Big Data Services Security and Security Challenges in Cloud
Environment
Raed Alsufyani
1
, Khursand Jama
1
, Yulin Yao
2
, Muthu Ramachandran
1
and Victor Chang
1
1
School of Computing, Creative Technologies and Engineering, Leeds Beckett University,
Headingley, Leeds LS6 3QR, U.K.
2
Freelance Consultant, Anastaya, U.K.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Big Data, Security and Data Storage Issues, Privacy.
Abstract: This paper explores security issues of storage in the cloud and the methodologies that can be used to
improve the security level. This study is concluded with a discussion of current problems and the future
direction of cloud computing. Big data analysis can also be classified into memory level analysis, business
intelligence (BI) level analysis, and massive level analysis. This research paper is based on cloud computing
security and data storage issues that organizations face when they upload their data to the cloud in order to
share it with their customers. Most of these issues are acknowledged in this paper, and there is also
discussion of the various perspectives on cloud computing issues.
1 INTRODUCTION
Big data represents a new era in data exploration and
utilization. Current technologies such as cloud
computing and business intelligence (BI) provide a
platform for the automation of all processes in data
collecting, storage, processing and visualization. Big
data is defined as having the following five V
properties: volume, velocity and variety which
constitute original big data properties. Big data
velocity deals with the speed of the data processing
of the datasets or the processing of a large volume of
data. Big data veracity refers to noise and
abnormality in the data as all data elements are not
required for analysis. Big data validity deals with the
correctness and accuracy of the data considered for
analysis. Chen et al. (2010) state the economic case
for cloud computing has brought unlimited attention
to this technology. Cloud computing providers can
mount data centres easily due to their ability to
classify and provide computing assets. The
emergence of the cloud and big data comes with data
security and privacy security concerns. System
integrators (SI) have been developing solutions that
incorporate the cloud and big data within the
enterprise to build elastic, scalable, private cloud
solutions. Many organizations are working in the
field of cloud computing and invest heavily so that
customers get the service at a cost saving. There is a
subsequent interest of permit suppliers to achieve
better use through measurable multiplexing and to
allow clients to avoid acquisition costs through the
scale of the active element. Passary (2014) states
that organizations of superior data centres are the
most likely devotees of the cloud. Leading
organizations such as CAP, Infosys, Deutsche
Telekom, Disney and others trust and use the cloud
on the World Wide Web (WWW) to release
information as well as for shopping. Security issues
related to cloud computing are a huge concern, and
organizations and associations need to be aware of
them. Also, this refers to more than a few
organizations who are now seeing the problems that
frequently occur.
This paper explicates cloud computing to
emphasise its definition and classifications in order
to explore security issues of storage in the cloud and
the methodologies that can be used to increase the
security level. The study will focus on cloud security
challenges that organisations still face when storing
information in the cloud.
The commonly used definition is that cloud
computing is a cluster of distributed computers that
offer on-demand resources and services over a
networked medium, commonly the Internet (Sultan,
2010). It is worth understanding that it entails the
Alsufyani, R., Jama, K., Yao, Y., Ramachandran, M. and Chang, V.
Big Data Services Security and Security Challenges in Cloud Environment.
DOI: 10.5220/0005948904610468
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things and Big Data (IoTBD 2016), pages 461-468
ISBN: 978-989-758-183-0
Copyright
c
 2016 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
461

deployment of groups of remote servers and
software networks, which allow the centralized
storage of data and access to computer services
through the Internet (Mokhtar et al., 2013).
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of a massive computer network was
first introduced by J. C. R. Licklider in 1969 who
had an obligation to initiate training to improve the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET). The perspective was to unite all
people on the Web with the aim that information
could be reached always and anywhere.
Chang et al. (2016) says that, as a needed
accumulation of data, it is a key factor to securely
store the information of the personal computer (PC).
The client’s main motive for storing data in the
cloud is to save costs and have 24/7 information
access. The cloud computing service allows users to
securely store any type of data in the cloud and then
access it from anywhere in the world with Internet
access. The basic element of this service is the
storage capacity. Also, organizations that provide
information to their clients face various issues
relevant to cloud security. The Cloud Security
Alliance (CSA) is working on cloud security issues,
and its members are concerned that there central
issues be resolved. The central issues that have
dominated the field for many years are privacy,
respectability and accessibility.
2.1 Security Challenges of Cloud
Computing
There are three basic cloud security problems that
gain the most attention today: confidentiality,
integrity and availability. Whenever administrators
work on cloud security, these three aspects must be
considered. Confidentiality is about applying a
safety shield to prevent access by an unauthorized
person. Integrity means protecting the data from
access by users who are not approved by their
organizations. Availability is about accessing data
anytime, anywhere and whenever the user wants.
The main difficulties experienced are securing the
data and making it available to the customer with
security system approval. The security guarantee
mechanism begins with validation, approval and
coding. Here, there are three security concerns need
to be examined: identification and authentication,
authorization and encryption.
2.1.1 Identification and Authorization
It is necessary to assign strong passwords for cloud
security. Due to this requirement, many users create
long, complicated passwords that are extremely
difficult to remember. However, the longer and more
complex the password, the more difficult security is
to break. Human beings do many things in the
course of a day and often have many things they
need to remember, so it may be very difficult for the
user to remember these complex of passwords in
order to safely obtain access.
2.1.2 Authentication
The verification procedure ensures that an approved
person can access information stored in the cloud.
Some clients have access to use the information, but
that access may be limited by their employee grade
level. They are then not able to access information
that is rated above their grade level.
2.1.3 Encryption
Encryption methodology is a strategy that secures
sensitive information in the cloud. Conventional
encryption is done when exchanging information
records, and then it is unscrambled.
Talib et al. (2012) state that, today, focusing on
information security is a challenge because
information security capacities are more
discriminating and more difficult to research
because of the expansion of the system’s clients.
Currently, many issues are important, but a central
focus issue is the security of stockpiling data. This is
an essential concern of the general population whose
transfer of their own information to the cloud
requires that they can access that information
securely from anywhere.
Yu et al. (2012) argue that construction planned
modelling depends on the cloud in two spaces: user
space and kernel space. With the help of the Web
interface, these are associated with each other. These
spaces have different functions in the core area of
the cloud that belong to physical access and control.
Wang et al. (2009) state that data security is the
cloud storage theme and it is fundamentally a
structure spread limit. In addition, they unveiled a
proposed solution to ensure the accuracy of the data
of customer cloud data storage, an effective and
versatile method to reinforce the element of data
security includes the review of squares and the
deletion and connection of an annihilation-
contingent to help in the assignment of registry
codes to give repetition vectors equity and ensure
RAIBS 2016 - Special Session on Recent Advancement in IoT, Big Data and Security
462

the reliability of the data.
Du et al. (2010) introduced the provision and use
of the Run Test, another verification structure of the
honesty of an organization to confirm the reliability
of the management of the flow of information with
the use of cloud systems. The Run Test affirmation
of the level of implementation of random data to
indicate any pernicious data flow is used to prepare
suppliers’ organizations for giant scale cloud bases.
Takabi et al. (2010) stated that, in regard to PC
security frameworks, it is a distinctive type of
recording circumstance. First, he takes into account
the customer’s security framework and relates
courses of action used in the past. To ensure security
and customer confidence, you can use different
types of modules for the safety system. These
modules are used to oversee the affairs of an entity,
such as the organization of identity, access control,
course of action commitment between different
entities, organizational trust between particular
fundamentals that belong to the cloud and its
customers, ensuring the development, organization,
consolidation and semantic heterogeneity between
different methodologies.
Zissis et al. (2012) states that cloud computing is
the graphical flow and framework of the network.
Using the cloud, office clients upload their
confidential data. This is less expensive and requires
less space than traditional storage methods. This
information can be accessed anytime, anywhere in
the world. As times passes, more customers become
aware of this method, and that increases the number
of customers who are using it. The cloud computing
system was introduced in 1967 when it was only
accessible to influential associations or
organizations. In short, there was not much
expansion in the number of customers at that time
which made the system easy to monitor. As time
progressed, however, the customer base expanded
due to great demand in such areas as security.
Unfortunately, information professionals were soon
faced with clients who felt unsafe in the cloud.
A style of computing evolved where massively
adaptable skills were needed in the administration of
the Internet to serve numerous foreign clients,
according to Plummer et al. (2009). There had to be
an unbiased and very adaptable authority to oversee
an intricate network to facilitate the final and
successful use of client applications (Staten, 2008).
The goal of infinitely accessible computer activity
was the responsibility that needed to be assumed for
customers of the cloud, and the ability to pay for the
use of that activity had to become a calculated asset
on a temporary basis as required (Armbrust et al.,
2009).
A type of parallel frame consists of an
accumulation of interconnected, virtualized
components and is provisioned and introduced as
one or more links to processing assets, taking into
account the level of the states of service built
through transactions between the provider of
management and buyers (Buyya et al., 2009).
2.2 Cloud Storage in a Private Cloud
Deployment
Beaty et al. (2009) and Armbrust et al. (2009) argue
that exchanges between vendors with different types
of cloud systems are not easy to execute. Frequently,
the work requires composing additional layers of
application programming interface (API), an
interface or portal to enable communication. This
suggests interesting research on the portability
question as some desktop applications to cloud
portability are questioned.
Chang et al. (2013) state that it is essential to
mount an investigation of the Cloud Computing
Business Frame (CCBF) that participates in the
stages of service as a strategy for design,
development, testing, and user support. The type of
cloud an organisation adopts will depend on the
organisation’s needs, volumes, types of services and
data it plans to have and use (Chang, 2014).
2.3 Enterprise Portability
Enterprise portability is portability that enables the
movement of data, applications and administrations
from desktop to clouds and between different
clouds. It includes IaaS, PaaS and SaaS usage
services. There are different prerequisites for
portability in many areas. These kinds of cloud tasks
convey their effectiveness and develop client
satisfaction. CCBF expects to create an effective
cloud design for usages and services with the help of
various associations (Chang et al. 2011).
This research concerns the relationship between
healthcare and portability. There are two aspects in
which portability plays an influential role in the
healthcare industry: the migration of previous
infrastructure and the development of new platforms
that allow cloud service development.
Cloud storage is a private cloud and an initial
centre that builds the foundation of IaaS. It allows
for the storage of medical databases, graphics and
research in a secure setting that belongs to the
working community. The Centre then becomes a
review of IaaS to PaaS, and this allows for the best
Big Data Services Security and Security Challenges in Cloud Environment
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management of the organization and its and assets.
3 BIG DATA SECURITY MODEL
AND HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a prediction that shows the
relationship between two variables. It is a testable
prediction about what a researcher expects to happen
in the research. There are different ways to obtain
the results of research to gain evidence to support a
hypothesis. Many researchers draw the hypothesis
from a specific theory; some draw it from previous
research. For example, consider the relationship
between stress and the immune system. One
hypothesis could be that stress can have a negative
impact on the immune system. If a person is
stressed, that person’s immune system can be
affected. This demonstrates a causal relationship,
where one thing can be seen to cause another
(Cherry et al. 2015). Similarly, some hypotheses
state that what is relevant to cloud computing
security also affects the security system.
3.1 Trust
Confidence is another topic of exploration in
computer science, related to different areas such as
access control and security in PC systems,
dependability in scattered frames, fun hypothesis,
operator frameworks and arrangements for election
creating instability. Perhaps the most notable case
was the development of the Trusted Computer
System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) used from the
late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Confidence was used
here to persuade users that a framework (model,
configuration, or implementation) was correct and
safe.
Confidence in the information society is based
on various reasons, such as mathematics, learning or
social contexts. Trust in a partnership could be
described as the confidence a customer has that the
association will generate an accurate and reliable
authority and the certainty that it will also
communicate customer confidence in its ethical
reliability, the strength of its operations, the viability
of its security systems, and compliance with all
regulations and laws. At the same time, it also
contains the element of risk. The idea of security
refers to a given circumstance, where every single
conceivable danger is removed or transformed into
an idea of confidence, to be changed according to
the two meetings in an exchange instance. This can
be portrayed after it happens as ‘an element of A is
considered to depend on another substance. When it
relies on item A, item B will act exactly is not
surprising and forced.’ Thereafter, a substance can
be considered reliable if meetings, or the people
involved intrude on that element, depend on its
validity. In general, as stated previously, the idea
represented can be spoken of with reliability, which
refers to the nature of a person or a substance that is
worthy of trust. Confidence in the information
society is based on distinguishing different things,
taking into account math and information or social
considerations. The idea of trust in a partnership
could be characterized as the conviction of the
customer that the association is ready to give
accurate and reliable services. A warranty is needed
that communicates customer confidence in its ethical
honesty, strength of its operation, adequacy of its
security components, and fitness and compliance
with all regulations and laws, while, at the same
time, it also contains the affirmation of a variable
risk basis for the party depending on it. The idea of
security refers to a particular circumstance where
every conceivable danger is destroyed or reduced to
an absolute minimum (Zissis et al., 2012).
Rashidi (2012) describes the security of the
cloud computing model and presumes that
confidence is the main interest of the user.
Hypothesis 1(a): Trust is the factor of belief
that is required in the cloud computing
organization because it increases the use of its
services.
3.2 Security
The three main aspects of security are the
confidentiality, availability and integrity of the data
or information. Security authentication and good
reputation are also essential.
The cloud computing environment provides two
types of computing and data storage capabilities.
The cloud computing environment, due to its
architectural design and unique characteristics,
imposes a number of security benefits, including
centralization of security, data and process
segmentation, redundancy and high availability.
While many risks are effectively countered, due to
the infrastructure’s singular characteristics, a
number of distinctive security challenges are
introduced. (Zissis et al., 2012). During the
accession and processing of information, customers
do not know where the information is saved, but
they do know machines run the calculation tasks.
The user is concerned with only one thing: security.
RAIBS 2016 - Special Session on Recent Advancement in IoT, Big Data and Security
464

The user wants to search for and access data at any
time and in a safe manner (Zhou, 2014).
Hypothesis 2(a): Security is the main aspect of
the cloud service as it provides a satisfactory
environment.
Hypothesis 2(b): Security is the combination
of confidentiality, integrity and availability that
helps increase the security level.
3.3 Privacy
Privacy refers to the declaration of, or adherence to,
various standards, both legal and illegal. In Europe,
this is often understood as consistency with the rules
of information safety in regards to one’s private life.
In the European environment, this is understood
commonly as normative, consistent and safe
information, despite the fact that there would be
exceptionally intricate issues of cloud computing
over the full range of security and administrative
architectures and insurance of privacy of individual
information. Recognized security standards give a
valuable guide and name the components: consent,
purpose of the restriction, legitimacy, transparency,
information security and participation of the data
subject (Robinson et al., 2010).
Hypothesis 3(a): Privacy is integral to data
safety on the cloud as it increases user confidence
and satisfaction.
3.4 Long Term Viability
Often, clients will require the reputation of a cloud
supplier to be well established and of long duration.
They want to find out about the risks of cloud
experiences, such as outages, crashes or other
problems. ‘Preferably, calculation cloud provider
should never go belly up or get won by a larger
organization. In any case, it must be ensured the
customer about the information remain available
even after such an occasion.’ (Rashida, 2012).
Hypothesis 4 (a): Long-term viability is
strongly identified with customer confidence in
cloud computing.
Hypothesis 4(b): Long-term viability reduces
dissatisfaction and builds user trust.
4 METHODOLOGY AND
RESULTS
The methodology section addresses cloud computing
security and security challenges. Secondly, it
includes some relevant literature reviews about
cloud computing and how it has impacted
organizations. Thirdly, the data are presented like a
hypothesis instrument validation and refinement
process. The last step is the explanation of the
hypothesis testing results.
4.1 Survey Questions
Survey question were designed based on the
hypothesis and are presented in this section. During
the research, it was found that many organizations
use the cloud computing storage facility for
business, and some are totally based on this facility.
So, to get the appropriate results, it was necessary to
develop a questionnaire that presents questions
relevant to this research and are easy for the
respondent to answer. Two types of questionnaires
are part of this study. The first is for that population
who has knowledge about this field and also has
education and work experience. The second
questionnaire is for those who have less knowledge
about this field, are part of this facility but are not
frequent users.
The chosen technique is a review that shows the
issues surrounding cloud computing data storage.
For this, we need to examine security issues that
organizations still face. There are numerous
associations and organizations who are utilizing
office cloud computing, yet they continue to have
many security issues regarding information storage
and access to the cloud. The majority of the
associations maintain their organizations completely
with cloud computing administration, so security
issues are extremely important to them because
numerous endorsers are utilizing their services
subsequent to getting the association’s participation.
In addition, organizations encourage clients to use
cloud computing in their offices to satisfy the
general population’s request for it.
4.2 Data Collection
Two methods were used to collect the data from the
respondents. The first questionnaire, made by using
SurveyMonkey, consists of ten questions. After
creating the questionnaire, we distributed it to
university students and, secondly, sent it online to
many students in the United Kingdom. This
questionnaire is for students who have. Some of
these are also part of organizations who do use cloud
computing storage in their businesses. Data were
gathered from multiple sources at various points in
time. Over 100 people answered the questionnaire
and sent their replies. The total number of
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465

respondents is 107, of which 101 attempted to
answer all the questions. This means that the 90%
response rate makes this a valid sample size.
This research is based on cloud computing
security and data storage issues so that many of the
questions are relevant to security. The questionnaire
is the main part of the research, and it is very
important to find the respondents’ points of view
about people or consumers who stop using the cloud
computing facility. A total of 93% of the
respondents said that security concerns stop people
from using cloud computing because every user and
organization wants the data that is stored in the
cloud to be secure. One question asked respondents
which is the one most worrisome issues about cloud
computing. A total of 70% of the respondents named
physical and network security. All the results
showed that organizations and users want to use this
facility, but they are more concerned about the
security issues. They want privacy and do not want
to their personal and confidential information
compromised.
Measure Item Count Percent
Awareness of Cloud Computing Term
Yes 94 89.5%
No 6 5.7%
Not Sure 5 4.8%
Security Professionals Warn Against Cloud
Agree 97 91.5%
Not Agree 4 3.8%
It Is Safe to Store Data
Agree 78 73.6%
Not Agree 11 10.4%
Not Sure 15 14.2%
Awareness about Cloud Security Alliance
Yes 83 79%
No 14 13.3%
Don't Know 8 7.6%
How Secure Is Cloud Computing
Very Poor 1 1%
Poor 6 5.7%
Fair 68 64.8%
Good 14 13.3%
Very Good 16 15.2%
It Protects the Data Single-handedly
Agree 86
81.1%
Not Agree 15 14.2%
Important Aspects of Cloud Security Policy
Firewall 43 41%
Anti-Virus 13 12.4%
Authentication 48 45.7%
Other 1 1%
What Stops You from Using Cloud Computing
Security concerns 98 93.3%
Loss of control of
data and systems
29 27.6%
It is still an evolving
concept
8 7.6%
Hard to integrate with
in-house systems
19 18.1%
Availability concerns 19 18.1%
Performance issues 33 31.4%
Other 0 0%
What Do You See as the Other Benefits
Improved data
security
84 80.8%
Increased storage
capacity
56
Scalability and
flexibility - meets the
needs of the business
21 20.2%
Ability to access data
and applications from
anywhere
19 18.3%
Removal of non-core
activity so IT staff
can focus on adding
value
13 12.5%
Ease of software
updates
27 26%
Online back-up
integrity
11 10.6%
Issues That Are More Concentrated
Guarantees for Peak
Loads
9 8.7%
Support and
Management of
Incidents
7 6.7%
Quality of Service in
general
15 14.4%
Physical and
Network Security
73 70.2%
Other 0 0%
Evaluating Cloud Technology for Business
Yes, we are
evaluating it now
73 68.9%
Yes, we have plans to
evaluate in the next
12 months
23 21.7%
No, we have no plans
to evaluate or
implement it
10 9.4%
4.3 Data Analysis of the Data
Collection
This section is about the analysis of data collection.
RAIBS 2016 - Special Session on Recent Advancement in IoT, Big Data and Security
466

The table below shows the resulting values of the
mean, standard deviation and P-value that supports
the hypothesis. The resulting values of the P-values
must be less than 0.05 to indicate the accuracy of the
results of the data.
Serial
No.
Mean
Standard
Deviation
P-
Value
Remarks
TR1 3.80 0.80 0.04 TR
section
has the
high
Standard
deviation
values.
TR2 3.60 0.60 0.03
SE1 4.00 0.70 0.04
SE2 4.30 0.40 0.02
SE3 4.40 0.30 0.03
SE4 4.70 0.20 0.02
SE5 3.90 0.40 0.03 SE section
has the
lowest
standard
deviation
values
PR1 3.70 1.00 0.05
PR2 3.50 0.80 0.03 PR
section
has the
highest
standard
deviation
values.
LT1 3.40 0.50 0.04
LT2 3.30 0.20 0.03 LT
section
has the
lowest
standard
deviation
values.
For the first section of the hypothesis (TR1 to
TR2), the mean values are 3.80 to 3.60 where the
standard deviation values are 0.60 to 0.80, and that
represents a significant range. The p-values of TR1
to TR2 are less than 0.05 which indicates that the
probability of the null hypothesis is low. The second
category has values from SE1 to SE2 in which mean
values are 3.90 to 4.70 and where the standard
deviation values are 0.20 to 0.70. This section has
the lowest p-values which means its results are more
accurate and most of the participant’s views are the
same in the more than 100 sample size. Further
analysis showed that, for the third section with PR1
to PR2, the mean values are 3.50 to 3.70, where the
standard deviation values are 0.80 to 1.00. The p-
values are 0.03 to 0.05. In this section, some
participants totally agreed with this hypothesis. The
fourth and last hypothesis section is LT1 to LT2 in
which the mean values are 3.30 to 3.40. The
standard deviation values are 0.20 to 0.50 where p-
values are 0.03 to 0.04. Many points of view of the
participants are positive, and that helps to determine
the results. A possible explanation for some of our
results may be the lack of adequate differences, but
most of the responses connect to the research
questions.
5 CONCLUSIONS
As many people are fully aware, the cloud and big
data have data security and privacy concerns. This is
why system integrators have been building solutions
that incorporate the cloud and big data within an
enterprise to build elastic, scalable private cloud
solutions. The cloud has glorified the as-a-service
model by hiding the complexity and challenges
involved in building an elastic, scalable self-service
application. The same is required for big data
processing. Cloud computing is a promising
application and innovation of these times. This
combination of findings provides some support for
the conceptual premise that the barriers and
obstacles to the rapid development of cloud
computing are issues of safety and security of
information. Data storage and process cost reduction
are mandatory requirements of any association,
while the research of information and data
reliability is now mandatory in each of the
associations when making choicesThis research has
raised many questions in need of further
investigation. The cloud and its administration have
some impact on the significance of what the vendor
of cloud services provides for the certification of
data.
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