Digital Library "Scientific Heritage of Russia"

N. Kalenov

, K. Pogorelko

, I. Sobolevskaya

and A. Sotnikov

Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences — Branch of Federal State Institution “Scientific

Research Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (JSCC RAS — Branch of SRISA),

119334, Moscow, Leninsky av., 32 a, Russia

Keywords: Scientific Heritage, Digital Library, Russian Scientists, Information System, Network Technologies, Virtual

Exhibitions, Museum Objects, Digitization.

Abstract: The article discusses a new version of the digital library "Scientific Heritage of Russia" (DL SHR) presented

on the Internet at http://e-heritage.1gb.ru/. The DL SHR contains information about scientists of the 18th,

19th and first half of the 20th centuries who made a significant contribution to the development (Science in

Russia). These include both Russian scientists and foreign scientists who worked in Russia. DL content

includes structured metadata about scientists, their detailed biography, bibliography, portraits, and full texts

of their most important publications, museum and archival information related to them. The article presents

the principles underlying the filling of the DL SHR, the architecture of the Library, the blocks included in its

structure, describes the user interface, illustrated by examples.

1 INTRODUCTION

There are various renderings of terminology

associated with digital libraries (hereinafter referred

to as DL) and their components in computer science.

We will use the following definitions:

Definition 1: DL - structured information of

interest to them.

Definition 2: DL resources - full-text, audio and

video materials included in the DL.

Definition 3: Metadata - a set of formal features

by which resources are searched.

Definition 4: DL content - a set of metadata and

resources supported in DL.

In the modern information space, there are

thousands of digital libraries (DL) ranging from

universal ones containing metadata and full texts of

millions articles to small digital libraries contain the

employees works of individual scientific

organizations. For example:

https://www.elibrary.ru/defaultx.asp

https://www.scopus.com/home.uri

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-0988

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-8813

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-3750

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-1255

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/digi

tal-library

http://zioc.benran.ru/).

Almost all of the world's largest publishers

provide users with access to digital versions of their

magazines and books. A number of large universities

and establishments create subject-oriented. For

example:

https://plato.stanford.edu/;

http://www.mathnet.ru/;

http://www.cas.org/.

Digital libraries are created at the national and

international levels. For example:

https://www.nibib.nih.gov/content/national-

science-digital-library-nsdl:

https://www.europeana.eu/en.

The absence of a scientific information resource

that solves the problem of preserving the scientific

heritage and creating the conditions for its effective

development, as well as the integration of the funds

of various memory institutions (libraries, archives

and museums) into a common digital information

resource is the main shortcoming of the information

retrieval platforms that exist today.

104

Kalenov, N., Pogorelko, K., Sobolevskaya, I. and Sotnikov, A.

Digital Library "Scientiﬁc Heritage of Russia".

DOI: 10.5220/0010106001040111

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications (CHIRA 2020), pages 104-111

ISBN: 978-989-758-480-0

In 2010, the DL "Scientific Heritage of Russia"

was created at the Russian Academy of Sciences. The

main purpose of creating the DL SHR is to provide

information on the outstanding scholars who worked

in Russia and who contributed to the development of

fundamental natural sciences and humanities through

the Internet in a free mode. Along with biographical

and bibliographic information about scientists, the

DL SHR includes full texts of the most significant

works published by them, as well as digital copies of

archival and museum materials related to the

professional activities of these scientists. In addition

to the fact that the placement of copies of documents

allows significantly expanding the circle of their

users, digitization of printed publications, archival

and museum materials that are of historical value,

allows ensuring their safety by minimizing the

circulation of their originals.

Thus, unlike most modern scientific DL, focused

on providing users with current information, the DL

SHR was faced with the task of ensuring at the

national level the popularization of the achievements

of domestic science and the preservation of rare

scientific documents.

Initially, the DL SHR was also tasked with

providing a multifaceted search and navigation

through heterogeneous resources, which is not typical

for most modern DLs that have a rather trivial search

interface.

Additional factors that distinguish DL SHR from

a variety of digital libraries are the principle of

selection of materials and the technology of forming

its content. Leading libraries, institutes, museums and

archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences

participate in the filling of the DL SHR. The software

and technological complex, which ensures the

formation of the DL SHR, provides for the

monitoring of data preparation processes and multi-

stage quality control of the input information.

Since 2010, the Joint SuperComputer Center

(JSCC) of the Russian Academy of Sciences – Branch

of Federal State Institution “Scientific Research

Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy

of Sciences” has been supporting the digital library

"Scientific Heritage of Russia" (DL SHR) in the

Internet (Kalenov N.E., 2016.).

The main goal of creating the DL SHR is to

provide information on outstanding scholars worked

in Russia and made a great advance in the

development of fundamental both natural and human

sciences.

Along with biographical and bibliographic

information about scientists, the DL SHR includes the

full texts of the most important works published by

them, as well as digital copies of archival and

museum materials related to the professional

activities of these scientists.

Digitalization of printed publications, archival

and museum materials, which are historical value,

allows to ensure their preservation by minimizing

their originals query.

The principle of coordinated decentralized

information generation in combination with

centralized data storage support and web single sign

on for users (Antopol'skij A.B., 2016) is the basis for

DL SHR database provisioning. DL SHR EB NNR is

part of the information support system for scientific

research (Kalenov N.E., 2015; Serebryakov V.A.,

2016) and an integral component of the project to

create a Single Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge

(Antopol'skij A.B., 2019).

This article is concerned with the structure of the

DL SHR and the services it provides for the search

and provision of its content.

2 THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

"SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF

RUSSIA" STRUCTURE

DL SHR is a complex that includes the following

units:

1. A resource management unit that supports the

following process technologies:

- selection of materials for inclusion into the DL;

- creation of a new resource;

- creation of metadata describing the resource;

- loading of resources and metadata in digital

documents, their correction and deletion.

2. User management unit that provides:

- registration of users with various access rights to

the digital library;

- adjustment, deletion of user data;

- authorization of users at the entrance to the DL.

3. The control unit of linguistic means (support for

dictionaries, classification systems, thesauruses, etc.).

4. The unit of access to the DL that provides:

- support for the user interface of the request

formation;

- query processing;

- information retrieval;

- navigation through the content of electronic

books.

5. The system administration unit that provides:

- installation, configuration, support of hardware

and software of electronic devices;

Digital Library "Scientiﬁc Heritage of Russia"

105

- archiving of information and recovery of

electronic devices after failures;

- monitoring DL (analysis of the demand for its

components).

6. The manager unit that solves administrative

tasks of current functioning and determines the main

directions of DL SHR development.

3 THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

"SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF

RUSSIA" ARCHITECTURE

The DL SHR is focused on distributed architecture in

which data sources (the storage of resources and

metadata) can be distributed geographically. Servers

that are providing digitized data storage, the main

web-portal of the DL SHR, data digitization centers

represent the general architectural components of the

system. DL SHR is built as a distributed information

system with a dedicated central node. The subsystems

are the entry points into the DL of the organizations

participating in the project on the one hand, and are

the information providers for the entire distributed

system on the other hand (Pogorelko K.P., 2015).

Consequently, the key principle of the

architecture is the independent development of digital

data by participating organizations and with the

simultaneous integration of data into a common

digital information space. This is achieved by

standardizing of metadata provision, data

presentation formats, search interfaces and

dictionaries (Kalenov N.E., 2012). These aspects are

relevant to this date (Ahmad K., 2019; Windhager F.,

2019). Thus, each digital library of the participating

organizations can store data in its own formats and

provide its own services, but at the same time, it must

provide the same interfaces for all mentioned above.

The system central node should provide

navigation, search and provision of data for all digital

libraries in accordance with unified formats and

services. The storage servers provide reliable storage

and backup of digital content. In addition, they

provide end-users an access to data redirected from

the central digital portal. The data storage servers also

provide the digitization centers with tools for data

automation placement and update. This approach is

applying today (Arshad H., 2020).

The main web-portal of DL SHR consolidates

metadata received from digitization centers within a

centralized repository, providing users with

centralized access (to them). Interacting with digital

storage servers, it is also an integrated point of access

to digital versions of scientific papers.

4 THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

"SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF

RUSSIA" METADATA

PROFILES

In the DL SHR the information partitioning about all

classes of objects is used. In particular, the various

bibliographic levels structuring of digital copies of

publications is used. (Baryshev R.A., 2020; Bonacchi

C., 2019). It avoids information duplication,

minimizes the number of misprints in the metadata

and presents the information to the user in a holistic

and consistent way. An application profile for

supporting museum activities has been developed.

The general survey of these specifics will be

examined in more detail.

For the object class “Museum Object” special

attributes are defined:

 Condition (safety);

 Year of collection;

 Receipt date;

 Affiliation of the collection.

Attributes such as "Title", "Description",

"Keywords", "Source", etc., are inherited from the

class common to museum objects and publications.

This profile allows to standardize the metadata of

physical museum items and multimedia (photo,

video, audio) resources.

As well as additions and changes were made to the

representations of the participating resources of the

main profile, such as "Persons", "Performance",

"Collections". In contrast to publications, the objects

descriptions in various museums may have their own

characteristics. It is impossible to provide a

comprehensive set of necessary properties here. In

this regard it is possible to determine additional

properties for these objects. Accordingly it is possible

to define additional properties of the object in the

system administrator’s interface. While

representations of the corresponding fields are

created in the data input and output interfaces. The

same problem is being considered today (Corrales

D.C., 2020; Zhmailo S.V., 2020). The entered values

of additional fields are displayed in full information

about the object, but they are not searched. Thus, the

administrator can add such properties as the "Number

of items", "Description author", "Collection author',

"Geography", "Dimensions", "Age", "Method of

receipt", "Preparations", etc.

CHIRA 2020 - 4th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

106

Museum objects more often than publications are

combined in collections. In this regard, the support

for nested objects of type "Collection" with attributes

(metadata) is implemented in the DL SHR:

 Identifier;

 Name;

 Collection type;

 Keywords;

 Description;

 Administrator;

 The number of elements in the collection;

 Storage;

 Notice;

 Elements of the collection.

Operations on collections are performed through

the following system forms:

 Input and modification of information about

the collection;

 Search and issue information about the

collection;

 Issuing a list of collection objects;

 Inclusion and exclusion of collection objects;

 Collections removal;

 Indication of the collection when entering

information about the object through an staging

database.

An additional profile of advanced data storage

support has been developed at the DL SHR. A

number of new entities have been introduced in this

profile. The main ones are:

- Class "Media Object". It is intended to describe

a media object as a single whole, consisting of

pieces of data with different functional load;

- Class "Part of the media object." This class

allows within a single media object, for

example, a museum subject, to have several

parts with different functional loads. In

particular, photographs from different angles, a

video clip, accompanying information

documents, etc.

5 THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

"SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF

RUSSIA" CONTENT

PREPARATION TECHNOLOGY

The following describes the distributed data

preparation technology for DL SHR.

Guided by the coordinated approaches to the

principles of digital books filling each organization

participating in the program determines the

publications from its funds, which it considers

appropriate to include in the electronic books (Wuttke

U., 2019; Freire N., 2018). After that, the registered

representative of this organization enters the dispatch

system and checks to see if this publication and its

author(s) are already registered in it. If there is no

publication in the system, metadata and information

about the author (if the author has not been entered

earlier) are entering into the proposed template its. In

this case, the “Current Status” template field assumes

the value “proposed for digitization”.

A representative of the editorial team periodically

enters the dispatch system and receives a list of

documents with the status “Proposed for

digitization”. The editorial team makes a decision on

each of them about the advisability of entering into

the digital library. If the document is to be digitized

the value of the “Current Status” field changes to

“Registered”, and the number of this document is

automatically entered into the record under which it

will be entered into the electronic document. In the

future, this number (“JSCC Number” field) is not

subject to change. If for any reason it is not practical

to digitize a document, the value of the “Current

Status” field changes to “No Digitization”.

A representative of the organization that forms he

digital content enters the scheduling system and

selects its records that have the current status of

“Registered”. After selecting publications and

sending them for digitization, their current status

changes - the value “In operation” is entered in this

field. After the digitization process is completed, the

status of the records changes to “Digitized”, after

being transferred to the JSCC editorial team, it is

“Surrendered”.

Thus, at each moment of time, the DL

administrative group can receive information on how

many and which publications are in operation, how

many and by whom it has been digitized, etc. Such

problems are being considered now (Fuchsgruber L.,

2019; Golub K., 2019; Munster S., 2019).

The technological field “Acceptance status” is

filled in by the staff of the editorial team. working

with this edition. Upon receipt of a digital copy of the

publication, the value “accepted for work” is entered

in this field. If there are no comments on the material,

it is transferred to the technical group, and the field

value changes to "accepted for uploading to the site",

after downloading the field takes the value

"published". If errors are detected in the material, the

editor sets the “Acceptance Status” field to “Problems

Detected”, fills in the “Missing Pages” and

“Comments on the Problem” fields and sends the

appropriate message to the contractor. The contractor

corrects the errors, accordingly changing the value of

Digital Library "Scientiﬁc Heritage of Russia"

107

the “Acceptance Status” field, after which the editor

transfers the publication for downloading to the

digital document.

Thus, the progress and timing of error correction

is controlled, and additional statistics on the operation

of the system can be obtained (Stegaeva M.V., 2020).

Metadata about persons and publications from the

technological system is downloaded to the digital

server automatically when downloading an electronic

publication (Samanta K.S., 2020; Silvis I.M., 2019).

6 THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

"SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF

RUSSIA" USER INTERFACE

DL SHR materials that have passed editorial control

are available on the public website http://e-

heritage.1gb.ru/.

The following navigation menu items are

available for users:

 Main (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Page of the DL SHR website - “About the

project”.

 Search. In the DL SHR, the search for objects

of “person”, “publication”, “museum objects”,

and “collections” has been implemented

(Figure 1).

A multi-faceted search (in particular, thematic,

scientific works, scholars, museum objects, by

fragment of surname, year or place of birth, etc.) can

be carried out in the DL SHR (Figure 2). One can use

several search attributes using Boolean logic. The

search result for a person by the surname “Euler” you

can see on the Figure 2.

Figure 2: Possibilities of person search queries.

Name of the person we found in the previous step

(in Cyrillic and Latin transcription) is an active link.

Clicking on it, the user gets to a page dedicated to

Leonhard Euler (Figure 3). On this page you can see

(pressing “+”) biography of the scientist, short list

with his bibliography and links to external sources

related to Euler.

Figure 3: Page dedicated to Euler.

Figure 4: Example of the book description.

CHIRA 2020 - 4th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

108

Figure 5: Full text visualisation.

Figure 6 shows the search capabilities for a fixed

both time frame and language of publication (e.g. it's

need to find publications in Latin published from

1700 to 1750). The search results are presented in

Figure 6.

Figure 6: Search for a both fixed time frame and language

of publication.

The surname of the author of each publication

(Figure 7) is an active link, by clicking on which you

can get information about the author.

Figure 7: Publication search result.

DLSHR allows to search for a museum object

both in full name and in its fragment. For example,

it's necessary to find all museum objects related to

mammoths. To do this, the name "

mammuthus" is

entered in the search query. On this query in the

collection is not only object "mammoth" but also an

object the "the upper of a woolly mammoth" related

to it.

Figures 8 and 9 show the possibilities and the

search result for a fragment of the name of the

museum object.

Figure 8: Search for the museum object name

“mammuthus”.

Figure 9: "The upper of a woolly mammoth's tooth" as a

search result for the name of the Museum object

"Mammuthus".

Figure 10 shows the fragment of list of collections

available in the DL SHR.

Figure 10: The list of collections available in the DL SHR.

 Exhibitions.

DL SHR is an information resource allows to

create and present interdisciplinary multimedia

Digital Library "Scientiﬁc Heritage of Russia"

109

virtual exhibitions on its platform. A virtual

exhibition is an information resource that shows users

diverse information (digital copies of printed

materials, archival documents, museum items, etc.).

This information is united by certain signs. Due to the

fact that various types of materials are being

presented in the process of forming digital science

collections it becomes necessary to create multimedia

objects, in particular, digital 3D models of museum

objects and virtual reality objects (Sobolevskaya I.N.,

2019). There are several virtual exhibitions have been

implemented within the framework of the project on

filling the DL SHR. Among them those dedicated to

the 160th birthday of I.V. Michurin and the

development of genetics in Russia, as well as the

scientific heritage of M.M. Gerasimov (Figure. 11).

Figure 11: Virtual exhibitions carried out the DL SHR.

Figure 12: Contact form.

7 CONCLUSIONS

For now, data on more than 6,100 scientists working

in Russia since the 18th century have been entered

into the DL SHR and the full texts of more than

24,500 publications that are not subject to copyright

law are available. Scanned text is not recognized,

except for the table of contents, which provides

navigation within the publication. In addition, a

number of digital objects from natural science

museums are presented in the DL SHR. Along with

photographs, 3D models of some museum objects are

presented, including a collection of M.M.

Gerasimov’s anthropological reconstructions and I.V.

Michurin’s collection of fruits.

Although the resources of the DL SHR are

focused primarily on Russian users, as practice has

shown, many foreign specialists who are interested in

the problems of the development of science turn to

the DL SHR. Table 1 presents the "top 15"

distribution of demand for DL SHR by countries

(Pogorelko K.P., 2017).

Table 1: The "top 15" distribution of demand for DL SHR

by countries.

№ Сountry

Books

viewe

Pages

downloade

1 Russia 144573 5060276

2 Ukraine 28614 1228989

3 Belarus 6114 208723

4Bul

aria 2004 126883

5 Kazakhstan 3181 114877

6German

2701 107504

7 USA 2857 101974

8Polan

1707 65480

9Ital

1219 51838

10 Lithuania 778 50378

11 Azerbaijan 901 39964

12 Israel 1008 36345

13 Armenia 892 31501

14 Moldova 817 27751

15 France 756 28053

According to the data generated in the system

administration unit in 2019, 328.126 “effective” calls

to the DL SHR were received from 68.797 different

IP addresses (effective refers to the address during

which at least one page of the digital book was

downloaded).

Although (except Russia) the top 15 includes 7

CIS states a significant part of whose population is

fluent in Russian, representatives of a number of other

countries (Bulgaria, Germany, the USA) are also

quite active in the DL SHR and are at the top of the

ranked list .

Long term using of the DL SHR and its high

demand from users have shown that it fulfils its tasks

related to the preservation of the scientific heritage of

Russia and the popularization of scientific

achievements.

The experience gained during the development of

the Library and its content is supposed to be used in

the creation of a common digital space of scientific

knowledge in accordance with the concept given in

(Antopol'skij A.B., 2019).

CHIRA 2020 - 4th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

110

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

The research is carried out by Joint Supercomputer

Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences – Branch

of Federal State Institution “Scientific Research

Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy

of Sciences” within the framework of the State task

0065-2019-0016.

REFERENCES

Ahmad K., Zheng JM., Rafi M., 2019. Librarian's

perspective for the implementation of big data analytics

in libraries on the bases of lean-startup model. In

Digital library perspectives. 36(1), pages 21-37.

Antopol'skij A.B., Kalenov N.E., Serebryakov V.A., 2016.

Edinaya sistema informacionnogo obsluzhivaniya

nauki FANO (Proekt koncepcii). In Informacionnye

resursy Rossii. № 5, pages 2-6.

Antopol'skij A.B., Kalenov N.E., Serebryakov V.A.,

Sotnikov A.N.. 2019. O edinom cifrovom prostranstve

nauchnyh znanij. In Vestnik Rossijskoj akademii nauk.

vol. 89(7), pages 728-735.

Arshad H., Jantan A., Hoon G.K., Abiodun I.O., 2020.

Formal knowledge model for online social network

forensics. In Computers & security. Vol. 89, UNSP

101675.

Baryshev R.A., Babina O.I., Tsvetochkina I.A.,

Manushkina M.M., 2020. Library and information

activities: theory and practice. In Nauchnye i

tekhnicheskie biblioteki-scientific and technical

libraries. 4, pages 13-36.

Bonacchi C., Krzyzanska M., 2019. Digital heritage

research re-theorised: ontologies and epistemologies in

a world of big data. In International journal of heritage

studies. Vol. 25(12), 1235-1247.

Corrales D.C., Ledezma, A., Corrales, J.C., 2020. A case-

based reasoning system for recommendation of data

cleaning algorithms in classification and regression

tasks. In Applied soft computing. Vol. 90, UNSP

106180.

Freire N., Voorburg R., Cornelissen R., de Valk S., Meijers

E., Isaac A., 2018. Aggregation of Linked Data in the

Cultural Heritage Domain: A Case Study in the

Europeana Network dagger. In Information. 10(8), №

252.

Fuchsgruber L., 2019. Museum Photo Archives and the

History of the Art Market: A Digital Approach. In Arts.

8(3). № 93.

Golub K., Tyrkko J., Hansson J., Ahlstrom I., 2019. Subject

indexing in humanities: a comparison between a local

university repository and an international bibliographic

service. In Journal of documentation.

Kalenov N.E., 2015. The Information Support of Basic

Research. In Automatic documentation and

mathematical linguistics. 49(2), pages 54-58.

Kalenov N.E., Pogorelko K.P., Serebryakov V.A., Sotnikov

A.N., 2016. Elektronnaya biblioteka «Nauchnoe

nasledie Rossii»: sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya. In

Nauchnyj servis v seti Internet: trudy XVIII

Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii. pages 148-151.

Kalenov N.E., Savin G.I., Serebriakov V.A., Sotnikov

A.N., 2012. Principy postroeniya i formirovaniya

elektronnoj biblioteki "Nauchnoe Nasledie Rossii". In

programmnye produkty i sistemy. 4, id: 19685808.

Munster S., 2019. Digital Heritage as a Scholarly Field-

Topics, Researchers, and Perspectives from a

Bibliometric Point of View. In Acm journal on

computing and cultural heritage. 12(3), № 12.

Pogorelko K.P., 2015. Analiz vostrebovannosti elektronnoj

biblioteki "Nauchnoe nasledie Rossii". In

Informacionnoe obespechenie nauki: novye

tekhnologii: Sb-k nauchnyh trudov, pages 191-199.

Pogorelko K.P., 2017. Dinamika ispol'zovaniya elektronnoj

biblioteki "Nauchnoe nasledie Rossii". In

Informacionnoe obespechenie nauki: novye

tekhnologii: Sbornik nauchnyh trudov. BEN RAN,

pages 192-200.

Samanta K.S., Rath D.S., 2020. User-Generated Social

Tags Versus Librarian-Generated Subject Headings: A

Comparative Study in the Domain of History. In

Desidoc journal of library & information technology.

40(3), pages 176-184.

Silvis I.M., Bothma Theo J. D., de Beer Koos J. W., 2019.

Evaluating the usability of the information architecture

of academic library websites. In Library hi tech. 37(3),

pages 566-590.

Sobolevskaya I.N., Sotnikov A.N., 2019. Principles of 3D

Web-collections Visu-alization. In Proceedings of the

3rd Inter-national Conference on Computer-Human

Interaction Research and Appli-cation. SCITEPRESS.

Stegaeva M.V., 2020. Cataloguing in the digital epoch: b.

N. Yeltsin presidential library's experience. In

Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki-scientific and

technical libraries. 2, pages 24-38.

Windhager F., Salisu S., Mayr E., 2019. Exhibiting

Uncertainty: Visualizing Data Quality Indicators for

Cultural Collections. In Informatics-basel. 6(3), № 29.

Wuttke U., Spiecker C., Neuroth H., 2019. PARTHENOS -

A Digital Research Infrastructure for eHumanities and

eHeritage. In Bibliothek forschung und praxis. 43(1),

pages 11-20.

Zhmailo S.V., Ulyanin O.V..2020. Sci-tech libraries within

the knowledge management system: from information

specialist's viewpoint. In Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie

biblioteki-scientific and technical libraries. vol. 2,

pages 9–23.

Digital Library "Scientiﬁc Heritage of Russia"

111