A Literature Review on Evaluating Tourism Destinations

Yuyan Luo

, Yao Chen

and Weimin Zheng

College of Management Science, Chengdu University of Technology, 1#, Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu 610059,

Sichuan, P.R.China

School of Management, Xiamen University, 422#, South Siming Road, Siming District, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, P.R.China

Keywords: Tourism destination evaluation, Literature review, Prospect.

Abstract: As people’s increasing demands for tourism, tourism industry is developing rapidly, and gradually becomes

one of the pilot industries of the country, so the researches on tourism have been paid deep attention by the

academia, enterprises and government. Since the 1960s, the research of the tourism destinations including

the scenic spots has gradually extended to the aspects of the tourism environmental carrying capacity,

tourist satisfaction, resource development and ecological protection etc, so the paper should be helpful to the

healthy and sustainable development of the tourism by understanding the environmental pressure, the

development potential of tourism scenic spots and would review the ideas from three aspects of tourist

environmental carrying capacity, tourist satisfaction, tourist resources exploitation and the sustainable

development, so as to comprehend the current research status and discuss the prospects of the evaluation of

tourism destinations.

1 INTRODUCTION

For the last few decades, tourism has become one of

the major forces for economic growth in many

developing and developed countries. Tourism

contributes to economic growth through various

channels including foreign currency earnings,

attracting international investment, increasing tax

revenues and creating additional employment

opportunities (Alam, 2016). Thus, to develop

tourism is good for the development of economy,

and to advocate ecological civilization construction,

sustainable and green development is the basic

contents. And it is also advocated in the industry of

tourism. Since the 1980s, the people of great vision

has come out with the connotation and the features

of sustainable tourism (Tang, 2013), and it gradually

developed and also became the focus of the

researches. Meanwhile, tourism destination is as the

spatial carrier of tourism, and also its evaluation and

development have become the research hot spots.

Based on reviewing the related literature about

the evaluation of tourism destinations, the paper

would summarize the ideas of the scholars from the

aspects of tourism environmental carrying capacity,

tourist satisfaction, tourism resources exploitation

and sustainable development, to understand the

research status and to have an outlook of its future

research direction.

2 RESEARCH OF EVALUATION

OF TOURISM DESTINATIONS

2.1 Tourism Environmental Carrying

Capacity

Tourism environmental carrying capacity is also

known as the tourism environmental bearing

capacity, and the theory of tourism environmental

carrying capacity is developed from capacity and

environmental capacity. As we know, the foreign

related research involved in this aspect at the earliest

is that Malthus (1798) mentioned the first basic

research framework of capacity in Principle of

Population (Seidl, 1999), and the terms of

“environmental capacity” was first advanced by

Hurst, the Belgian mathematician and biologist, in

1838 (Yang, 1996), but tourism environment

carrying capacity was presented for the first time by

Lapage (1963) and aimed to describe the maximum

329

Luo Y., Chen Y. and Zheng W.

A Literature Review on Evaluating Tourism Destinations.

DOI: 10.5220/0006449903290334

In ISME 2016 - Information Science and Management Engineering IV (ISME 2016), pages 329-334

ISBN: 978-989-758-208-0

329

capacity or carrying capacity (Wan, 2004).

American scholar Wagar (1964) pointed out that the

tourism environmental capacity was the tourism

activity accounts that a tourism destination

maintains the product quality in the long term

(Wagar, 1964). Subsequent research pointed out that

the tourist environmental carrying capacity was

divided into the categories of biological and physical

capacity, social and cultural capacity, mental

capacity and management capacity (Lime, 1964).

Judging from the relations between tourists, tourism

resources and tourism destinations, they can be

divided into material carrying capacity, ecological

carrying capacity and the psychological carrying

capacity (Pearce, 1989). And the more influential

event was that under the study of tourism

environmental carrying capacity in the 1980s, the

professors of National Forestry Bureau put forward

the life cycle assessment theory, and it was widely

used in the environmental protection and

management of tourist destinations of the United

States, Australia, Canada and so on (David, 1985).

Since the 1990s, many scholars have respectively

carried out the further study of the definition of

tourism environmental carrying capacity,

establishing condition, monitoring and so on

(Mathieson, 1980; Mieczkowski，1995; Saveriades,

2000; R. Lawson, 2003; Weng, 2007).

Under the influence of foreign research on

tourism environmental carrying capacity, Chinese

scholars began to explore it in the 1980s. The initial

research analysis was from the qualitative and

quantitative perspective of tourism environmental

capacity. For example, environmental capacity

varied from the space environment of scenic spot

(environmental capacity) to the space environment

of scenic spot (Zhao, 1983), and tourism

environmental carrying capacity should contain the

natural environmental capacity in the physical and

ecological sense and need to strengthen the studying

of tourism environmental capacity theory and

method from the aspects of regional tourism system

like tourism object subsystem, the tourist media

subsystem and tourism subject subsystem (Bao,

1987; Guo, 1990). Tourism environment carrying

capacity included the carrying capacity of ecological

environment, the resources space, psychological and

economic aspects (Cui, 1995). Based on it, the

research was to build the theory of tourism

environment carrying capacity system and index

system (Liu, 2000), and made clear that tourism

environmental capacity of “limit” did not simply

refer to the number of tourists limit, but referred to

the limit of the affected tourism environment (Yang,

2003). Tourism environmental carrying capacity was

stable and dynamic and appeared by seasonal

variations with different tourist seasons (Yang,

2008), also the amounts of tourism activity

depended on the minimum of resource space

carrying capacity, ecological environmental carrying

capacity, tourism economic development carrying

capacity and social carrying capacity (Du, 2013).

And the index system of tourism environmental

carrying capacity could be establish through tourism

resources environment, ecological environment,

tourism social economic environment and

psychological environment factors (Wang, 2015).

Based on these ideas, the follow-up study mainly

focused on the quantitative research of tourism

environmental capacity (Li, 2016).

Therefore the technology route that the scholars

at home and abroad use for studying tourism

environmental carrying capacity was different, the

foreign studies were mainly based on the

management of eco-tourism experiences with an

overview of getting command of environmental

impacts and the major ideas at home was to control

the number of visitors (Lin, 2007), but the findings

are lesser, especially on the carbon emissions

capacity based on studying the process of tourism

environmental carrying capacity.

2.2 Tourist Satisfaction

The study of tourist satisfaction originated in

product quality and service quality research in

manufacturing (Lian, 2004), since the late 1970s,

foreign scholars have started the research about

tourists satisfaction connotation, influence factors,

measurement and so on. For instance, tourists

satisfaction showed the “positive” feeling or

perception on the basis of the “positive” effects

through comparing the expectation of tourists with

actual perception to tourist destination (Bread,

1980), and it was not only in the experience of the

tourist destination, but the reflection of perceiving

whether to be satisfied with how people being

treated in tourism destinations (Um, 2006), also,

there was other studies on using the SERVQUAL

model to do the measurement of tourist satisfaction

and service quality analysis (AKama, 2003), the

effect analysis of satisfaction (Alegre, 2009) and

intention of revisiting and the impact that

satisfaction and dissatisfaction to revisit intentions

(Alegrea, 2010), using the structural equation

modeling to analyze the impact of the relations

between destination image and the perceived value

to the tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty

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(Ramseook-Munhurrun, 2015), analyzing and

comparing the tourist satisfaction among the tourism

industry based on the tourist satisfaction index

model and expectation-assuming framework

(Agyeiwaah, 2016).

In China, the tourist satisfaction research

started relatively late, and the researchers have

mainly focused on the extension of tourist

satisfaction connotation, the measurement, the

influence factors, tourist service quality and

shopping satisfaction in recent years. For example, it

indicated that tourism scenic tourist satisfaction was

a kind of comprehensive psychological evaluation to

meet the demand degree of the tourism activities in

the aspects of tourism landscape, infrastructure,

entertainment and hospitality services and so on

(Dong, 2005), discussing the influence factors and

evaluation system based on the gray system theory

(Nan, 2008), establishing tourist satisfaction index

evaluation model from the six impact modules of

environmental perception, travel expectations,

sightseeing expectations, tourist satisfaction, loyalty

for tourists and visitors complaints (Wang, 2006),

using structural equation to construct tourist

satisfaction measurement model from the emotion

and cognition (Luo, 2011), building the appraisal

model of tourist satisfaction from the six aspects of

eating, accommodation, transportation, traveling,

shopping and entertainment with PC-FUZZY-IPA

method (Liao, 2012), drawing on the core ideas and

the structure of the US Customer Satisfaction Index

model and the European Customer Satisfaction

Index model and using the SPSS to analyze the

influence factors of tourist satisfaction (Chen, 2014),

and taking ordered-probit model to examine and

analyze the hypothesis relationship between visitor’

s individual variables, scenic spot variables and

tourist satisfaction (Lin, 2016).

So the domestic and foreign researches mainly

concentrated on the concept, connotation, influence

factors, assessment system model, and great

achievement has been realized, but the studies on

advocating low carbon economy ideas and exploring

the ways of low carbon development in scenic areas,

especially on the satisfaction of tourists experiencing

low carbon scenic areas are not in abundance and

need to be further studied.

2.3 Tourism Resources Exploitation

and Sustainable Development

Since in the 1990s, the sustainable development of

tourism destinations and its evaluation indexes and

methods have been the mainstream to be studied. In

1992, the world tourism organization took tourism

as the center, and started the studies of tourism index

system around with tourism activities and conducted

experiments in some developed countries,

meanwhile Eber (1992) put forward the guiding

principles for the sustainable development of

tourism (Holden, 2003). After the year of 2001, The

researchers in British, Canada, Hungary constructed

the indexes suitable for their own tourism

sustainable development based on local features

(Chen, 2008). Many scholars respectively carried

out the researches on the aspects of sustainable

development index selection criteria, methodology,

evaluation framework and the evaluation index

system etc, such as using the Delphi method to have

the survey results analysis on tourism sustainable

development indexes (Miller, 2001), adding cultural

and ecological system to the evaluation framework

of sustainable development of regional tourism so as

to judge the sustainability of tourism destination

(Tae, 2005), trying to create an entire evaluation

way for sustainable development and construct the

sustainable development of performance indicators

to enable the tourism of the protected area developed

sustainably (Castellani, 2010), and developing the

space model of natural tourism plan based on the

standard of the appeal and the accessibility of the

target and the regional could be divided into seven

types regarding the degree of attraction and

accessibility (Rahayuningsiha, 2016).

On the basis of existing research achievements

abroad, the domestic scholars combined with the

actual situation, and had positively explored and

studied the construction of the evaluation index

system from the aspects of sustainable development,

environmental quality and resource development,

evaluation methods and model of scenic areas, such

as the preliminary establishment of index system for

evaluation of the sustainable development in

regional tourism from the aspects of ecological

environment, social culture and tourism supporting

system and so on (Cui, 1999), and considering the

factors of tourism resources and environmental

protection, tourism economy, social benefits, the

construction degree of soft and hard environment

and the development ability of tourism customer

market and putting forward the model of multi-

objective linear weighting function of the evaluation

index system and comprehensive evaluation (Wang,

2001), constructing the sustainable development

index system of tourism industry and the tourism

objective judgment model through status evaluation,

diagnosis evaluation, trend evaluation and object

evaluation (Niu, 2002), to build the tourism

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ecological footprint model constituted by food,

accommodation, transportation, sightseeing and

shopping to evaluate the development of tourist

sustainable (Jiang, 2006), in line with indexes of

tourism resources, ecology and environment, social

economy and culture, risk and disasters and

sustainability to have an assessment on

environmental impact of tourism master plan

(Huang, 2010). Putting forward the main problems

of the market allocation in seaside tourism and the

countermeasures for the sustainable development to

improve the value system of seaside tourism (Zhao,

2014). With regard to the sustainable development

of rural tourism resources, the overall balance of

“ecological civilization” and “tourism development”

should be assured (Zhao, 2015), and from the view

of economy to consider the development of tourism

resource, sustainable development should insist on

the principles of the ethics of location, characteristic,

the market, diversity as well as protection (Wang,

2016).

From the reviews above, the foreign and

domestic researches on the development of tourism

resources and sustainable development are closely

combined with each period and local characteristics

and the stage progress has been made. Based on eco-

tourism and low carbon, new requirements on scenic

area about the sustainable development pattern of

low carbon economy are raised, thus to achieve

long-term sustainable development, low carbon

development of scenic areas has gradually become

the inherent requirements of both economic

development and environmental protection, and the

contents of evaluation for low carbon development

still need further research.

3 PROSPECTS OF EVALUATION

OF TOURISM DESTINATIONS

To sum up, the researches at home and abroad for

evaluating tourism destination mainly involve the

analysis of tourist environment carrying capacity,

the evaluation regarding tourist horizon of tourism

destination, tourism resources development and the

overall planning related to impact on ecological

environmental impact, environmental quality and

sustainable development system of the tourism

destination.

Through the process of reviewing the related

literature, the discussion indicates that the research

of tourism destinations has obtained many

achievements and laid a certain foundation for later

studies, however, it still has some demerits. Firstly,

the studies on the effect evaluation of low-carbon

tourist environmental implementation under the

background of low-carbon economy is of lack and

it’s difficult to reveal the degree of order, trend and

social low-carbon management effectiveness of its

inner system on the low-carbon construction of the

tourist destinations. Secondly, the application of

tourism destination evaluation method and model,

has mostly confined to the traditional static and

linear evaluation method, and the aspects of tourist

economy and society are not mentioned enough.

Thirdly, the evaluation system of tourism destination

has focused only on the study of tourism destination

itself and been lack of multi-view and multi-angle

analysis, and the studies on the destination itself and

its stakeholders, such as tourism destination

managers, and tourists, local residents in this

community, was not comprehensively integrated.

Aiming at solving the problems and

shortcomings in the current evaluation of

environmental quality, resource development and

sustainable development of tourism destinations, the

further research will probably be based on low

carbon economy, regarding the scenic area system as

the main research object and views, and taking the

stakeholders of scenic spot as auxiliary study object,

by means of quantitative and qualitative analysis and

with the method of system analysis, and showing the

state of the low-carbon management of the scenic

spots from the macro and micro level and predicting

its future trend to reflect the current and future

development of the scenic spot comprehensively.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Through the summary and review of related

literature about tourism environmental carrying

capacity, tourist satisfaction and tourism destination

resources exploitation and sustainable development,

the current research progress of tourism destination

evaluation is reviewed, and it sets a theory basis of

the subsequent studying and contributes to the

tourism destinations adjusting to the size of the

layout, formulating development plans, and it is also

helpful to the sustainable development of the tourist

industry. In the era of advocating peace and

development, the rapid development of tourism

promotes the economic and cultural exchanges

between countries, and has a great role in country’s

regional poverty alleviation, cultural construction,

economic development with environment friendly,

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and it is of great economic significance and social

significance copes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Major International

Joint Research Program of the National Natural

Science Foundation of China (Grant no.

71020107027), the National Natural Science

Foundation of China (Grant no. 71501019,

71501138, 71601164 and 71371130), Youth

Program of Social Science Research of Sichuan

Province for the Twelfth Five-year Plan (Grant no.

SC15C005 and SC15C030), General Program of

Education Department in Sichuan Province (Grant

no. 16SB0071 and 16SB0049), General Program of

Mineral Resources Research Center in Sichuan

Province (Grant no. SCKCZY2014-YB04 and

SCKCZY2013-YB006).

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