Modeling Sport Events Legacy based on Olympic Games

Malika Grim-Yefsah

1,2 a

, Badamassi Jadi

, Petiet Thibault

and Vignais Arthur

Université Gustave Eiffel - ENSG, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77420 Champs sur Marne, France

IGN, 73 avenue de Paris, 94165Saint Mandé, France

Keywords: Conceptual Model, Capitalization, Knowledge, Legacy, Mega Sport Event, Sport Event, Olympic Games.

Abstract: This article presents a conceptual model of sport events legacy based on the Olympic and Paralympic Games

as a reference. The legacy of mega sport events has gained ever more importance during recent years for both

academics and practitioners. The International Olympic Committee looked at the concept of legacy, as it is

the best argument with which to illustrate the lasting benefits that are derived from the Olympic Games. The

Legacy is the way to structure the capitalization of the benefits and lessons related to the organization of major

sporting events. So, our motivation is to develop a tool of the sport events legacy. The aims of the article are

first, to investigate the legacy sport events literature, second, to propose a Legacy Conceptual Model (LCM)

and to transpose it to a database which will be support to analyse the changes related to legacy. This research

target also has a practical implication. So, we investigate how the LCM helps to analyze the legacy left by a

sport event using a case study.

1 INTRODUCTION

The number of sport events organized around the

world continues to grow. In this dynamic context,

France occupies a leading position and has hosted

many major competitions. (CNDS, 2016) has

identified 41 Major International Sports Events

organized on French territory between 2015 and 2018

(see figure 1). In 2024, France will host Olympic and

Paralympic Games. Indeed, these sport events have

economic, environmental and societal issues.

Organizers and stakeholders look at how positive

legacy can be achieved by hosting these sport events,

specifically the Olympic Games.

Figure 1: Typology of Sport Events organised in France

between 2015 and 2018 (CNDS, 2016).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-0692

Generally speaking, the legacy is any outcomes

that affect people or space caused by structural

changes that stem from sport events as Olympic and

Paralympic Games. The organization of events, by a

sports federation, aims to promote high level sport,

attract new licensees and energizes the federation.

However, the stakeholders want to generate income,

attract tourists, and develop the local economy,

among others. Our motivation is to characterize and

classify the legacies of sport events and to improve

the previously built legacy sport event system. This

system was presented by (Grim-Yefsah and Bucher,

2019).

According to the Knowledge Principle of (Lenat

and Feigenbaum, 1991) “If a program is to perform a

complex task well, it must know a great deal about

the world in which it operates. In the absence of

knowledge, all you have left is search and reasoning,

and that isn't enough”, the modelling of knowledge

that describe the environment in which applications

are operating; allow them to reach their full potential.

So, we focus our research work on modelling of the

concept of legacy of the Olympic Games. The

Olympic Games are the most visible representation of

all sports events.

In this paper we propose a Legacy Conceptual

Model (LCM) and transpose it to a database which

Grim-Yefsah, M., Jadi, B., Thibault, P. and Arthur, V.

Modeling Sport Events Legacy based on Olympic Games.

DOI: 10.5220/0010144602190225

In Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K 2020) - Volume 3: KMIS, pages 219-225

ISBN: 978-989-758-474-9

219

will be the support to analyse the changes related to

legacy. This paper is organized as follow: The

literature review on legacy sport event is outlined in

section 2. The proposed Legacy Conceptual Model

(LCM) is described in section 3. In section 4, we

propose an approach, based on LCM, which defines

the actions to be implemented to evaluate the legacy

left by a sport event for the territory hosting the sport

event

. In section 5, we show how the LCM helps to

analyse the legacy left by a sport event using a case

study. At the last, in section 6, we recall the

contributions and outline limitations and some

perspectives

of this work.

2 UNDERSTANDING OF

LEGACY CONCEPT

This section deals with concepts that are employed in

this paper regarding to context and elements of mega

sporting events such as Olympic and Paralympic

Games and the benefit to be gained from the legacy

that will be left behind.

Mega sport events like the Olympic Games have

become flagship events generating considerable and

varied structural and tourist impacts on the urban

fabric of the host territories (Ritchie, 1984; Harada,

2005). Timothy (2011) argues that sport has played a

central role in various cultures and societies for

millennia, while the relics, events and locations of

sporting past are celebrated, venerated and protected

like any other heritage. Preuss, (2015) considers that

“staging a mega event transforms a city”. In this

logic, we looked at the definitions of the legacy and

specifically sport event legacy.

The first use of the word legacy in regard of the

Olympic Games was for the 1956 Melbourne

Olympic Games. The term legacy has different

meanings for different people, languages and

cultures. Preuss (2019) has largely investigated this

concept of legacy.

Cashman (2005) considers that legacy is often

assumed to be self-evident, so that there is no need to

define precisely what it is.

Preuss (2007) proposes the following definition

“Irrespective of time of production and space, legacy

is all planned and unplanned, positive and negative,

tangible and intangible structures created for and by

a sport event that remain longer than the event itself”.

Preuss (2007) has identified also some impacts of

mega sport events: economic impact, urban

development, employment impacts, environmental

and social impacts. He argues that the sport events

accelerate city development by built some sport

infrastructures, training sites, villages of athletes,

technical officials and media. In another hand, the

supervisors of technical structure developed power

plants, telecommunication networks, and cultural

attractions.

Chappelet (2012) proposes this definition “The

legacy of a mega sport event is all that remains and

may be considered as consequences of the event in its

environment”. Please, note in this definition the

association between sport events and legacy. Hinch

and Ramshaw (2014) highlight a first explicit

association between sports events and legacy

(heritage) through the concept of ‘Sport Heritage

Attractions’. The IOC (2017) proposes this definition

“Olympic legacy is the result of a vision. It

encompasses all the tangible and intangible long-

term benefits initiated or accelerated by the hosting

of the Olympic Games/sport events for people,

cities/territories and the Olympic Movement.” and

outlines some Games legacies : Sport Practices

enhancement, Social development through sport,

Urban development, Culture and creative

development, Culture and creative development,

Economic, Environment enhancement. Please, note

that the scope of Olympic Games legacy varies for

each edition, according to the specificities of the city

and the territory vision.

3 LEGACY CONCEPTUAL

MODEL

In this section, we propose a Legacy Conceptual

Model (LCM) based on the domain literature.

Grim-Yefsah and Bucher (2019) propose the

conceptual model for sport events (see figure 2).

Figure 2: Conceptual Model for Sport Events (Grim-Yefsah

and Bucher, 2019).

In this conceptual model, three dimensions are

KMIS 2020 - 12th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Systems

220

expressed: the temporality, the location and the

uniqueness. This uniqueness is considered in several

ways:

 Interactions between the environments; their

internal organization which can include the

budget, the goals targeted by the event, etc. (see

Figure 3, “Organization” Class)

 Interactions between people; the personalities

organizing the events, (“Stakeholders” Class)

 The management systems for these events,

namely the design, planning and programming

elements they generate, and the communication

(“Governance” Class)

 The concept of the sport event, i.e. practices and

their infrastructures (“Practices” Class).

The two others dimension ‘temporality’ and

‘location’ are attributes of ‘Identification’ Class.

Please, note here the important distinction between

principle and secondary location.

Figure 3: Class Diagram of “Infrastructure”.

 Principle location represents the hosting country

(see Figure 2, “Identification” Class). Example: In

2024, France will host Olympic and Paralympic

Games.

 Secondary locations represent the all cities where

each sport takes place. Each infrastructure is

located in “communes” Class. The term

“commune” (see Figure 3) designs the

municipality.

From the definitions of the previous section (c.f.

§ 2), we retain firstly the association between sport

events and legacy (see Figure 4). The legacy is any

outcomes that affect people or space caused by

structural changes that stem from sport events.

Figure 4: The association between sport events and legacy.

Now that legacy is relatively developed topic, we

propose the Legacy Conceptual Model (see Figure 5).

The definition of (Preuss, 2007) highlights five

dimensions (space, time, tangible/intangible,

planned/unplanned, positive/negative). According to

this definition, we retain those elements:

 Dimension1: Space.

 Dimension2: Time of the event. We don’t

consider the duration of a legacy.

Space and time are intrinsically linked to the mega

sport event.

Figure 5: Legacy Conceptual Model.

 Dimension3: Tangible/ Intangible

Tangible is easily captured by images and tends

to dominate the public debate around the subject.

Firstly, tangible legacy are sports infrastructure and

others urban infrastructures as hotel, housing,

transport infrastructure, neighborhood renovation. In

another hand tangible legacy are the measurable

quantitative quantities, example increase in tennis

practice, new business sector development.

Intangible is not as easy to identify, define or

measure, and has been less present in the public

debate, although it is likely the most relevant in

regard to actual benefits to people and society., i.e.

better skilled people, knowledge and sport

governance.

 Dimension4: The outcome can be neutral, positive

or negative.

 Dimension5: The outcome can be planned or

unplanned.

The Legacy Conceptual Model (LCM) aims to

provide knowledge for analysing the legacy of the

Olympic Games. To model each kind of legacy, the

LCM should be expanded. We realize that this

conceptual model becomes complex. In order to

Modeling Sport Events Legacy based on Olympic Games

221

achieve at a readable model, we break the LCM down

into manageable units (class diagrams). For each

diagram we inventory appropriates classes and model

them.

4 LEGACY MODELLING

APPROACH

We agree with (Parent, MacDonald, and Goulet,

2014) which showed that hosting sports events

requires organizers to learn from past events to not

repeat mistakes. So, we focus on building a

capitalization system for sport events legacy. This

section describes the approach to implement a process

of validation of the use of our Legacy Conceptual

Model.

The Legacy Modelling Approach (LMA) consists

of three main steps. The previously Legacy

Conceptual Model (LCM) built will be expanded by

adding the model of each type of legacy

progressively. The following steps show the

implementation of this process

Table 1: Types of Legacy (Extract).

Legacy Items

Sport

Practices

Level of competitive sports development in

local up since the hosting of Olympic

Games; New/upgraded sports venues used

for training and competition;

Urban

Development

Transport and mobility infrastructure

development (metro or train system,

airport); Basic urban infrastructure (housing,

water);

Economic

Increased global profile and visibility of

city/territory; Tourism and event industry

development ;

Environment

Sustainable sports infrastructures;

Transition to low-carbon technologies;

Social

development

through sport

Health and well-being benefits from the

practice of recreational sport and physical

activity; Olympic values and sport;

1. At the first step, we choose one type of legacy

based on the LCM (see Figure 5). Then, we proceed

to know a great deal about the domain. Thus, we

proceed, firstly to requirements gathering which

encompasses the following tasks: interviewing

federations and clubs, organizers, sponsors,

managers, participants, volunteers and spectators,

browsing through sports databases. In other hand, we

use the scope of sport practices legacy, defined by

IOC (see Table 1). The result of this step is the

Conceptual Model of the topic legacy.

http://www.sports.gouv.fr/

2. At the second step, we use a tool which is based

on model-driven approach to carry out this step

automatically. The model obtained in the first step

will be automatically translated towards a customized

relational schema. This structure helps us to collect

the data and instantiate the database.

3. So at the third step we deal with ‘transform data

into information’, ‘derive new information from

existing’ using analytics tooling and creation of

storyboards. Finally, we proceed to analyse the legacy

left by a sport event, both for the territory hosting the

sport event and for future sport events.

Because the Legacy is thinking by cities interested

in hosting the Olympic Games as early as the dialogue

stage, we focus on the candidature to find the

elements for their verification and validation of

changes. However, we focus also on the existing

literature, the capture of the legacy of past Olympic

Games and the scope of Olympic Games Legacy

defined by International Olympic committee to list

fundamental questions.

In fact, we use a case study, in the following

section, to implement the Legacy modelling

approach.

5 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF

SPORT PARCTICES LEGACY

In this section, we choose to focus on sport practices

Legacy.

5.1 Building Conceptual Model

We first proceeded to know a great deal about the

domain. Thus, we proceeded, firstly to requirements

gathering which encompasses the following tasks:

interviewing federations and clubs, browsing through

sports databases

. In other hand, we have used the

scope of sport practices legacy, defined by IOC (see

Table 1), which includes these items:

 Competitive sports development in local up

 Organised grassroots sports development (sports

initiation, clubs, etc.)

 Discovered and practice of less known sports

 Improved efficiency of the organised sports

system (federations, support and governing

bodies)

 New/upgraded sports venues used for training and

competition

 New Sports equipment

KMIS 2020 - 12th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Systems

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We propose the Conceptual Model of Sport

Practices Legacy (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: The Conceptual Model of Sport Practices Legacy.

This conceptual model can also be expanded by

the previously model built to sport event (see Figure

3). The classes “CentreHebergement”, “Parking”, and

“accessibility” characterize “Sports_Insfrastructure”

Class of our conceptual model (see figure 6).

Finally, we realize that the vision of sports

practice overlaps with the vision of urban

development, specifically the sport infrastructure.

The Urban development topic includes:

 Transport and mobility infrastructure

development (airport, metro, train, etc.)

 Basic urban infrastructure (housing, water,

sanitation, etc.)

 Advanced urban services and infrastructure

(technology, smart buildings, etc.)

 Upgraded/new venues for multiple

social/economic uses Economic

 New/upgraded sports infrastructure/ Sports

equipment.

Remember, we have broken the LCM down into

manageable units (class diagrams). Then this overlap

makes sense.

5.2 Mapping the Conceptual Model to

Relational Database

To carry out this step automatically, we used a tool

which is based on model-driven approach. We obtain

the following relational schema.

Finally, we instantiate the database previously

created with data obtained from www.sports.gouv.fr.

5.3 Analyse the Legacy

Now, we have to evaluate the changes related to

sports practice. Thus, to validate a legacy, one needs

to consider the before and after of the Olympic

Games. We propose some queries (see Table 2).

Table 2: Types of queries.

Query

What is the level of competitive sports development in

local up since the hosting of Olympic Games?

Is there organised grassroots sports development (sports

initiation, clubs, etc.)?

The hosting of Olympic Games do it allows of the

discovered and practice of less known sports?

The organised sports system (federations, support and

governing bodies) is there improved?

The new (upgraded) sports venues are there used for

training and competition?

How the new sports equipment are there used by citizens

and clubs?

These queries show how we succeed in capturing

the changes related to the hosting of Olympic Games,

through the sport practice vision.

Sport_Event(Id_SE,Name_SE,Date_debutDate,Date_fin)

Legacy(Id_legacy,Libelle)

Generate(Id_legacy,Id_SE)

Enumeration(positive,negative,neutral,planned,unplanned)

Geo‐Spatial(Id_spatial)

Time(Id,Year,Month,Day)

Tangible_Legacy(Id_TL,Id_legacy,Libelle)

LegacySPractice(IdLSP,Id_TL,Libelle)

Sport_Practice(Id_practice,period,level,IdLSP)

Equipment(codeEQ,creation_date,upgrade_date,Id_SInfra)

Use(Id_practice,codeEQ)

Sport_Infrastructure(Id_SInfra,creation_date,upgrade_date,

surface)

Sport_Establishment(Id_SEst,name)

Practices(Id_SEst,id_practice,date)

Federation(codeSF,name)

Organize(codeSF,Id_SE)

Sport_Competition(Id_Scompt,date_cretaion,date_D,

Date_F,codeSF)

Licences(id_licence,type_licence,name,codeSF)

Participate(Id_SEst,Id_Scompt,dateparticipate)

Club(Id_club,NumMem)

Member(Id_member,age,name,Id_club)

iS_locatedMem(Id_adress,Id_member)

iS_locatedSEsta(Id_adress,Id_SEst)

(

)

Modeling Sport Events Legacy based on Olympic Games

223

According to scholars and practitioners the legacy

is embedded through the Olympic Games lifecycle.

Thus, to provide direction of how this approach can

be used in practice with real data we focus on the data

of JO' 2024 preparation stage.

In the case of the 2024 Olympic Games in France,

we have to consider three intervals.

 [2010, 2015]: precedes the acceptance of the

candidature of France in the Olympic Games;

 [2015, 2023]: concerns the Olympic Games

preparation stage;

 [2025, 2030]: concerns the after the hosting of the

Olympic Games.

In this study, we focus on data between 2010 and

2018 and specifically the data of the ‘Ile de France’.

The ‘Ile de France’ includes Paris and its suburbs.

In first, we have selected the data from the

Olympic uni-sport federations approved in Ile de

France (www.sports.gouv.fr). We have retrieved

detailed data on licenses and sports groups from

annual censuses from approved sports federations.

The second work consists in treatment of this

data, using R language. Its return the following results

(extract).

Figure 7: Evolution of the number of sports licenses by

department.

Overall, there is a net increase in licenses across

the ‘Ile France’, despite the decrease in certain

departments. From a statistical point of view, the

analysis on the basis of a single factor does not

however allow conclusions to be drawn on the

interaction between the announcement in 2015 of the

candidature for the Olympic Games and the growth in

the number of athletes. Indeed, further studies are

needed with relevant indicators in order to conclude

to a possible link between the candidature for the

Olympic Games and the increase in the number of

professional athletes. This study is in progress. The

answers of questions in table2 depend on data and

authorities. Funding of studies on the legacy Olympic

Games is ensured through authorities but the

financing is falling. In fact, other studies are

conducted by students in master degree to show how

use the LCM to implement a process of validation

with stakeholders.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The Legacy of sport events is the lasting benefits

which can considerably change a territory, its image

and its infrastructure. So modeling the legacy sport

events can share the common understanding of the

knowledge for actors of federations and clubs,

organizers, sponsors, etc. Therefore, this paper

proposes a modeling approach to sport events legacy

based on the Olympic and Paralympic Games as a

reference. This reference is selected because of the

most visible representation of the Olympic Games

compared to all sports events. This Legacy modelling

approach consists of three successive steps: building

conceptual model, mapping the conceptual model

towards a relational database, and analyse the

changes related to legacy.

As a starting point of our work, we propose a

generic legacy conceptual model based on the

literature using the UML diagrams. The aim is to

propose a uniform way to represent several sport

events legacy. Then we expanded it by a specific

model of the sports practice legacy.

We illustrate the application of the approach with

the sports practice legacy, we obtained the conceptual

model, the database and we propose some questions

to analyse this type of Legacy demonstrating the

ability of the approach to find the tangible elements

of each legacy. Observe that our approach is not

dedicated to the sports practice legacy field but can

also be deployed in other tangible legacy. Indeed,

other studies are doing with students in master degree

to implement the LMA with environmental legacy

and urban legacy.

In this work, we help stakeholders to perceive the

effects of the Olympic Games as the increasing of

licenses, the improvement of sports practice by citizens

but we don’t assess the legacy. Thus, the main

limitation of this work is about the legacy

measurement. As an outlook, the next step is the real

measurement of a legacy. (Koenigstorfer, 2017) has

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proven that only very few scholarly papers investigated

how to measure the different legacies. Our idea is to

measure the different legacies following a goal-

question-metric approach (Van Solingen et al, 2002):

as case study, we associate metrics at each question of

sport practice legacy (see table 2).

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