Linking Diagnostic-Related Groups (DRGs) to their Processes by
Process Mining
Alessandro Stefanini
1
, Davide Aloini
2
, Riccardo Dulmin
2
and Valeria Mininno
2
1
Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Orazio Raimondo, Rome, Italy
2
Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction Engineering (DESTEC), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Keywords: Healthcare, Process Discovery, Process Mining, Diagnostic-Related Group (DRG), Patient-flow.
Abstract: The knowledge of patient-flow is very important for healthcare organizations, because strongly connected to
effectiveness and efficiency of resource allocation. Unfortunately, traditional approaches to process analysis
are scarcely effective and low efficient: they are very time-consuming and they may not provide an accurate
picture of healthcare processes. Process mining techniques help to overcome these problems. This paper
proposes a methodology for building a DRG related patient-flow using process mining. Findings show that it
is possible to discover the different sequences of activities associated with a DRG related process. Managerial
implications concern both process identification, analysis and improvement. A case study, based on a real
open data set, is reported.
1 INTRODUCTION
Healthcare is one of the most relevant field in every
modern society, for two main reasons: the great
interest of people for health and the meaningful
impact on the world economy. Healthcare is one of
the most important economic sector in the developed
countries: “OECD Health Statistics 2014” shows that
the Health spending accounted for 9.3% of GDP in
the OECD countries. Due to the impact of Healthcare
on Economy and mostly on Public expenditure, the
efficient use of resources is a fundamental point
particularly during and after the recent global
economic crisis.
Process organization and resources allocation on
activities play a key role in achieving the required
service level and efficiency. For this purpose, the
knowledge of patient-flow is essential in order to
understand the current organization of processes and
to identify how resources could be allocated more
efficiently on organizational units (Vissers, 1998;
Haraden and Resar, 2004; Brailsford et al., 2004).
In this context, Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG),
as an empirical classification of the final products in
a hospital (Fetter and Freeman, 1986), represents a
topic of concern for research and a critical success
factor for healthcare systems worldwide. In fact, most
of the developed countries have already introduced
DRG-systems (Busse et al., 2011) for driving
resources allocation.
Despite DRGs classify patient groups with similar
expected patterns of resource use depending on their
diagnosis and treatments (Fetter and Freeman, 1986),
it is not still clear the association between DRGs and
related care processes (Mans et al., 2009). Therefore,
managers are not able to relate the resources received
(and theoretically consumed) with the process flow.
Difficulties in process discovery and analysis are
mainly due to the peculiar complexity of healthcare
processes: highly interconnected, patient dependant
and multi-disciplinary in nature (Anyanwu et. al,
2003; Mans et al., 2009; Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012).
Given these characteristics, the process mining
techniques are potentially useful in identifying
process workflow in healthcare environments
(Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012). This paper proposes a
methodology for creating DRG patient-flow using
process mining techniques. Through the proposed
approach, it may be possible to understand the various
sequences of activities associated with a DRG and,
thus, to identify and model the main unit of analysis
of a healthcare system. Expected contributions and
implications aim to support:
1. Process identification in order to better
comprehend the actual way of working (Weerdt
et al., 2013).
2. Process analysis in order to calculate
438
Stefanini, A., Aloini, D., Dulmin, R. and Mininno, V.
Linking Diagnostic-Related Groups (DRGs) to their Processes by Process Mining.
DOI: 10.5220/0005817804380443
In Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2016) - Volume 5: HEALTHINF, pages 438-443
ISBN: 978-989-758-170-0
Copyright
c
2016 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
performance indicators, assess resource
consumption, detect bottlenecks, (Mans, 2008;
Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012; Rovani et al. 2015)
and facilitate cost accounting, particularly in an
Activity Based Costing perspective.
3. Process improvement in order to streamline
business processes and optimize resource
planning. Moreover, the expected results may
also support regional or national authorities in
demand aggregation and resource planning at
district level.
Furthermore, the paper presents a case study based on
a real open data set of the AMC (Academic Medical
Center) hospital in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2 THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
The healthcare industry represents an important and
growing research context. It can be characterized on
providing individualized cares and, at the same time,
on efficiency (Dobrzykowski et al., 2013). In the last
years, scholars have strongly focused their attention
on many healthcare related sub-streams. In Operation
Management and Supply Chain Management
literature, the most prominent are: ICT and
Technology Assessment in healthcare (e.g. Chau and
Hu, 2001; Tzeng et al. 2008); Quality and Lean
Thinking (e.g. Stock et al., 2007; Aronsson 2011);
SCM and Strategy (e.g. Li et al. 2002; Lee et al.,
2011); Resource Planning, Capacity Management
and Scheduling (e.g. Bretthauer et al., 1998; Jebali et
al., 2006); Business Process Management and Patient
Flow in healthcare (e.g. Haraden and Resar, 2004;
Brailsford et al., 2004).
2.1 Patient-flow and Healthcare
Process
Patient-flow is the movement of patient, with related
information and equipment, between departments,
staff groups or organizations as part of a patient's care
pathway. It is characterized by a sequence of
processes/activities that a patient follows from the
first contact with the hospital to the discharge.
Usually activities in patient flow are highly
interconnected, heterogeneous and numerous, but all
of them are necessary for the achievement of final
outcome (Lenz and Reichert, 2007; Rebuge and
Ferreira, 2012; Partington et al., 2015).
The knowledge of patient-flow is very important
for healthcare organizations, because strongly
connected to effectiveness of care and efficiency of
resource allocation (Vissers, 1998; Haraden and
Resar, 2004; Brailsford et al., 2004). As a
consequence, some authors started studying patient-
flows for optimizing resource allocation both in the
short-term (e.g. scheduling of treatment) and
medium-long term (e.g. planning of resource inside
the hospital) (e.g. Vissers, 1998; Haraden and Resar,
2004).
Although business process analysis is recognized
as an extremely important activity for healthcare
organizations, traditional approaches are low
effective and scarcely efficient in such a context: they
are very time-consuming and may not provide an
accurate picture of the healthcare processes (dynamic,
multi-disciplinary, interconnected, numerous and ad
hoc) (Anyanwu et. al, 2003; Mans et al., 2009;
Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012; Rovani et al., 2015).
The recent introduction of process mining
techniques has partially changed the scenario helping
to overcome problems in finding and mapping
patient-flows. Until today, the studies on patient-flow
through process mining have mainly focused on
medical and methodological aspects (e.g. Bose and
Van der Aalst, 2011; Huang et al., 2012; De Weerdt
et al., 2013; Mans et al. 2013; Delias et al., 2015;
Rovani et al., 2015).
In particular, at our best knowledge, literature
does not present works that link the patient-flows
with the DRGs, i.e. the “final products” of hospitals.
The lack of a clear association between the healthcare
service and its process and, thus, cost structure, is an
important issue that needs to be faced in order to
improve the efficiency of healthcare systems.
2.2 Process Mining in Healthcare
Due to the complexity of healthcare processes,
process mining could be successfully applied to
support process (patient flow) discovery in healthcare
sector (Van der Aalst et al., 2007). Process mining, in
fact, aims to derive meaningful insights from the
complex temporal relationships existing between
activities and resources involved in processes
(Partington et al., 2015).
Although various authors have already proved its
appropriateness (e.g. Mans et al. 2008; Mans et al.,
2009; Huang et al., 2012; Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012;
De Weerdt, 2013; Rovani et al., 2015), the application
of process mining technique in healthcare is a
relatively new and unexplored field. In particular,
different authors have mined patient control-flow
using process discovery techniques.
In process discovery context, authors have
Linking Diagnostic-Related Groups (DRGs) to their Processes by Process Mining
439
oriented their attention on different issues. Some
scholars have proved and discussed the suitability of
process discovery technique to healthcare services
(e.g. Mans et al. 2008; Mans et al., 2009; Kaymak et
al., 2012; Mans et al., 2013), typically presenting
case studies. Other researchers have focused their
studies on proposing innovative methodologies
and/or new algorithms (e.g. Huang et al., 2012;
Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012; Delias et al., 2015).
Others have directed their attention on comparing the
discovered process workflow with the expected
pathways, the medical guidelines or the analogous
patient flows in other hospitals (e.g. Montani et al.,
2014; Caron et al., 2014; Rovani et al., 2015;
Partington et al., 2015).
On the other hand, the use of “conformance
checking” and “enhancement” process-mining
techniques seems to be still currently understudied in
the healthcare field (Partington et al., 2015).
Discovering the patient-flow is strongly
dependent on the adopted patient classification. Some
authors use new clustering techniques or clustering
tools to categorize patients (e.g. Mans et al., 2009;
Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012). Others categorize patient
basing on main treatment (e.g. De Weerdt, 2013;
Caron et al., 2014) or on a preliminary classification
inside the emergency centre (Partington et al., 2015).
Nobody has classified patient basing on DRG.
3 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1 Research Objectives
This paper aims to suggest a methodology for
identifying and mapping patient-flow by process
mining, following the lens of DRGs.
Process mining is the combination between data
mining and traditional model-driven Business
Process Management (Van der Aalst, 2011). The
main purpose is to discover, analyze and improve
processes by extracting knowledge from event logs
readily available in enterprise information systems
(Van der Aalst, 2011; Van der Aalst et al., 2012).
Process mining in fact exploits information in the
event logs to understand how processes are actually
performed, rather then what is prescribed or supposed
to happen (Mans et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2012).
3.2 Research Methodology
The proposed methodology (Figure 1) refers to
process mining methods suggested by previous
authors (e.g. Bozkaya et al., 2009; Rebuge and
Ferreira, 2012; Mans et al., 2009; De Weerdt, 2013)
and consists of four phases: log preparation, log
inspection, process discovery, validation of process
model.
1. Log preparation aims to set up the event log by pre-
processing the event data gathered from one or more
information systems in order to select the adequate
unit of analysis for analysing the patient-flows.
2. Log inspection provides rst insights about the
investigated process. It includes statistical
information on the number of cases, the total number
of events, the number of different sequences, etc.. In
addition, these activities help to filter incomplete and
outlier cases.
3. Process discovery phase extracts the process model
from the event log. In order to point out a clear
process workflow from highly complex processes, it
could be also necessary to refine the final model
ruling out less frequent paths or excluding less
relevant activities. Therefore, the log may need to be
re-filtered looking at retaining events covering at least
80% of the cases (Bozkaya et al., 2009). Among
many available techniques to act process discovery
like α-Algorithm, heuristic miner, fuzzy miner,
genetic miner and region-based miner, most suitable
approaches for complex environment seems to be
heuristic mining, genetic mining and fuzzy mining
(Van der Aalst, 2011), which are specialized in noise
filtering. While highly performant in dealing with
noise, genetic process mining is not very efficient for
larger models and logs, due to excessive computation
times (Van der Aalst, 2011). Heuristic mining
algorithm enables users to focus on the main process
flow effectively, but it needs to be supported by the
application of clustering technique to the event log.
The fuzzy mining addresses the issue of mining
unstructured processes using a mixture of abstraction
and clustering techniques and attempts to make a
more suitable representation for analysts. Fuzzy
mining automatically provides a high-level view on
the process by abstracting and aggregating details
(Mans et al., 2009). Finally, some authors (e.g.
Figure 1: The proposed methodology.
HEALTHINF 2016 - 9th International Conference on Health Informatics
440
De Weerdt et al., 2013; Mans et al., 2009; Partington
et al., 2015) adopt heuristic and fuzzy mining
conjointly in order to exploit the advantage of both of
them.
In the case study, we have decided to use the fuzzy
mining for the motivations previously cited.
4. Validation is the final step. Results obtained, i.e.
patient-flow model related to the DRG, has to be
reviewed by experts in order to check for
completeness and correctness. More in-depth
validation analysis are also available, for example it
is possible to apply the conformance checking
technique on the achieved workflow model (Bozkaya
et al., 2009; Van der Aalst, 2011; Rovani et al., 2015).
Due to the complexity and the client dependency,
which are typical in healthcare processes, it is
expected that the patient-flow model presents more
than one possible path for the related DRG.
The method could be extended and applied to
different DRGs inside the hospital, to obtain the
overall process model of the organization.
3.3 Case Study
The case study tests the applicability of the proposed
methodology on an open dataset from a
gynaecological oncology process at the AMC
hospital in Amsterdam (doi:10.4121/uuid:d9769f3d-
0ab0-4fb8-803b-0d1120ffcf54). The repository
contains about 150.000 events of more than 1100
patient cases. Each case in the event log corresponds
to a single patient, so that data present a wide variety
of care activities (De Weerdt et al., 2013).
It should be noted that the case study is limited to
the first three stage of the methodology.
The first phase of log preparation was very
limited, because the datasets had already been
integrated and pre-processed by scholars at
“Technische Universiteit Eindhoven”. We just
selected the patient instances with the same group
diagnosis (“maligniteit ovarium|tuba”), recognizable
in The Netherlands as DBCs (equivalent to DRGs)
Figure 2: The discovered process model mined by Fluxicon
Disco® (the more infrequent activities are excluded).
although not yet introduced at that time. The number
of selected case was 60.
In this step, we also decided to designate the
hospital operational unit as the adequate level of
abstraction for our study and, thus, for aggregating
more specific activities. For example, blood test is
usually recorded like a set of different events with a
distinct name depending on the specific analysis. In
this case, we substituted this set with a single event
reporting the involved organization unit, the General
Lab Clinical Chemistry department.
The second phase of log inspection provided us
with a first impression about the processes through
event log data and some statistics such as the total
number of events, the number of different sequences
etc.. Outlier cases were removed. After this operation,
the dataset contained 59 cases.
Process discovery was conducted using the Fuzzy
Miner implemented by Fluxicon Disco®. We
analysed process behaviours and mapped the
workflow for the process under investigation. In
Figure 2, the less frequent activities have been
removed. Please note that just cutting out less than
10% of the events, the simplification in the process
map is very relevant. This is significant and let us
more confident about the suitability of the
methodology and the appropriateness of the selected
process mining technique.
Exploring the discovered process models allows
us to point out some interesting insight about the
patient-flow. For example, as shown in Figure 2, the
majority of patients start with a Gynaecological visit;
they deepen the diagnosis through a Laboratory
analysis or/and Radiological examination (sometimes
repeated more than ones); if serious diseases occur
the process goes on with a surgery operation and post-
operation care, otherwise patient usually end her path
after a final Gynaecological visit.
Figure 3: The discovered process model for a classify set of
cases (patients who need a surgical operation).
As an addition, the tool allows us to filter cases
using specific attributes and sketches patient-flow for
Linking Diagnostic-Related Groups (DRGs) to their Processes by Process Mining
441
a specific case or for a set of patients, e.g. to
understand specific practices and to find out possible
anomalies.
As shown in Figure 3, we were finally able to
determine the main process flow for patients who
need a surgical operation: the process generally starts
with a Gynaecological visit, then a Laboratory
analysis and a radiological assessment are executed,
hence the patient is hospitalized and other Laboratory
analysis can be done in the meanwhile, after that the
patient undergoes a surgical operation, an
examination at Pathology depart, again
Gynaecological visit and, if needed, additional
Laboratory analysis. Finally, the patient is discharged
from hospital.
Note that the process discovery phase, while
depicting the process flows, also reveals many
interesting information about how many times one
activity occurred, for example we found out that
Gynaecological visit takes place 144 times and
Laboratory analysis 304 times. This is useful in order
to define resource consumption and considerations
about process efficiency. This activity is useful to
support resource planning both in the short and
medium-long term. Looking at the DRG “maligniteit
ovarium|tuba”, we can state that a patient needs an
average of 2.5 Gynaecological visits, 5 Laboratory
analysis and 5.7 hospitalization days.
Besides, we can find some patterns of resource
consumption. For example, only in 38% of cases the
patient undergoes a surgical operation but these cases
implicate the 62% of diagnosis and treatments and the
77% of nursing activities. This evidence could be
useful in order to support process verification and
process analysis.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The case study supports the potential applicability of
the proposed methodology for process discovery in
the healthcare context. Process map and other
interesting insights about the patient flow for the
“maligniteit ovarium|tuba” cluster are obtained: most
relevant process path, number of cases, recurrence of
activities (for example Gynaecological visit or
Laboratory analysis), total hospitalization days and
resource consumption.
The comprehension of the patient flow (and
subsequent comparison of the actual way of working
within the hospital unit) enables to check and verify
business processes, to support process analysis and
improvement and to better define resource
consumption/allocation (Vissers, 1998). Besides, the
tool also provides simultaneous functionalities of
clustering, filtering and modifying the abstraction
level of the model, which allows decision makers to
understand processes for a specific set of patients.
The extension of this methodology to a hospital
system (i.e. mapping and integrating processes for all
the DRGs) might help managers to:
- Estimate the levels of activities and plan
hospital resources in the medium-long term.
- Support cost accounting, particularly in an
Activity Based Costing perspective.
- Take decisions accordingly to the different
“profitability levels” of various subsets of
patients.
Moreover, the approach can be also expanded to
wider care organizations, at district or regional level.
This would be helpful for regional or national
authorities, since it might support demand
aggregation and integrated resource planning, then
system efficiency.
This work also shows some limitations for the
proposed methodology. The main critical issue is the
possible concurrent coexistence of two or more
diseases (DRGs). These cases of comorbidity could
alter the final analysis and require more accurate/ad
hoc/time consuming pre-processing activities during
the log preparation or log inspection phases.
Furthermore, the case study concerns a limited
number of cases and a single DRG; this condition can
clearly affect the meaningfulness and generalizability
of the investigation.
However, results gained in this preliminary study
are mostly positive and encourage us to extend the
research to a wider set of DRGs to support hospital
process management. In future, we plan to assess a
new case study in collaboration with an Italian
hospital. This could allow gaining a more in-depth
test of the method and integrating the process
structure of n-DRGs in order to really support a
hospital resource planning system.
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