Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Serum Containing

Argan Oil as Moisturizing Agent

S. Budiasih

*, I. Masyitah

, K. Jiyauddin

1,2

, M. Kaleemullah

, A. D. Samer

A. Mohd Fadli

1,2

and Eddy Y.

1,2

School of Pharmacy, Management & Science University,

40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

International Center for Halal Studies, Management & Science University,

40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Keywords: Cosmetic Serum, Argan oil, moisturizer, stability

Abstract: Nowadays, cosmetics are becoming more high demand in daily life and it was used frequently by many of

people per year. Moisturizing serum is a bland of oleaginous substances that are applied to the skin by

rubbing which used to replace natural skin oil, to cover tiny fissures in the skin and to provide a soothing

protective film. Argan oil is a plant oil that produced from Argan tree (Argania spinose) which become one

of the main roles in the dermocosmetic field due to higher in moisturizer contents. The main objective of the

research is to evaluate the characteristics of cosmetic serum and to identify the best formulation of cosmetic

serum containing Argan oil as moisturizing agent. Five formulations of cosmetic serum (F1, F2, F3, F4 and

F5) with different concentration of Argan oil have been developed. They were evaluated for its physical

appearance, pH, rheology, spreadability, skin moisturizing, stability test and analysed by using ANOVA

single factor. The product was milky white, rose cheek smell, non-greasy, non-oily and homogen. The result

showed that pH of five formulations have shown significant different (p<0.05) and was fall into acceptable

range (pH 5-6). Stability study at low and room temperature shown all formulation were stable except for

high temperature (at 40°C) only F2 after week 1. Statistical result indicated that there was significant

different between all formulations in moisturizing effect (p<0.05) and F3 gave higher percentage of

moisture rising. Rheological analysis shows all five formulations were pass over 30% of torque point.

Formulation 2, 3 and 4 gave more than 50% of spreadability percentage compared with formulation 1 and 5.

In this study, it can be concluded that the F2 of formulated cosmetic serum are stable and could delivered

high moisturizer effect on the skin.

1 INTRODUCTION

The cost increase in worldwide living standard has

created a rise in demand for cosmetic products. The

cosmetic industry established in Malaysia is one of

the important economic sources. The importance of

cosmetics has increased as many people want to stay

young and attractive.

Cosmeceutical refers to the combination of the

cosmetics industry with the pharmaceutical

industry. Cosmetics companies produce cosmetics

and pharmaceutical ones produce medicines.

Cosmeceuticals are skincare products that combine

cosmetics and medicines. What this means to the

consumer is that they actually work (DeHaven,

2007). “Cosmetic Product” by definition from

Guideline on The Control of Cosmetic Products,

Health Science Authority, Revised in 2014, is any

product that is intended to be placed in contact with

the various external parts of the body, such

epidermis, hair system, nails, lips, eyes, teeth and

the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and

external genital organs with purposes mainly to

cleaning, perfuming, changing their appearance,

correcting body odours, protecting or keeping them

in good condition (Authority, 2011).

The available cosmetic products are classified mainly

in five classes which are skin care products, hair care

products, colour cosmetic products, personal care

products, and fragrances (T. Mitsui, 1993). The skin

care and maintenance are included moisturizers,

massage oils, creams, fairness creams, petroleum

gels, sunscreens, anti-itching creams, and antiseptic

ointments.

Serum is one of the cosmetic products with very high

concentration of active ingredient in their formula for

providing intensive nutrition to the deeper skin layer

and non-greasy finish product which suitable for

skin.

Cosmetic serum was classified based on its rate of

absorption and the ability to penetrate into the deeper

layers of the skin. This research was planned to

Budiasih, S., Masyitah, I., Jiyauddin, K., Kaleemullah, M., Samer, A., Fadli, A. and Yusuf, E.

Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Serum Containing Argan Oil as Moisturizing Agent.

DOI: 10.5220/0008361702970304

In Proceedings of BROMO Conference (BROMO 2018), pages 297-304

ISBN: 978-989-758-347-6

297

develop an ideal cosmetic serum containing Argan

oil as a moisturizing agent to the skin. Serum are

differ from others moisturizers in that serum do not

“make room” for emollients or thickener. Likewise,

serum will not contain sunscreen active like daytime

moisturizer would but serum preserve the extra

space for other beneficial ingredients or even more

antioxidants than any others product.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Materials

Argan oil, Squalane light (Chem Soln), Triglyceride

(Sigma), Glycerin USP (Chem Soln), Hyaluronic

acid HMW, Sodium EDTA, PEG-100, PEG-12

Dimethicon, Sodium acrylate, Phenoxyethanol-SA,

distilled water.

2.2 Apparatus and Equipments

Rheometer (Brookfield® R/S CP), pH meter

(Hanna®), Moisture Checker (Scalar®),

homogenizer (Ultra Turrax), beaker, glass rod, filter

paper (Whatman), syringe with needle, aluminium

foil, dropper.

Table 1: Formula of cosmetic serum

Materials Quantity (%)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

PHASE A

Water 73.8

EDTA 0.2

Hyluronic

acid HMW

PHASE B

PEG-12 4

Squalene

6 5 4 3 2

Argan oil 1 2 3 4 5

Triglyceride 3

PHASE C

Glycerin

USP

PEG-12

Dimethicon

Sodium

acrylate

Phenoxyetha

nol-SA

2.3 Preparation of Cosmetic Serum

All the ingredients were weighed according to the

different percentage listed (Table 1). The net weight

of all formulated serum was 100g. Add water and

EDTA into a disinfected glass beaker and stir, until

EDTA has dissolved. Add hyaluronic acid and mix

thoroughly with a stick blender or homogenizer until

phase A is free of lumps. Add phase B to phase A,

stir well after each ingredient has been added. Mix

with stick blender. Add phase C to phase A/B, again,

stirring well after each ingredient. Especially after

sodium acrylate uses the stick blender. Serum should

be free of any lumps. Viscosity can be adjusted by

adding, 2.5% of the sodium acrylate, if needed.

2.4 Organoleptic, Physicochemical and

Stability Testing of Cosmetic Serum

The properties and stability testing of cosmetic

serum were carried out for the five different

formulations of cosmetic serum. The observation

were recorded on day one of preparation, week one,

week two, week three, week four and two month

after preparation for determination of organoleptic

properties, pH, homogeneity, rheological, skin

moisture and stability study.

2.4.1 Physical Appearance

Observe the color of the serum formulation sample

which should be in white milky and glossy

appearance. Next, feel some serum formulation

sample on the skin to access the texture which should

smooth homogeneous texture and non-greasy finish.

2.4.2 pH Test

The pH test will be determined by using Digital pH

meter. Dipper of digital pH will be deep into the

sample of serum formulation and the pH value will

be recorded. The pH of the formulation should

having acidic pH as the skin is having an acidic pH

of around 4–6.

2.4.3 Homogeneity

This will be confirmed by spread some of the serum

formulation on the transparent glass and observe it.

The formulation should produce uniform distribution

of serum.

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

298

2.4.4 Rheological Study

Viscosity of the formulation is determined by

Brookfield® Viscometer at 100rpm, using spindle

type model S64.5 ml of the serum. The serum will

placed in a big mouth container with the spindle

dipped in it for about 5 minutes before the

measurement.

2.4.5 Spreadability Test

The product spreads on the skin or affected area and

denotes the extent of area to which the serum was

applied. Some sizes of filter paper are chosen and

each filter paper is measure the total area of filter

paper (A1) and weighing of each filter paper (W1).

Choose the formulation to be tested and draw

several milliliters into the B-D 5mL syringe and

drawn onto the center of filter paper for 20 drops.

When latest drop hits the filter paper, start a timer or

stopwatch to count down for exactly 10 minutes.

During the 10 minute test, the liquid will spread in a

relatively uniform circular pattern over the filter

paper. After 10 minutes, cut exactly on the line

between saturated spread and dry filter paper by

using scissor. Weigh the remaining dry

(unsaturated) filter paper. Record this weight as W2.

Measure the diameter of the saturated portion of

filter paper. If the spread was not a perfect circle,

then take several diameter readings around the

spread area and determine an average diameter.

Record this measurement as A2.

% Spread by Area = (A2/A1)100

2.4.6 Skin Moisture Test

Skin moisture will be measure by using Scalar

moisture checker after applying cosmetic serum on

the skin. The scale will show the moisture of the

skin after using the cosmetic serum.

2.4.7 Stability Test

It is to determine physical and chemical stability of

the product with accelerated stability analysis which

subjects the material to elevated temperatures. Short

term accelerated stability study was carried out for

the period of 3 months for the formulation. The

samples were stored at different storage conditions

of temperatures and samples are withdrawn on

monthly interval and analyzed.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Physical Appearance

Physical appearance was evaluated by observation

on the texture, color and smell of the formulated

cosmetic serum. All formulations gave milky white

finish products with non-greasy and non-oily

properties after 4 weeks observation. The rose smell

of formulation 1 and 4 started to disappear after

week 2 while formulation 2, 3 and 5 after week 3.

Homogeneity of all formulations were uniformly

distributed of contents while observing serum on the

transparent glass slide.

The use of fragrance in cosmetic serum is to cover

the unpleasant smell of Argan oil. The 1 part of

concentrated rose cheek fragrance was diluted into

10ml distilled water to get 0.1% fragrance before

used in all five formulations. The diluted fragrance

used in formulation made them less smell and

unstable to stand in longer time. Thus, all smelling of

five formulations started to disappear at week 4.

Fragrance is not always readily detected in cosmetics

either often masking agents are used to disguise the

natural smell of the active ingredients (which often

have really unpleasant smells). These masking agents

so “clean” smell that often consumers think the

product is fragrance-free (Dan Thompson, June

2014).

3.2 pH Evaluation of Cosmetic Serum

The result shows on the day 1, pH of five

formulations are fall within the range of pH 5 to pH

6. This is because in the outer layers of the stratum

corneum, the moisture barrier has a slightly acidic

pH (4.5 to 6.5). These slightly acidic layers of the

moisture barrier are called the acid mantle. The

acidity is due to a combination of secretions from the

sebaceous and sweat glands. The acceptance range

for the effectiveness of a dermocosmetic product is

lies between pH 4 to pH 6 (Shan Sasidharan, 2014).

After two months, the pH of these formulations rises

gradually, which closed to the neutral pH (pH 7).

However, all formulation was considerably fulfilling

the pH requirement as a dermocosmetic product. The

distribution of pH test between formulation 1, 2, 3, 4

and 5 showed no significantly different (p< 0.05).

3.3 Rheological Study of Cosmetic

Serum

From the test, the torque value of all five

formulations were more than 30% which mean the

Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Serum Containing Argan Oil as Moisturizing Agent

299

resulted value of viscosity is in the acceptable

viscometer range.

Figure 1: Viscosity study of the formulation

Viscosity of all formulation 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are

gradually increased after 4 weeks placed in the

room temperature (25±2) from 214.696, 276.15,

286.018, 296.537 and 351.828 to 232.759, 292.096,

310.566, 359.57 and 344.924 respectively.

Since the F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 having an

increasing in emollient which are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%

and 5% of Argan oil, the viscosity of these

formulation are increasing from day 1 to week 4. A

product viscosity is determined by its structure and

the greatest impact on it has the continuous phase; eg

water. The effect on the viscosity is depending on the

size, shape and concentration of the suspended

particles and how they are interact with the

continuous phase (Tharwat F. Tadros, 2013).

Viscosity is a measurement of internal fluid friction

which is resistance to flow when one layer of fluid is

forced to move in over another layer and typically

measured with Brookfield Viscometer. A fluid may

be made up of molecules that vary in size, shape, and

cohesiveness or a single type of molecule. As these

molecules are forced to move or flow past each

other, the molecular properties will determine just

how much force is required to move them past each

other. The force required to cause movement is

referred to as shear. Shear force are importance in

cosmetic product in order to determine the packaging

of pumping product during manufacturing and also

the spreading of serum on the skin.

According to an article, most of cosmetic products

mostly categorize under shear thinning for

suspensions and emulsions, where their viscosity

decreases with increasing shear rate. This behavior is

also referred to as pseudoplastic and is the result of

structural breakdown within the fluid (Kelly Dobos,

2017).

Table 2: pH result of the formulation

Mean ± Standard deviation (N=3)

Mean ±

Standard

deviation

Day 1

Wk 1

Wk 2

Wk 3

Wk 4

Wk 8

5.87±0

5.89±0.

6.03±0.0

6.03

±0.05

6.14±0.

6.89±0.

6.13±0.02

F2 6.01±0.

5.98±0.

6.04±0.0

6.08±0.

6.06±0.

6.21±0.

6.06±0.01

F3 6.01±0.

6.01±0.

5.99±0.0

6.05±0.

6.14±0.

6.52±0.

6.12±0.004

F4 5.86±0.

5.88±0.

5.87±0.0

5.92±0.

5.95±0.

6.22±0.

5.95±0.002

F5 5.90±0.

5.90±0.

5.93±0.0

5.91±0.

5.95±0.

6.18±0.

5.97±0.005

3.4 Spreadability Study of Cosmetic

Serum

Spreadability indicates the area on which a semi-

solid topical formulation spreads on application to

the skin. This parameter plays a key role in

determining both the efficacy and the consumer

acceptance of the product. A poor spreadability may

result in an uneven distribution of the formulation

on the skin, thus affecting the amount of the dose

applied and the efficiency of active ingredient(s) skin

permeation. On the other hand, consumers perceive a

poor spreadability as a weakness of the product,

which could lead to the choice of other products with

a better performance, independently on their actual

efficacy.

214,696

232,759

276,15

292,096

286,018

310,566

296,537

359,57

351,828

344,925

500

1000

1500

2000

DAY 1 WEEK 4

VISCOSITY (pa)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

300

Figure 2: Percentage spreadability of the formulation

From the result of evaluation, it is showed that

formulation 1 give the higher percentage of

spreadability with 24% compared to other

formulations. Secondly, the formulation 2 and 3

also showed more than 20% percent of spreadability

during the test carried out while formulation 4 and 5

only give 16.8% and 16% of spreadability

respectively. Thus, it was assumed that formulation

1 had a good spreadability and consumer

satisfaction when compared to others formulation.

Other authors reported a linear relationship between

viscosity and spreadability for topical formulations,

as the lower the viscosity of a lotion, the lower the

surface tension and the higher the spreadability on

the skin (Lardy F, 2000). When compare with the

viscosity test, formulation 1 having lowest viscosity,

thus it affect its spreadability which having the

highest percentage of spreadability.

For the rheological study and spreadability, there

are having linear relationship between viscosity and

spreadability, as the lower the viscosity, the lower

the surface tension and the higher the spreadability

on the skin.

3.5 Skin Moisture Study of Cosmetic

Serum

A total of 15 volunteers, ages ranging from 18 to 25

years old were included in the study. The volunteers

are healthy with no preceding skin diseases. Non-

invasive skin moisture measurements were carried

out using Scalar moisture checker at 1 minute, 5

minutes and 10 minutes to determine the short term

improvement in skin moisture properties after a

single application of cosmetic serum. Five different

cosmetic serums containing different concentration

of emollient (Argan oil) which are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%

and 5% were used in this evaluation.

Figure 3: Percentage of moisture increase of the

formulation

From the moisture test of formulation 1, moisture

increment in volunteer 1, 2 and 3 are 14.81%,

12.57% and 15.70%. The total percentage increment

is 14.36 % (±1.61). In the formulation 2, moisture

increment in volunteer 1, 2 and 3 are 21.28%,

14.16% and 21.57%. The total increment of

formulation 2 is higher than formulation 1, 4 and 5

which is 19.00 % (±4.20) and slightly lower by

0.67% from the formulation 3. The formulation 3

shows the highest percentage of moisture increment

in all three volunteers which is 19.67 % (±6.49).

While in the formulation 4, total increment of

moisture from the individual’s volunteer 1, 2 and 3

(23.99%, 13.13%, 17.57%) is 18.23% (±5.46). lastly,

formulation 5 show the least moisture increment in

the volunteer 1, 2 and 3 (16.83%, 11.40% and

9.88%) with the total moisture increment is 12.70%

(±3.65). Thus from the result, formulation 3 show the

highest moisture levels raised compared to others

formulation.

According to the one way ANOVA using data

percentage of moisture increment for 15 volunteer at

1 minute, 5 minutes and 10 minutes for all

formulation, all data show high significant different

(p<0.05) among each volunteer. The moisture level

of each volunteer varied due to the different

thickness of skin between male and female,

environment condition and lifestyle of volunteers.

This proven that Argan oil contains higher contents

of triglyceride which mainly act as moisturizing

agent through the percentage of moisture rising after

first application. Emollients provide some

occlusivity and improve the appearance of the skin

by smoothing flaky skin cells. There are many

24,00

22,40

21,60

16,80

16,00

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00%

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00%

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Serum Containing Argan Oil as Moisturizing Agent

301

different types of emollient esters and oils available.

Emollients are generally grouped by their ability to

spread on the skin. By combining emollients with

the different spread rates, it can tailor the skin feel

of a moisturizer. In this cosmetic serum

formulation, three types of emollient were used such

as Argan oil, squalene and triglyceride.

Additionally, emollient lipids similar to those

naturally found in the skin may also increase the

rate of barrier repair (Dobos, 2016). Thus, by

increasing the percentage of emollient would be

increasing the skin’s moisture level.

3.6 Stability Study of Cosmetic Serum

The sample of formulations were stored at three

different storage conditions and withdrawn weekly

to analyze the physical stability.

Table 3: Stability studies of the formulation

Room

temperature

(25°C±1)

Cold room

(2-3°C)

Oven

(40°C)

F1 X X X X X X X X / / / /

F2 X X X X X X X X / / / /

F3 X X X X X X X X X / / /

F4 X X X X X X X X / / / /

F5 X X X X X X X X / / / /

X : No phase separation

/ : Phase separation

All 5 formulations were stable at room temperature

(25°C±2) and cold room (2-3°C) for a month

without having any phase separation. At the high

temperature storage (40°C), all 5 formulations show

stable during first three days. After that, formulation

1, 3, 4 and 5 started to have phase separation while

formulation 2 stable for a week and become

unstable at the week 2. This process results from the

external forces usually gravitational or

centrifugation. When such forces exceed the

thermal motion of droplets, a concentration gradient

builds up in the system with the larger droplets

moving faster to the top or bottom of container

depends on their density (Tharwat F. Tadros, 2013).

Oil in water emulsion is considered to be special

liquid-liquid colloidal dispersions. The kinetic

stability is a consequence of small droplet size and

the presence of n interfacial film around the oil

droplets and is caused by stabilizing agent or

emulsifiers. In the serum formulation, polyethylene

glycol-100 (PEG-100) had been used as oil in water

emulsifier to form a homogenous mixture by keeping

water and oil together. These stabilizers suppress the

mechanisms that would involve in the breakdown of

emulsion such as sedimentation, aggregation,

coalescence and phase inversion.

These serums are stabilized by films that form

around the oil droplets at the water-oil interface.

Temperature can affect emulsion stability

significantly. Temperature affects the physical

properties of oil, water, interfacial films, and

surfactant solubilities in the oil and water phases.

These, in turn, affect the stability of the emulsion.

Perhaps the most important effect of temperature is

on the viscosity of emulsions because viscosity

decreases with increasing temperatures. This

decrease is mainly because of a decrease in the oil

viscosity. In this evaluation, temperature of the oven

(40°C) increases the thermal energy of the oils

droplets and, therefore, increases the frequency of

drop collisions. It also reduces the interfacial

viscosity, which results in a faster film-drainage rate

and faster drop coalescence.

The effect of temperature on crude oil/water

interfacial films was studied in some detail by

Jones et al., who showed that an increase in

temperature led to a gradual destabilization of the

crude oil/water interfacial films. However, even at

higher temperatures, a kinetic barrier to drop

coalescence still exists. Temperature influences the

rate of buildup of interfacial films by changing the

adsorption rate and characteristics of the interface. It

also influences the film compressibility by changing

the solubility of the crude oil surfactants in the bulk

phase.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The formulated cosmetic serum was successfully

developed and evaluated using different standard

parameters including skin moisture rising properties.

Based on all cosmetic serum formulations studied,

all F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 formulation showed

significantly different in rising of skin moisture level

(p<0.05). On the evaluation of the finished serum’s

texture, all formulations give a milky white in color,

non-greasy, non-oily and homogeneous contents.

Without any pH adjustment, all the formulations

gave the pH value within the limits of normal skin

pH range. Besides that, in the stability study of

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

302

cosmetic serum, all formulations stable until 4

week in the room temperature (25°C±1) and cold

room (2-3°C) but unstable in the oven (40°C) after

the first 3 days except for F2 which stables for a

week before undergo phase separation.

Thus, from the studied, the F2 is the best

formulation of cosmetic serum as it is the most

stable formulation and could give highest

percentage of moisture increased.

Besides that, further studies are warranted to prove

safety and efficacy of the formulated cosmetic

serum and extend formulation to gel and cream

formulation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation would not be possible without

guidance and the help of Supervisor Mdm Sri

Budiasih, colleagues and family. I would like to

take this opportunity to express gratitude to

Management & Science University (MSU) for

allowing me to conduct the research study by

providing the necessary equipment and materials.

Thank you.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Declare none

REFERENCES

Ambikar R. B., Powar P. V., Singh C. K., Sharma P.

H., Formulation and Evaluation of Moisturizer

Prepared from Natural Sources, Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation, 02 (08);

2014.

André O. Barel, M. P. (2014). handbook of cosmetic

science and technology. CRC Press.

Balazs, E. a. (1984). Hyaluronic acid. Its structure and

use. Cosmet Toilet, 65–72.

Chemical of the Week -- Chelates and Chelating Agents.

(n.d.). Retrieved

fromhttp://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/chelates/c

helates.htmlDan Thompson. (2014, June 25).

Fragrance and Cosmetics: Pretty Smells Equal Big

Reactions :: YummyMummyClub.ca. Retrieved from

http://www.yummymummyclub.ca/blogs/dan-

thompson-beauty-busted/20140625/fragrance-and-

cosmetics

Diana Draelos, Z. (2000). THERAPEUTIC

MOISTURIZERS. Dermatologic Clinics, 18(4), 597-

607. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70210-2

Dal'Belo, S. E., Rigo Gaspar, L., & Berardo Gonçalves

Maia Campos, P. M. (2006). Moisturizing effect of

cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in

different concentrations assessed by skin

bioengineering techniques. Skin Research and

Technology, 12(4), 241-246. doi:10.1111/j.0909-

752x.2006.00155.x

DeHaven, C. (2007). isclinical. Retrieved April 3, 2016,

from Delivery of cosmetic ingredients to the skin:

http://www.isclinical.com/whitepapers/delivery-

costmetic-ingredients.pdf

Dobos, K. (n.d.). Chemists Corner. Retrieved April 3,

2016, from How Do Skin Moisturizer Work:

http://chemistscorner.com/how-do-skin-moisturizers-

work/

Dom Guillaume, Z. C. (2011). Argan Oil. Alternative

Medicinal Review, 275-279.

Dominique Guillaume, Z. C. (April 2011). Argan oil and

other argan products: Use in dermocosmetology.

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,

403-408.

Dow Answer Center. (2016, April 15). Retrieved from

http://dowac.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/184

5/~/procedure-for-emulsification-of-oil-in-water-using-

surfactants

Dr. Leslie S. Baumann Dermatologist. (2014). News and

Research on Argan Oil. Retrieved from

http://www.arganlifeproducts.com/argan-

publications2.html

Farris, P. K. (n.d.). NU Skin. Retrieved April 3, 2016, from

Skin Anatomy and Physiology:

https://www.nuskin.com/en_ZA/corporate/company/sc

ience/skin_care_science/skin_anatomy_andphysiology.

html

Gabriella Baki, K. S. (2015). Introduction to Cosmetic and

Formulation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New

Jersey.

Garg, A.; Aggarwal, D.; Garg, S.; Singla, A.K. Spreading

of semisolid formulations: An update.Pharm. Technol.

2002, 26, 84–105.

Golmohammadzadeh, S., Mokhtari, M., & Jaafari, M. R.

(2012). Preparation, characterization and evaluation of

moisturizing and UV protecting effects of topical solid

lipid nanoparticles. Brazilian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48(4), 683-690.

doi:10.1590/s1984-82502012000400012

Jones, T.J., Neustadter, E.L., and Whittingham, K.P. 1978.

Water-In-Crude Oil Emulsion Stability And Emulsion

Destabilization By Chemical Demulsifiers. J Can Pet

Technol 17 (2). PETSOC-78-02-

08. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/78-02-08.

Kapoor, S., & Saraf, S. (2010). Formulation and

Evaluation of Moisturizer Containing Herbal Extracts

for the Management of Dry Skin. Pharmacognosy

Journal, 2(11), 409-417. doi:10.1016/s0975-

3575(10)80024-0

Kelly Dobos. (2017). Fluid Viscosity for the Formulation

Chemist – Chemists Corner. Retrieved from

http://chemistscorner.com/fluid-viscosity-for-the-

formulation-chemist/

Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Serum Containing Argan Oil as Moisturizing Agent

303

Lardy, F.; Vennat, B.; Pouget, M.P.; Pourrat, A.

Functionalization of hydrocolloids: Principal

component analysis applied to the study of

correlations between parameters describing the

consistency of hydrogels. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.

2000, 26, 715–721.

LAURA JOHANNES. (2012, June 11). The Health and

Cosmetic Benefits of Argan Oil - WSJ. Retrieved

from

http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303

768104577460504019108684

L.L. Schramm ed. 1992. Emulsions: Fundamentals and

Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Advances in

Chemistry Series No. 231. Washington, DC:

American Chemical Society.

Paepe, K. E., & Rogiers, V. (2009). Glycerol as

Humectant in Cosmetic Formulations. Basic and

Clinical Dermatology, 279-294.

doi:10.3109/9781420070958.017

Rawlings, A., & Matts, P. (2007). Dry Skin and

Moisturizers. Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic, and

Cosmetic Development, 339-371.

doi:10.3109/9780849375903-22

Vinchy. (2011, September 14). hello magazine. Retrieved

April 3, 2016, from all you ever wanted to know

about cosmetic serum:

http://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/skinc

are-and-fragrances/201109146118/cosmetic-serum-

know-how/

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

304