A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi
Municipality as a Smart Settlement
Pınar Demirel Etli and Sevin Aksoylu
Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Keywords: Smart City, Regeneration, Remourban Project.
Abstract: In recent years strategies for urban regeneration have been developed due to the interurban competition and
growing awareness of the cities’ role as an impetus for innovation and regional economic growth. One of
the goal of these strategies is to implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in
a wide sense towards a smart growth. In Turkey, some municipalities also got off the ground the smart
settlement principles for the regeneration of the residential areas. This paper deals with a regeneration
model called as “Remourban- project to accelerate the smart urban transformation of Life Village Site of
Tepebasi Municipality in Eskisehir. The first part of the study contains definitions and content of urban
regeneration and smart city in the literature. In the second part, the approaches and objectives of the
Remourban project are given and evaluation of smart city attributes tested along with objective data of
Remourban Project. Although, the project has many criteria which are overlap the definition of smart cities,
it is not expected to classify in the same scope. Therefore, in order to be characterized as a smart city
improvement in the concluding section, opportunities and recommendations have been presented.
1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, many cities in the world have been
working on urban space in order to transform cities
into sustainable cities (Panuccio et al, 2015). In
general, urban regeneration is used for cities to
improve their competitiveness, productivity and
liveability. New concepts - such as liveable cities,
sustainable cities and smart cities have created a
wealth of opportunities for economic and social
growth. Planning offers the possibility to develop
and transform a city into a modern and attractive
city. Urban planning considers the smart growth
cities as the system of opportunities (Russo et al,
2014). Despite the fact that lots of articles and
researches have attempted to clarify the smart city, it
is still unclear in literature. Different approaches and
descriptions can be summarized as follows.
The terms "smart" and "intelligent" have become
part of the language of urbanization policy, referring
to the clever use of IT to improve the productivity of
a city’s essential infrastructure and services and to
reduce energy inputs and CO
2
outputs in response to
global climate change (Hodgkinson, 2011).
Smart cities represent a conceptual urban
development model based on the utilization of
human, collective and technological capital for the
enhancement of development and prosperity in
urban agglomeration. Smart cities are all urban
settlements that make a conscious effort to capitalize
on the new Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) landscape in a strategic way,
seeking to achieve prosperity, effectiveness and
competitiveness on multiple socio-economic levels
(Angelidou, 2014).
Smart Cities Workshop (2009), defines smart
city as a city that makes conscious effort to
innovatively employ ICTs in support of a more
inclusive, diverse and sustainable urban environment
(Stratigea, 2012).
A smart city as a high-tech intensive and
advanced city that connects people, information and
city elements using new technologies such as ICT
systems, in order to create a sustainable greener city,
a competitive and innovative commerce and an
increase in the quality of life with a straightforward
administration and maintenance system of the city
(Schaffers et al, 2012).
The aim of smart city development is the
provision of qualitative and innovative services to
the public, to the economic activities, and also to the
visitors of a city, together with the production of a
86
Etli, P. and Aksoylu, S.
A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2016), pages 86-93
ISBN: 978-989-758-184-7
Copyright
c
2016 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
safe, pleasant and inclusive urban environment
(Komninos, 2006).
Smart cities emerge not just as an innovative
modus operandi for future urban living but as a key
strategy to tackle poverty and inequality,
unemployment and energy management (Manville et
al, 2013).
While some papers discuss smart city in a
specific part, such as: smart transportation, mobility,
ICT, smart food or other, this paper deals with a case
study of ‘Smart city concept’ on a pilot settlement of
Eskisehir- Tepebasi District in a general approach.
These analyses are based on a hypothesis, as urban
regeneration can be used to provide an urban quality
and the establishment of the smart settlements .In
this scope, the purpose of this paper to suggest new
outlook for the Life Village Project as a smart
settlement.
2 URBAN REGENERATION
PROCESS AS A TOOL OF
SMART SETTLEMENT
The city, from a place of social life, has become a
space to be used to take advantage of the
infrastructure and services. This mentality has
generated degradation, disorder, waste, lack of
resources, poor services. In recent times, to solve
these issues strategies for urban regeneration have
been developed. The concept of urban regeneration
can be evaluated in a different ways depending on
the development levels of the countries (Aksoylu,
2012). In the most developed economies, the goal is
to promote a “return to the city”, revitalise the city
centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive
international context, and implement initiatives to
improve the quality of the environment operating in
a wide sense towards a smart growth. In course of
time, urban regeneration has developed from the
renovation or rehabilitation of built environment to
rebuilding of the urban fabric, the renewal of the city
image or the urban economy and equity, public
participation and their professional and social
integration into a multi- functional context (UNEP,
2004).
By the 1980s, social concerns were replaced by
economic concerns and regeneration projects started
preparing the city for a new century (Gotham, 2001).
Urban regeneration can be described as, “a
comprehensive and integrated vision and action
which leads to the resolution of urban problems and
which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in
the economic, physical, social and environmental
condition of an area that has been subject to change”
(Roberts, 2000). As Gibson & Kocabas (2001)
states, urban regeneration is a holistic,
comprehensive and integrated approach that
embraces the three aims (the three e’s- economy,
equity and environment); maintaining economic
competitiveness, reducing inequality and protecting
and embracing the environment and that suggests a
new generation of partnerships for policy
development and delivery that includes innovative
configurations of public, private and NGO sectors in
more equal relationships.
Today, urban regeneration aims to address issues
that are associated with change in the economy and
employment, economic competitiveness, social
exclusion, community issues, vacant and
deteriorated sites in cities, new land and property
requirements, environmental quality and sustainable
development (Turok, 2004, Keles, 2003, Roberts,
2000). Depending on this, it is resulted in improving
the infrastructure of the urban areas which is a
prerequisite in the creative sector’s choice of
location. Regeneration projects can also introduce
new infrastructure such as new lines of
transportation, and digital infrastructure. As a result,
smart city is started to discuss in the cities.
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SMART CITY
In association with economy or jobs smart city is
used to describe a city with a “smart” industry. That
implies especially industries in the fields of
information and communication technologies (ICT)
as well as other industries implying ICT in their
production processes. The term smart city is also
used regarding the education and qualification of its
inhabitants. A smart city has therefore smart
inhabitants in terms of their educational grade. In
other literature the term smart city is referred to the
relation between the city government administration
and its citizen. Smart city is furthermore used to
discuss the use of modern technology and cloud
systems in everyday urban life. This includes not
only ICT but also, and especially, modern transport
technologies. Logistics as well as new transport
systems as “smart” systems, which improve the
urban traffic and the inhabitants’ mobility. Moreover
various other aspects referring to life in a city are
mentioned in connection to the term Smart City like
safety, green, efficient & sustainable, energy etc
(Giffinger et al, 2007).
A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement
87
A smart city is a city well performing in a
forward-looking way in the six characteristics (smart
economy, smart people, smart governance, smart
mobility, smart environment, smart living) built on
the smart combination of endowments and activities
of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens
(Chourabi et al, 2012).
Smart City can describe with relationship
between several fields of activity such; technology,
industry, education, participation, energy and
environment. Using information and communication
integrated infrastructures transforms cities in
significant ways. IT infrastructure and applications
are keystones of the smart cities. However, the ICT
systems are necessary but not enough to make a
smart city. All technological systems need
collaboration and cooperation between local
governments, public and private actors and citizens.
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF
ESKISEHIR
In the scope of smart city actions, smart urban
regeneration projects aim to improve the quality of
urban life via upgrading of urban utilities. Eskisehir
Tepebasi Municipality The Life Village Project is
one of the few smart urban regeneration projects in
Turkey.
Eskisehir is a medium-sized city with a
population of 685.135 inhabitants in Turkey. It is
located in Central Anatolia between Capital Ankara
and Istanbul. Eskisehir city centre is divided into
two municipalities by Porsuk river. On the one side
there is the Odunpazari district and on the north-
west side there is the Tepebasi district. Since
Tepebasi district is at the centre of the city, it
represents nearly 40 % of the city’ population with
an approximately 320.000 inhabitants. Eskisehir is
among the provinces having the highest level of
urban and life quality. According to social and
economic development index which was prepared
based on the basic indicators of demographics,
urbanization, health, education and employment,
Eskisehir occupies 2
nd
and 3
rd
place within 81
provinces.
Density of Tepebasi district is 400-600 people
per hectare. In general, main environmental
problems of the Tepebasi district have been
identified as noise pollution, water pollution and
problems caused by the waste pollution.
Eskisehir is influenced by the continental climate
changes with very hot summers and very cold
winters. The temperature difference between day
and night also could be major. So it can be needed
much more energy for heating and cooling for the
buildings.
Figure 1: Location of Eskisehir.
Figure 2: Boundary of Tepebasi Municipality.
In recent years, depending on the globalization
wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new
elites who have new life styles, the housing capital
focused on these groups in 1990’s in Turkey. After
1999 earthquake in the country, the fear of possible
earthquake has also changed the housing preference
as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the
lower detached houses (Aksoylu, 2015). Eskisehir is
not exempt from this situation, many low rise houses
have been constructed on the gated communities and
on the Mass Housing Areas on Tepebasi District.
Additional to this, Energy Efficiency Law
inurement in 2007, the existing buildings and
industrial establishments have been started to be
revised and transformed to fulfil energy efficient
compact buildings (Law: Official Gazette, 2007).
After 2017 all buildings will mandatorily take an
Energy Identification Certificate. According to this
legislative regulation, new buildings that are
constructed since 2011 are taken Energy ID
Certificate in Turkey and also in Eskisehir.
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88
Figure 3: Eskisehir Porsuk River, Tepebasi.
Nowadays, a residential building restoration in a
common European city is not a profitable business
itself. It is clear that if any energy renovation is
tackled modifying the building enveloping, it will be
necessary about 30 years to return the initial
investments through the energy savings reached. For
this reason, a business model based on building
energy renovation is not an attractive business
(Proposal of Remourban, 2014).
5 SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE VILLAGE OF
TEPEBASI DISTRICT
Life Village is a district of approximately 30,000 m
2
with a built area of just under 10,000 m
2
in the
North-West of the city of Eskisehir within the
jurisdiction of Tepebasi Municipality of Eskisehir.
There are 57 same type two storey dwellings,
386 inhabitants and a 560 m
2
social facility building
in the Area. The buildings were constructed for
residential use in 2007 however after ownership of
the buildings changes to Tepebasi Municipality, they
were transformed into Alzheimer patients and
elderly cares. Each dwelling has 174 conditioned
area consisting 3 bedrooms, 1 living room, kitchen,
bathroom, wc, storage etc. parking space and garden.
Some of the buildings were recently renovated to
satisfy the needs of the Alzheimer patients. The
ground floors are used as common areas like dining
room, activity room, recreation and TV rooms
Bedrooms and bathrooms are located on the upper
floors. Also there are clinic and rehabilitation rooms
in buildings. Health centre and administrative office
have office functions. The special workshop for
disabled citizens serves various purposes and
houses, offices as well. The rehabilitation centre is
home to social activities, workshops and conference
centre in 560 m
2
conditioned area in one storey
building.
Figure 4: Layout Plan of Life Village.
6 OBJECTIVE OF REMOURBAN
PROJECT FOR LIFE VILLAGE
RemoUrban (REgeneration MOdel for accelerating
the smart URBAN transformation) is a large scale
demonstration project, which aims to accelerate the
urban transformation towards the smart city concept
taking into account all aspects of sustainability, and
pretends that Valladolid, Nottingham and Eskisehir
will be a reference in Europe (and World Wide) with
respect to social progress, urban planning and
environmental regeneration. For achieve it, public
authorities and several industrial partners have
assumed the commitment to support and co-finance
the necessary actions that allow to validate a
powerful urban regeneration model for accelerating
the city transformation in a more sustainable urban
environment (Proposal of Remourban, 2014).
Remourban will address an intense activity
focused on searching applicable solutions for city
transformations. Some of the business models are a
good example of how the economies of scale can be
A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement
89
applied, increasing the intervention impact and with
the aim to make the investments more attractive than
these usually are. There are many examples of
interesting business models for heating systems,
specially at district level, where apart from using
renewable energy sources as biomass. These models
go towards energy services business model with
investment returns period less than 5 or 6 years
(Proposal of Remourban, 2014).
Remourban has set the objective of building a
"Sustainable Urban Regeneration Model" that aims
to transform existing cities into more sustainable and
smarter places to live and work. The urban
renovation strategy is focused on the citizens,
because the people live in the city is the most
affected by the improvements and alterations.
Figure 5: REMOURBAN main concept (Proposal of
Remourban, 2014).
The point is improving the current conditions of
a city in order to achieve energy efficient
neighbourhood and more sustainable urban
transport. Remourban, thus, will have as major
challenges those that enhance the key indicators of
environment, reduction of emissions, transport
efficiency, access to the city information and citizen
engagement. It is commonly avowed that for
achieving it, it is necessary combining improvement
strategies in the energy, mobility and ICT sectors.
The model is designed to propose holistic
integrated approaches, jointly in the energy and
mobility sectors with the ICT potentiality. The
project vision aims to achieve higher economic,
social and environmental benefits for cities to
improve sustainability where it is possible to get
better results (Proposal of Remourban, 2014).
According to the Report of audits in the Tepebasi
demo site, the initial task aims to develop a baseline
in the fields of buildings and district energy supply,
Figure 6: Buildings modelling in demo site.
city transportation, suitable urban infrastructure,
existing urban plans for promoting low energy
districts and sustainable mobility, public
procurement procedures, regulations and normative
approaches and existing actions for citizens’
engagement as well as recommendations for further
improvement (Demir et al, 2015).
6.1 Efficient Energy Use
In order to analyse energy use, thermal comfort and
health&well-being in the buildings, measurement
equipments were installed in selected buildings.
These equipments measure outside temperature,
outside humidity, inside temperature, inside
humidity, indoor air quality, temperature of boiler
distribution lines (outgoing-return). Thus, the
improvement of energy use will be developed for all
buildings in demo site.
The demonstration aims at the reduction of 85%
in the energy consumption per capita, and a 79% of
the CO
2
emissions. The dwellings will be retrofitted
in order to achieve a reduction in the building
consumption higher than 53%. A district
heating/cooling facility based on biomass and water
sourced heat pump will be installed for the targeted
district, together with solar thermal facilities for
DHW, with a reduction of CO
2
emissions of 79%
PV facility of 100 kWp will be deployed on the roof
of the central social building as BIPV and also a 50
kWp tracker PV installation, with a total electricity
production of 25 kWh/m
2
yr.
Each dwelling was designed with individual gas
fired boiler with 24 kW capacity to provide heating
and DHW (Domestic Hot Water) for the users. The
buildings were planned and built for residential use
however after ownership of the buildings changes to
Tepebasi Municipality. Major changes were done to
turn these buildings into Alzheimer patients and
elderly cares. Due to the different purpose of use
expected in the buildings, it is necessary to improve
energy systems to manage different energy demand
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90
Table 1: Smart energy solutions in demo site.
Smart
Energy&
Environment
Success
Factors
Action Description Tepebasi Applications
Attractivity of
Natural
Conditions
District scale retrofitting
9.110 m
2
district retrofitting
57 dwellings
400 residents
%60 energy savings
Pollution
Air quality/Weather/Noise/Waste
management and Encourage to using
of EV for low carbon emission
Air quality and waste management
system. EV using for public transport and
encourage for e-bike
Environmental
Protection
Transforming the energy chain
Use of cleaner vehicle
Use of electric or hybrid technologies
for clean transport
Micro grid: renewables, storage, demand
side management.
Integrated bike rental system
& Free parking EV, 50 e-bikes, 4 e-Buses
& minibuses, 7 EHV
Sustainable
Resource
Management
Electricity distributed generation
Renewable heating and cooling
Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
Shift to a new and more sustainable
energy scenario.
PV panel on roofs (100 kWp) & Energy
monitoring and control.
Water sourced heat pump for H&C and
Biomass heating plant. Solar thermal for
Domestic Hot Water. Thermal and
photovoltaic solar energy using
profiles and meter and control individual dwellings
to avoid energy inefficiencies.
Figure 7: Buildings and car parks in demo site.
Figure 8: Buildings and car parks in demo site.
Although relatively newly built, the district
building stock consists of inefficiently constructed
buildings in energy consumption terms.
Also the
comfort conditions are extremely low and the
heating costs are quite high zone. Energy
performance of buildings in the district are energy-
inefficient and poorly insulated type mass housing,
typical of TOKI construction, highly inconsiderate
of the climactic.
6.2 Smart Mobility Solutions
City on Cloud ICT city management platform will
be developed that will put together all energy and
mobility data and more than 3.000 variables will be
gathered and stored. The study is an integrated
transport system consisting of buses, trams,
minibuses, cycling and walking networks. 4 buses
and 7 hybrid cars will be utilized in the project in
addition to a 50 e-bike rental system. The study area
covered 72 planning zones and a conventional four-
step transportation model was calibrated with the
travel data collected from 7,000 households.
Transportation model intended to improve
pedestrian system continuity in the existing central
business district of the city, and extended the system
into new streets. The bikeway elements of the
transportation master plan consisted of an
enhancement of the bicycle paths within the city.
The intent of the plan was to improve the continuity
of the bikeway system throughout the city, linking.
All of the technologies purpose is accelerating
the transformation of the city in urban areas into
smarter places of advanced social progress and
environmental regeneration.
A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement
91
Table 2: Smart mobility solutions in demo site.
Smart
Mobility
Success Factors Action Description Tepebasi Applications
Local
Accessibility
Pedestrian and bicycle network
Connecting transport modes, nodes and
mobility services
Multi-modal travel
Logistics supply chain inside the city
8 km bicycle route with
pedestrian road
Ticketing, Smartcard, Smart
Debit Card
ICT
Infrastructure
Charging infrastructure for electric and hybrid
vehicles
Open data alliances
Responsive and integrated mobility services
Monitoring Tools for Energy
Computer-based systems to automatically
monitor and control the main facilities,
devices and services
Mobile ITS* (location-based route / travel
information + traffic light systems)
ICT integrated waste management and
lighting systems and sensors
5 e-bike & 2EV charging
stations
Smart Phone App. Mobility:
info. interface to bike system
Advanced monitoring and
energy performance viewing
ICT platform
Energy monitoring and control
system (automatic control,
occupancy control, CO2
sensors, comfort controllers)
Sustainable,
Innovative and
Safe Transport
System
Collective transport, clean logistics, sharing of
goods vehicles and distribution infrastructure
Integrated bike rental system
Free parking EV
Travel info kiosks
It is planned to connect the life village demo site
to internet by using point-to-point wireless
connection. Also there is a fiber optical connection
project in life village to connect 16 places to each
other.
7 CONCLUSIONS
In the twenty-first century, the challenges faced by
cities and their residents will be unlike any we have
faced even before. Technology is becoming more
powerful and offers newfound assurance for the
future of cities such as; more efficient resource
usage, greater connectivity between people and city,
and more comprehensive opportunity for all. By this
way the cities transform more quickly. Remourban
project guides as a smart city initiative and set a
course to overcome some of those challenges by the
actions given the study.
This paper presents a regeneration model to
accelerate the smart urban transformation of Life
Village Site in Eskisehir.
Remourban project focuses
on these three main areas; mobility, district and
other urban infrastructures. Also Remourban
demonstration evaluates the cities with a schematic
vision about the scope by these indicators:
Sustainable mobility: green transport shift,
city logistics and urban transport.
Low energy districts: district energy
auditing, retrofitting and renewable
integration.
Integrated infrastructures: information
platforms and smart grid.
Non-technical actions: citizen engagement,
communication, urban planning, etc.
Even if as a regional smart urban regeneration
project the “Remourban” meets the expectations for
local improvements, it is not expected to fulfil each
single component of smart city initiatives.
Additional to targets that have been achieved in the
presented project, below items can be assessed as
“open to improve” in the scope of smart settlement.
For smarter governance; project may
embrace citizen participation in planning,
decision making and organisation,
encourage people to participate the
information portal and give feedback for
the decisions by government.
For smarter people; project may focus on
enhance the level of qualification by
improve the opportunity of having access to
education and training.
For smarter living; project may focus to
increase the capacity of cultural facilities,
enhance the health conditions and
individual safety, improve education
facilities and support the cultural activities
etc.
SMARTGREENS 2016 - 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems
92
Recently, smart cities have become a major
factor for economic activities and inviting
governments to embark on new long-term vision and
ideologies for sustainable development based on
renewable energy and technology. Therefore, the
municipalities need to set goals to accelerate smart
transformations of the cities for their future
sustainability, the establishment of a transport
system that favours people over automobile and a
lively city through its environmentally friendly
approach.
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