites with different characteristics of

light intensity, temperature and wind speed. The

following are the results of testing sensor data based

on different places:

Figure 11: Graph of the results of testing the effect of

temperature in different places.

Based on the graph in Figure 11, it is shown that

the sensor reading conditions are not very stable due

to several factors, including weather and other natural

factors. But from this graph proves that the higher the

temperature value, the smaller the resulting voltage

refers to the test results in the graph in Figure 9.

In the same test in different places with different

values of light intensity and having different

characteristics. The test results are shown in Figure

12.

Design of Solar Cell Potential Devices in Real Time based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

177

Figure 12: Graph of test results for light intensity in

different places.

Figure 12 shows the test in the form of light

intensity against the resulting voltage. In contrast to

temperature, in this case the higher the light intensity

received, the greater the resulting voltage, but the

graph gets a poor sensor reading because the reading

is unstable which affects the resulting voltage.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions from the results of this study are:

a. The sensors used in the system function well as

input indicators.

b. The monitoring information system built has

been able to accommodate data on a web server

and display realtime sensor reading data.

c. The test result data shows that the greater the

temperature received by the solar cell, the

smaller the resulting voltage. Inversely

proportional to the light intensity, the greater

the light intensity received by the solar cell, the

greater the resulting voltage.

d. The use of this type of sensor affects the readings

and data processing results.

e. Sensor data must use a valid data acquisition

system as the data base on the sensor for data

analysis

f. The highest voltage produced by a solar cell with

a light intensity of more than 4000 lux is 20 V.

g. The lowest voltage produced by a solar cell

with the highest temperature is 9.87 V.The

sensors used in the system function well as

input indicators.

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