Managing Heterogeneous Information in a System of Information

Systems

Majd Saleh

, V

eronique Miss

eri

and Marie-H

ene Abel

Sorbonne Universit

es, Universit

e de Technologie de Compi

egne, CNRS, UMR 7253 Heudiasyc, Compi

egne, France

Sorbonne Universit

es, Universit

e de Technologie de Compi

egne, EA 2223 Costech, Compi

egne, France

Keywords:

Information Systems, Knowledge Management, System of Systems, System of Information Systems.

Abstract:

Organizations look for information coming from many heterogeneous resources, which are in turn produced by

several users working on different Information Systems. Those heterogeneous resources might complement

each other, hence producing useful information for the organization. Another possibility is that they might

overlap or contradict, therefore producing redundant contradictory information. A common problem that

faces organizations here is in the overwhelming amount of the heterogeneous resources produced, and the

time required to access and manages those resources under the goal of ﬁnding useful information in them.

Therefore, one of the most important aspects concerning Information Systems in organizations is the way to

manage the knowledge produced from those systems. This issue becomes more signiﬁcant when dealing with

complex Information Systems that work in the digital environment forming the Digital Ecosystem (DE) of

modern organizations. As organizations attempts to move forward in this complex Digital Ecosystem, They

need to apply out-of-the-box ideas to complex systems such as System of Information Systems (SoIS). Thus,

we aim to develop a solution for managing heterogeneous information in a System of Information Systems,

and move forward from Digital Ecosystems to Collaborative System of Information Systems. In this paper we

present our deﬁnition of a Digital Ecosystem. Also, we will detail the model of the SoIS. This model is used

to construct the prototype for managing heterogeneous information in a System of Information Systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

An organization is a social network of agents that is

structured and managed to meet a need or to pur-

sue collective goals (Olson et al., 2005). In recent

years the competitive level of organizational work en-

vironment is increasing, as changes are taking place

much faster than before. One of these changes is the

overwhelming amount of resources produced by users

working with several Information Systems. These

systems are employed in the work environment of or-

ganizations. Therefore, the ability to ﬁnd and classify

information distributed in different resources within

different Information Systems is of great importance.

In turn, this makes innovation, ﬂexibility, coordina-

tion, integration, and speed the new success factors

of todays work environment. Those factors can be

reached through the concept of System of Informa-

tion Systems (SoIS). This raises the concerns about

the development process of SoIS. We need to consider

the obstacles and concerns of the collaborative SoIS

up front. The collaborative SoIS needs to connect to

Information Systems that cross organizational bound-

aries, come from multiple disciplines, and generates

an overwhelming amount of resources (Majd et al.,

2015). In the ﬁrst place, Users face hard time deal-

ing with the information coming from each Informa-

tion System independently and keeping track of the

generated information. A solution might be found in

a well-established collaborative System of Informa-

tion Systems that provides guidance to manage vari-

ous types of resources coming from different origins.

The collaborative SoIS operates as a single entry point

for several Information Systems granting the user ac-

cess to information produced from multiple Informa-

tion Systems, and providing the ability to collaborate

over available resources to even create an added value

not possible to maintain when those systems were op-

erating separately. Furthermore, this solution could

be made possible by introducing a knowledge base

to the orchestration of the collaborative SoIS. This

knowledge base can take the role for storing, organiz-

ing, and sharing resources from different Information

Systems. Thus, provide the link between resources

Saleh, M., Misséri, V. and Abel, M-H.

Managing Heterogeneous Information in a System of Information Systems.

DOI: 10.5220/0006049101650172

In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K 2016) - Volume 3: KMIS, pages 165-172

ISBN: 978-989-758-203-5

165

present in different systems and facilitate the commu-

nication among them.

This paper is organized as follows: section 2

presents the context of this research alongside the

state of the art and the problem statement. In sec-

tion 3, the objective and model of the collaborative

SoIS are presented. Then, the prototype of the col-

laborative SoIS is presented in section4. After that, in

section 5, a discussion of the role of knowledge base

in the collaborative SoIS is presented. Finally, this

paper is concluded in section 6.

2 RESEARCH CONTEXT

2.1 Social Context

There is a growing need not only to use Information

Systems, but also to integrate them with other systems

that can beneﬁt from the information generated and

shared within them. Furthermore, resources provided

by different systems can have positive impact on the

use of Information Systems.

The following scenario will help in understanding

the social context of the work in this paper. For exam-

ple, a group of researchers are investigating a certain

topic of interest. First they might go through vari-

ous publications to establish the bases for their re-

search and start forming the state-of-art. Next, they

might need to unveil the ambiguity on certain aspects

to better understand the topic, so one of them starts

using scientiﬁc databases to search for keywords re-

lated to this topic, while the others use the archive

system from other databases to search for informa-

tion. Also, they might use a digital platform in or-

der to facilitate expert group brainstorming sessions.

Later on, they might need to share some of their ﬁnd-

ings to take peer review on them. Of course, not to

forget that they need to store and keep track of the

information they collected from different Information

Systems, the activities of each one of them to assign

credit of information, and be able to access the infor-

mation at all times to reform an encompassing idea

about the topic at hand and the progress that has been

made.

To sum up, we went over a scenario where sev-

eral users used several Information Systems and gath-

ered resources from those systems separately. Each

user also had to work with the resources collected

from separate systems collectively. The struggle is

with accessing all these different Information Sys-

tems and keeping track of the resources obtained and

created while doing the work required. The prob-

lems that are highlighted here reside in the time re-

quired to traverse between different systems and keep

track, organize, and archive all the information ob-

tained from these systems. It is clear from this sce-

nario that users of different Information Systems play

key role in creating and diffusing resources in the or-

ganization. In order to be able to develop a solution

for the problem of knowledge management in organi-

zations, it is important to take into consideration the

heterogeneous nature of information distributed over

different resources with Information Systems. This

view of heterogeneous information in organizations,

considering information to be spread across differ-

ent resources of different origins, and are themselves

container for knowledge, will have great impact on

the way to manage knowledge in organizations. To

achieve the solution we seek to manage knowledge

extracted from resources spread over the Information

Systems in the Digital Ecosystem of an organization,

this study moves towards a System of Information

Systems (SoIS) operating with a knowledge base to

manage resources coming from different systems and

control the process of communication and sharing of

heterogeneous information with simplicity and ease.

It also focuses on the role of knowledge bases in man-

aging heterogeneous information found in such com-

plex systems.

2.2 State of Art

Taking into account the heterogeneous resources,

which are shared by collaborators on different Infor-

mation Systems, could improve the understanding of

their ﬁeld of expertise (Deparis et al., 2014). Ac-

cording to (Deparis et al., 2014) the solution to the

problem of experts’ identiﬁcation or research within

heterogeneous information of an organization can be

reached through the concept of Knowledge Ecosys-

tem (KE). This concept comes directly from Digital

Ecosystem (DE) (Bray, 2007). This theory is based

on the idea that innovation and learning new skills

will be drastically improved in an environment, which

favors primarily human interaction and especially the

self-learning in a self-organized structure.

The term ecosystem was widespread in the man-

agerial discourse to describe complex environments

registered heterogeneous actors collaborating on in-

novative projects. In the literature, the term ap-

pears in the biology introduced by (Tansley, 1935)

and expresses a balance between different biolog-

ical species that interact and compete for survival

(biota) in an inorganic environment which is common

(biotope). The term was transferred in the domain

of the strategy to provide a better understanding of

grouping trades around a central object (Gueguen and

KMIS 2016 - 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing

166

Passebois-Ducros, 2011). The concept was used to il-

lustrate an economic model, the business ecosystems

introduced by (Moore, 1996) and (Moore, 2006). The

metaphor illustrates professional or sectoral networks

and communities gathered around resources, tech-

nologies, platforms involving a leading ﬁrm (or cen-

tral ﬁrm), the ecosystem is producing an added value

for participants. The used of the term of communities

(Wenger, 1999), networks or platforms to describe

the ecosystem were discussed to progress in the un-

derstanding of the concept (Cohendet et al., 2010),

(Gueguen and Passebois-Ducros, 2011) and (Iansiti

and Levien, 2004). Other versions were introduced as

the regional ecosystem introducing a local geograph-

ical and spatial dimension. The ecosystem concept is

often associated with the practice of open innovation

(OI) introduced in 2003 by Henry Chesbrough (Ches-

brough, 2003). Digital business Ecosystems or DBE

(Dini et al., 2005) try to deﬁne the concept applied to a

virtual space constituted by heterogeneous numerical

devices. In these versions ecosystems include an en-

vironment in which stakeholders from multiple orga-

nizations will be encouraged to collaborate on various

projects including a creative or innovative dimension.

Innovation and participation of different actors in

the creation process of added value are common to all

these forms of organization. All actors have their own

processes, their own systems and platforms. They

can cumulate several platforms and tools depending

on the projects and communities that they belong to.

Some actors have a key role in the ecosystems as a

brokers (Granovetter, 1983).

2.3 Problem Statement

As established in the context of this research, users

have to work with heterogeneous information col-

lected from separate systems collectively. The strug-

gle is with accessing all these different Information

Systems. The problems reside in the time required to

traverse between different systems and keep track, or-

ganize, and archive all the information obtained from

these systems. There is a need for a solution that al-

lows us to preserve the autonomous nature of different

Information Systems operating within the organiza-

tion, and still be able to archive, access, track and an-

alyze the resources produced from those systems with

the help of a knowledge base. The aim is to move

towards a System of Information Systems (SoIS) to

manage heterogeneous information coming from dif-

ferent Information Systems and control the process of

sharing information with simplicity and ease.

3 COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM OF

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Objectives

In the research context we established the problem we

face in our work and daily life as the effort required to

manage heterogeneous information scattered among

Information Systems operating in the Digital Ecosys-

tem of an organization, and keep track, organize, and

archive all the information obtained from these sys-

tems. Furthermore, managing knowledge in the form

of users’ activities over resources is of great impor-

tance also. To achieve this goal and solve this prob-

lem we model and develop a System of Information

Systems.

We can summaries the features of the collabora-

tive SoIS based on the work and deﬁnition provided

by (Carlsson and Stankiewicz, 1991) and (Breschi and

Malerba, 1996), and our research context as follows:

• Collaborative SoIS focuses on the role of inter-

relationships between different Information Sys-

tems.

• Collaborative SoIS addresses the ﬂow of informa-

tion and knowledge found in distributed resources

among different Information Systems.

• Collaborative SoIS takes responsibility of gen-

erating resources from the emergent Information

Systems.

• Resources interoperability is a key issue when de-

signing and developing a collaborative SoIS.

In addition, the collaborative SoIS has the follow-

ing objectives:

• Provide access to resources coming from different

users and Information Systems.

• Create resources in their respected system. These

resources can be accessed either from the collab-

orative SoIS or the dedicated system where they

are created.

• Organize these resources in the collaborative

SoIS.

• Share resources among different users.

• Annotate resources in order to highlight certain

ideas related to the resources.

• Record the users activities from the collaborative

SoIS.

To reach the objectives stated before, the collabo-

rative SoIS needs a leader system that plays a leading

role in the orchestration of SoIS. This leader system

can be a knowledge base serving all other Information

Managing Heterogeneous Information in a System of Information Systems

167

Figure 1: Semantic model of the collaborative SoIS.

Systems. We propose MEMORAe system to play the

role of the leader system in the collaborative SoIS.

In (Deparis et al., 2014), the Knowledge Ecosys-

tem is achieved through an Information System called

MEMORAe. In order to be clear when presenting

MEMORAe it is essential to declare that the idea

started as the MEMORAe approach for knowledge

management then the approach has led to the de-

velopment of MEMORAe model and then MEMO-

RAe platform. The MEMORAe approach is based

on an original proposal for Knowledge management

and moves towards modeling a knowledge Ecosys-

tem, which takes into account the social dimension of

organizations. So, what is MEMORAe? As deﬁned

by (Ala Atrash, 2014), MEMORAe approach is to

manage heterogeneous information resources within

organizations. The approach is comprised of a se-

mantic model (called MEMORAe-core 2) and a web

platform (called MEMORAe) which is based on the

semantic model. The model and the platform make

together a support to enhance the process of organiza-

tional learning.

The MEMORAe project employs the Semantic

Web standards. Based on those standards the ontolo-

gies used in the system all come in OWL format. All

the users of MEMORAe system are given access to

several knowledge bases. When a knowledge base is

selected, a user can view a semantic map of concepts

related to the chosen base. Then, a user can create

and share resources around the concepts of the map.

The main contribution of this approach is to allow the

indexing of all types of resources around a semantic

map of shared terminology in the organization envi-

ronment. However, this solution is tied down to inte-

grate different types of resources like wikis, forums,

or shared calendars inside MEMORAe.

The user of MEMORAe web platform is able to

create various resources within the platform. These

resources include documents, notes, clusters of notes,

weblinks, contacts, events, tours, and forums. The

user is also able to index these resources using the se-

mantic map visualized as concepts and instances in

MEMORAe. Furthermore, MEMORAe gives users

the ability to annotate these resources and share them

within different sharing spaces, in addition to trac-

ing users’ activities within the platform. While the

platform permits creating and managing various types

of resources, all of them are native to the platform.

Users might beneﬁt more if the capabilities provided

by MEMORAe approach (indexing, annotating, shar-

ing, tracing the resources) is applicable to resources

created by other Information Systems in the work

scope of the user but outside the scope of MEMO-

RAe. Such resources might be emails, wiki pages,

KMIS 2016 - 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing

168

Figure 2: Architectural model of the collaborative SoIS.

social media entries, and other Web 2.0 technolo-

gies and services/applications related to users’ work.

Hence, this paper presents a prototype of the collabo-

rative SoIS that puts MEMORAe approach as a leader

system among other Information Systems in the Dig-

ital Ecosystem of an organization. That means taking

MEMORAe web platform and evolving it into a col-

laborative SoIS.

3.2 Model and Architecture

In the light of the objectives stated earlier, this study

presents a semantic model of the collaborative SoIS

built using owl (Web Ontology Language) and based

on semantic web standards. The model is present

in (Fig. 1). The model highlights the position of

an agent, either as an Information System or as a

user, in the orchestration of the SoIS. The model also

shows how resources are created by users and con-

tained in the composing systems of the collaborative

SoIS, while the leader system is only showing those

resources through a reference key. Each resource has

a reference which functions as a link between the re-

source and the leader system. This key can be an

HTML tag, a Database Identiﬁer, or social bookmark

as a Hash tag. Following the MEMORAe approach,

the leader can view a semantic map of shared termi-

nology in the work environment. The semantic map

allows the indexing of references to the actual re-

sources through the index key and sharing it within

different sharing spaces.

The architecture of the collaborative SoIS is

shown in (Fig. 2). As seen in (Fig. 2), the collab-

orative SoIS will aggregate heterogeneous informa-

tion and resources from different Information Sys-

tems (System A, System B etc.). These systems

are autonomous and work separately of each other.

Each of which has its own services/functions and

databases. The services/functions of these systems

are denoted inside the system (Service/Function 1A,

Service/Function 1B etc.). The architectural model

here differentiates between services and functions.

While some systems are openly providing an API for

requesting their services, other systems are closed and

operate as black boxes to the outer world and only

provide functions invoked within the system itself.

Hence the need for data wrappers. The collaborative

SoIS is represented as a group of systems connectors,

services and databases. The resources does not reside

in the collaborative SoIS, but rather can be referenced

from the Information Systems comprising it.

Managing Heterogeneous Information in a System of Information Systems

169

4 FIRST PROTOTYPE OF THE

COLLABORATIVE SoIS

In this section we propose a prototype developed

based on the architectural model presented earlier.

Other than the leader system, which is MEMORAe

system as discussed earlier, the prototype links to two

separate Information Systems. These systems are Tid-

dlyWiki and a brainstorming digital platform.

4.1 TiddlyWiki

Technically, a TiddlyWiki is purely an HTML docu-

ment with a rather large JavaScript section that takes

care of displaying all of its contents. The javascript

is also responsible for providing the interactive tools

for content manipulation. The actual content of the

document is not always visible for the user. It is

stored in a set of invisible DIV elements, called tid-

dlers. The content of the DIV elements forms wiki

text, i.e. text with a simple markup language. When

the user clicks on a tiddler name to show its content,

the JavaScript renders and translates the wiki text into

HTML to view it for the user. Special fragments can

be included in the text to trigger the actions of sub

procedures. In addition, some tiddlers are interpreted

as a stylesheet or a JavaScript plugin. To edit a tid-

dler, it is replaced inline by a form, and the user is

presented with the original text ready to be edited and

saved again (Bagnoli et al., 2006).

4.2 ECOPACK Brainstorming Platform

The brainstorming digital platform is developed on

the premises of a Digital Ecosystem capable of meet-

ing the needs of innovation and strategic analysis of

experts groups. The approach of this digital plat-

form follows the knowledge ecosystem vision that

promotes the dynamic evolution of knowledge inter-

actions between users in order to improve decision

making and innovation. The technical objectives of

the ECOPACK brainstorming platform are as follows:

• Deﬁne a multi-user computer platform incorporat-

ing several types of devices (tablets, smartphones,

PCs) for different forms of collaboration.

• Deﬁne collaborative applications accessed from

different devices. Each user will beneﬁt from dif-

ferent types of interaction and activity and will be

able to exploit his/her own resources to collabo-

rate.

ECOPACK brainstorming platform is a set of het-

erogeneous data grouped as items, presented and

gathered by a main module. The main module is

responsible for providing a dynamic representation

of the data that allows the interpretation by experts.

Work is divided into work sessions. Participants to

work sessions are permitted to send comments on he

displayed data by the additional modules.

4.3 The Prototype

The community members participating in a brain-

storming session may have several platforms with

dedicated purposes to work with like social networks

or wiki systems. Therefore, they might lack a com-

prehensive view of all resources produced, exchanged

and shared within those dedicated systems. For a

given subject, they are forced to query each platform

to extract the relevant resources. The solution pro-

vided by the collaborative SoIS prototype serves as

a Digital Ecosystem with a shared repository of a

knowledge base.

All the users of the collaborative SoIS are able

to access their heterogeneous resources, mostly wiki

pages entries and brainstorming projects, from the

collaborative SoIS as seen in (Fig. 3). In this ﬁg-

ure we can see two boxes used to access TiddlyWiki

System an ECOPACK brainstorming platform. More-

over, there is a button with a “plus” sign. This but-

ton will allow the user to navigate through all the re-

sources available in the dedicated Information System

and select from the list of resources which are going

to be indexed by the semantic map and shared in cer-

tain sharing spaces. It also allows the user to create

new resources in their respected Information System.

The resources of the dedicated Information System is

made available to the user by means of the data wrap-

per and the server/observer endpoint shown in the ar-

chitecture in (Fig. 2).

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 The Role of an Agent in a

Collaborative SoIS

This section elaborates on the agent’s role in the col-

laborative SoIS and how MEMORAe System enables

users to manage the resources they created in differ-

ent Information Systems. It also highlights the impor-

tance of the features of MEMORAe system in provid-

ing the added value for the collaborative SoIS under

study.

In the ﬁrst prototype of the SoIS presented earlier,

MEMORAe system can be viewed as a knowledge

base that handles storing, organizing, and sharing of

KMIS 2016 - 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing

170

Figure 3: Collaborative SoIS with TiddlyWiki and ECOPACK brainstorming platform.

resources created be users in different Information

Systems. MEMORAe system aims, by its original

design, to facilitate knowledge sharing and capitaliza-

tion among different users. All types of resources are

indexed by a semantic map that represents the con-

cepts of interest for the users (Atrash et al., 2015).

Furthermore, the semantic map deﬁnes a common ter-

minology shared between all users and can be used to

reference resources targeting the same objective as the

indexing concept. The focus concept of the seman-

tic map is a concept in which the user is interested

in. The shared resources are indexed by the concepts

of the semantic map. In this orchestration of SoIS,

MEMORAe is introduced to new resources created

by users in different Information Systems that reside

outside its scope, hence the use of MEMORAe as it

supports different types of social resources (wiki, fo-

rums, chat) and documentary resources (documents,

images, web link). This constitutes an added value

for the Information Systems comprising the SoIS, as

resources produced from those systems is capitalized

as knowledge within MEMORAe.

User activity traces and recommendation system

is another feature of MEMORAe that emphasize on

the role of a knowledge base within a SoIS. MEMO-

RAe system owns a mechanism that models, records,

and analyzes users traces. It allows evaluating compe-

tencies for recommending users with more expertise

on certain subjects for either personal purpose or to

an entire group of users (Wang et al., 2015).

5.2 System of Information Systems

versus Web Mashup

A mashup is an application (mostly web applica-

tion) that combines data, either through APIs or

other sources, into a single integrated user experi-

ence (Zang et al., 2008). For example, one could

combine roads trafﬁc data with a map by integrating

geographically-index trafﬁc data with Google Maps

interface. Mashup is still a poorly deﬁned and still

misunderstood term, and we can say the same about

SoIS. There are clear similarities and differences be-

tween SoIS and mashup applications.

The main difference between mashups and SoIS

is in the direction of communication taking place be-

tween different systems or data sources. While SoIS

allows, as seen in the presented architecture, commu-

nication in both direction between its composite sys-

tems, the mashup directs communication ﬂow in on

way from data sources to end-user interface (Beemer

and Gregg, 2009).

Resources planed to be included in a mashup may

be local to the machine on which the mashup is being

created or may be remote. Each of these cases re-

quires signiﬁcant mashup maker design decisions to

be made. Selecting the locations of resource to be in-

tegrated is an important dimension since it reﬂects on

the infrastructure required both at the server and the

client (Galway, 2010).

6 CONCLUSION

The goal of this paper was to manage heterogeneous

information in a System of Information Systems ob-

tained from different users working with several In-

formation Systems in the digital environment of orga-

nizations with simplicity and ease. The aim was fo-

cused towards investigating the knowledge base role

in facilitating resources management in a Collabora-

tive System of Information Systems (SoIS), and pro-

viding a semantic model of SoIS to guide the migra-

tion for such complex system. To achieve this goal

Managing Heterogeneous Information in a System of Information Systems

171

this paper undertakes an effort to present the social

and scientiﬁc context of this research and deﬁne the

state of the art, then move to present the semantic

model of a collaborative SoIS composed of various

Information Systems with MEMORAe approach in

its core as a system to manage the resources pro-

duced by different systems comprising the collabo-

rative SoIS. This paper found potentials in deploying

MEMORAe approach to manage the resources pro-

duced by different systems in the collaborative SoIS.

It was also clear that combining resources from var-

ious Information Systems and manage them within a

knowledge base will result in an added value to users

not present when those systems were operating sepa-

rately. The most important value for the collaborative

SoIS is in its ability to trace users’ activities. Further-

more, the collaborative SoIS can upgrade this value

by providing analysis of these activities to determine

users’ competence levels at certain subjects or impor-

tance level of concepts.

The next step is to expand our work and intro-

duce new Information Systems to the SoIS based on

the ﬁrst prototype presented in this study and users’

needs. The collaborative SoIS should keep simple in-

terface, with all the resources as far from the user as

a single click, to keep the users experience useful and

friendly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is done under ECOPACK project and

funded by ANR-ASTRID programme.

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