Collaborative Mapping of Urban Spaces for Active Ageing in the City

Nuria Nebot-Gomez de Salazar

, Rubén Mora-Esteban

, Francisco Conejo-Arrabal

Francisco José Chamizo-Nieto

and Carlos Rosa-Jimenez

Deparment of Art and Architecture, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

Institute for Habitat, Territory and Digitalisation, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

Keywords: Active Ageing, Urban Spaces, Healthy City, webGIS Mapping, Information Communication Technologies.

Abstract: Sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity affect the health of a large part of the world's population, being

the cause of between 4 and 5 million deaths per year (World Health Organization, 2020). This work aims the

creation of a collaborative digital mapping of public spaces which are favourable to increase healthy habits

and physical activities for the elderly in the city, as well as its potential as a tool to promote these activities.

The webGIS platform used serves as a tool for mapping the location of outdoor places for physical activity

and its features. This public participatory geographic information system (PPGIS) provides information that

can be consulted and uploaded after registration. It not only provides information about the places where

elderly people can do physical exercise, but also to the local administrations about how urban spaces are used

and their problems for promoting active ageing. One of the main contributions of this work is the study of

urban spaces from a very specific approach: their ability to meet the needs of the elderly and to encourage the

practice of physical exercise and relationships with other people. From the methodological point of view, the

most innovative aspect is the qualitative work based on surveys and interviews with older people to find out

their specific needs and demands regarding public spaces.

1 INTRODUCTION

Although there has been a significant development of

sport as a form of leisure activity in recent years,

physical activity in people's daily lives (home, work,

shopping, mobility) has decreased considerably

(Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2013). This

reality, together with bad habits such as inadequate

nutrition or smoking, contributes directly or indirectly

to the appearance of diseases such as

hypercholesterolemia, hypertension or obesity. In

2016, obesity affected 13% of the world's adult

population and overweight 39% (OMS, 2021).

According to the report on physical inactivity and

sedentary lifestyles in the Spanish adult population,

this inactivity is responsible for 13.4% of deaths per

year in Spain, causing more than 52,000 deaths.

Besides, and according to the same report, Spain is

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-0972

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5943-8822

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-2893

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-1248

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-8734

one of the most physically inactive countries in the

European Union (Mayo et al., 2017). This problem is

most evident in the case of elderly people, often with

the added problem of unwanted loneliness.

In response to this problem, the new information

and communication technologies (ICTs) can be a tool

that can promote a healthier lifestyle. This can

encourage the practice of physical exercise and help

to connect people to carry out activities in a collective

way. Previous studies have analysed the role of ICTs

as tools to promote healthy habits and active ageing

among local populations (Cornax-Martín et al.,

2020). However, in many cases, the implementation

of this type of strategy is conditioned by the digital

divide suffered by the current generations of elderly

people (Jones et al., 2015). Many daily activities that

may seem simple at first turn out to be more complex

as age and cognitive decline progresses. Therefore,

208

Nebot-Gomez de Salazar, N., Mora-Esteban, R., Conejo-Arrabal, F., Chamizo-Nieto, F. and Rosa-Jimenez, C.

Collaborative Mapping of Urban Spaces for Active Ageing in the City.

DOI: 10.5220/0011975400003476

In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2023), pages 208-215

ISBN: 978-989-758-645-3; ISSN: 2184-4984

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

the implementation of technological solutions are

often difficult (Procter et al., 2014).

This work focuses on the creation and study of a

collaborative mapping of public spaces that promote

healthy habits and physical activities for older people

in the city, as well as its potential to publicise these

activities. For this purpose, a webGIS platform allows

the representation of physical or sporting activities

(through lines or points) and their geolocation in the

urban environment with the addition of written or

visual information on the quality of urban spaces.

Bailén-Miraflores (district of the city of Málaga)

is proposed as a case study for this mapping. This

urban environment has been chosen because it is an

ageing area with a high number of elderly people

living alone. Moreover, it is a neighbourhood that has

many accessibility barriers and a lack of green spaces.

2 STATE OF ART

In relation to digital tools to promote healthy habits

and the practice of health-enhancing physical activity

(HPA)-, two types of platforms can be distinguished:

the self-care and information platforms.

2.1 Self-Care Platforms

This type of platforms are based on user self-care. Its

main function is to monitor the user's activity and

transfer the data to experts or carers. It also offers

information on activities, individualised

entertainment or healthy lifestyle habits.

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, recent studies

have looked at the development of digital platforms

with new approaches to improve the mental and

physical health of the elderly (Ammar et al., 2021).

Many of the current platforms are designed to

promote physical exercise and the use of ICTs among

the older population, but directly linked to the expert

care agents - family or healthcare - of each user

(Wang, 2023; Wu et al., 2017).

With these characteristics, we find two examples

of platforms. On the one hand, the Ehcobutler project

studies the creation of an open digital platform to help

older people to live active and healthy lives

(ehcobutler, 2015). The main objective is to help the

elderly with cognitive impairment and to promote

health and well-being. In this way, the application has

different levels of intervention to help them to stay

active, healthy and independent, maintaining a good

quality of life.

On the other hand, the wellCO Horizon 2020

project is investigating the possibilities of creating a

platform for smartphone or tablet to provide

personalised advice, guidance and monitoring of

older people for the adoption of daily routines

(WellCO, 2018). This platform is designed to use

non-invasive technologies to promote and monitor

the physical, cognitive, social and mental well-being

of each user. In this way, the monitoring is followed

by a multidisciplinary team of experts and close

caregivers. This application works as a virtual

assistant that will support older people in their self-

care, improving the quality of life in their own social

and territorial context through new technologies.

2.2 Information Platforms

This type of platforms focuses on providing

information on activities and routines that promote

active ageing. Their aim is to increase the meeting of

older people and the amplification of their contact

networks. We can find two types of platforms

according to their management: governmental and

association platforms.

2.2.1 Governmental Platforms

These are public platforms that emerge from the

administrations to promote active ageing and provide

information on activities in the city related to the

elderly.

In this area, the platform En Buena edad offers

services from the categories of Health, Safety,

Activities and Learn more (Junta de Andalucía, 2018).

This website allows to disseminate the activities

related to these categories in the region of Andalusia

(Spain) with the aim of connecting the older

population. Due to the mobility limitations of the

Covid-19, the platform Andalucía Muévete was

created as a digital tool with videos and sports

routines for the physical exercise of the elderly from

their homes (Junta de Andalucía, 2021).

2.2.2 Association Platforms

The practices resulting from associations, citizens'

initiatives and activities linked to active ageing

reduce the feeling of loneliness among older people.

Different associations have emerged with the aim of

combating the loneliness of this sector of the

population. To this end, many of them have

developed digital platforms to create networks and

connect members. Although most programmed face-

to-face and dynamic activities, due to the pandemic,

implementations have been developed to encourage

virtual meetings, thus promoting the use of ICTs and

social networks among older people.

Collaborative Mapping of Urban Spaces for Active Ageing in the City

209

The Village is an example of a citizens' initiative that

has been implemented in the United States. This

association emerged thanks to grouping of elderly

residents to access certain services and activities

(Scharlach et al., 2012). The success of the model and

its expansion has generated a web-based system

adaptable to the needs of each association (Village to

Village, 2014). These web-based systems have

enabled virtual meetings and activities in the

pandemic (Galucia et al., 2021). Beacon Hill Village,

the original Village, provides its users with a calendar

of virtual activities, such as online yoga or exercise

sessions.

Another example is the Grandes Vecinos

platform, which provides a collaborative network

offering different services of activities and

accompaniment among the registered elderly

(Grandes Vecinos et al., 2020). This platform works

as a social network that allows the exchange of

experiences between neighbours and seniors who

request a specific activity such as walking or physical

exercise.

3 BAILÉN-MIRAFLORES AS

CASE STUDY

Bailén-Miraflores (with a population of 62,543

inhabitants) is one of the district with larger number

of elderly people in the city of Malaga. Specific

programmes have recently been set up to combat

unwanted loneliness, such as the Siempre

Acompañados programme by entities such as Cruz

Roja, La Caixa and the support of the local

administration. Therefore, there are some identified

problems in these neighbourhoods: unwanted

loneliness and health problems linked to sedentary

lifestyles and lack of physical activity, among others.

In addition to these problems, there are others related

to the habitat and qualities of the physical

environment, such as the high density of some of the

neighbourhoods (exceeding 240 houses/ha), the lack

of public spaces and green areas for a very large

population in quantitative terms, or the poor state of

the housing (communal housing developments since

1950).

4 OBJETCS AND METHOD

The main objective of this work is to build a

collaborative mapping of the physical activities

carried out by the elderly in the urban environment,

as well as the representation of these spaces. The aim

of the mapping is to:

- To create a tool to inform elderly people about

the physical and sporting activities they can do

in public spaces of the neighbourhoods where

they live in.

- To understand some of the physical conditions

of urban spaces that encourage or discourage

outdoor physical activity. This can be useful for

studying the relationship between urban

planning, design and health.

- To offer information to the local administration

about which spaces are used for the practice of

HPA by the elderly.

4.1 Methodology

A phased methodology has been developed for the

elaboration of the “Cartography of Healthy Activities

and Healthy Spaces” as well as the achievement of

the abovementioned objectives.

4.1.1 Identification of Accessibility Barriers

through Fieldwork and Collaborative

Mapping

Through field work based on direct observation, a

visit to the area is carried out in collaboration with

students from the School of Architecture - University

of Malaga, in order to identify and map the

architectural barriers of public spaces. For this

purpose, 3 itineraries are carried out that cover a large

part of the area, the architectural barriers are

identified, classified by categories and registered in

an open access digital platform, based on the use of

geographic information systems. This platform

(felt.com) allows users to work collaboratively and

share information through a webGIS viewer. More

details about this practice and academic collaboration

can be accessed in (https://n9.cl/zhkvy9).

4.1.2 Identification of Sport and HPA

Activities Carried out by Elderly by

Direct Observation of Urban Spaces

A route that includes at least ten urban spaces (parks,

squares and streets) to identify activities and meeting

places is defined. Two visits are made to the different

urban spaces on different days and at different times

(one in the morning and the other in the afternoon,

and on weekdays and weekends). The different

physical and sporting activities carried out by older

people (the age of 60 years is established for this

consideration) are recorded in planimetries, and at the

ICT4AWE 2023 - 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

210

same time photographs and videos are taken as

complementary materials to analyse the activities and

spaces later on.

4.1.3 Characterisation of Urban Spaces

through Surveys and Direct

Observation Method

The surveys are carried out among elderly people

who exercise in urban areas including the following

questions:

- When the activity takes place (whether

occasionally or frequently).

- Description of the activity and the urban

environment.

- Characteristics for which the location is chosen

(the answer can be oriented on comfort

parameters: natural areas, vegetation, adequate

urban furniture, etc.).

- Needs for improvements in order to carry out the

activity.

Site-specific characteristics are identified in the

observations:

- The type of activities.

- The existence of specific facilities for these

activities.

- The existence of adequate furniture or good

maintenance (state of the pavement, cleanliness,

etc.).

- The feeling of being a comfortable and safe

space.

- Other parameters of environmental comfort

(vegetation, shadows, noise...).

4.1.4 Realization of Focus Groups

With the aim of including the opinion of elderly

people in the identification and evaluation of public

spaces for healthy activities, a qualitative analysis

with a participatory approach is carried out. Some

focus groups are conducted in the area of work

according to the Vancouver Protocol (WHO, 2007).

A total of 10 focused groups with between 10 and 12

participants, according to Myers (1998), were made.

The sessions lasted between one and two hours, and a

total of 111 older people participated, with the age of

participation in the focus groups being 55 years or

older. The topics covered were related to the type of

routines and healthy habits that the elderly carry out

outdoors.

4.1.5 Graphic Representation of the

Activities and Their Geolocation

through the Use of a webGIS Platform

The Activa Malaga webGIS platform

(www.activamalaga.com) is used as a collaborative

map for the representation of outdoor sport activities

by users in the urban space of the city of Malaga. For

more information about the platform, previous works

by the authors (Cornax Martín et al., 2018) can be

accessed. The different physical exercise activities

can be represented by points or lines. The former

represents the specific urban areas where they are

carried out; the latter shows the routes such as streets.

Both geometries can be openly consulted on the web

or mobile. However, users can also upload unmapped

physical activities after registering with an e-mail

account. In this sense, each user will be able to

manage the information provided, so that data will be

able to be edited or even deleted, as informal sporting

activities in public spaces are dynamic in nature.

The registration of these activities includes the

completion of some fields to be defined by the user:

name of the activity, type of sport (e.g., running),

timetable, description of the activity, and qualities

and improvements of the urban space in a description

box. In addition, a photo or picture as visual

information can be attached to the fact sheet.

Moreover, sporting events are mapped by points with

the following information: event name, e-mail

contact, webpage, description, location, organizer,

date together with the start and end time. They only

appear once loaded until the end of their

programming, so the map is dynamic showing future

sporting events all over the city.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Identification of Accessibility

Barriers in Public Spaces

Through fieldwork and the comments in the focus

groups, the accessibility barriers in the

neighbourhood were recorded. Collaborative

mapping has made it possible to geolocate the

unevenness, state of the pavement, lack of contrast in

the materiality and obstacles. Of all of them,

unevenness, excessive slopes and insufficient

pavement dimensions are the main problems we have

found in general.

Collaborative Mapping of Urban Spaces for Active Ageing in the City

211

5.2 Identification of Accessibility

Barriers in Public Spaces

After asking some local agents and elderly people in

focus groups, an itinerary has been defined for

observations on urban spaces. An analysis of existing

uses and facilities was also carried out in order to

identify the most frequented areas. From this

itinerary, 8 urban spaces for meeting, resting and/or

practising HPA by elderly people have been

identified. The different activities detected have been

registered on the platform (www.activamalaga.com)

corresponding to the following types:

(a) Walk for elderly people (1, 6 and 7).

Activity carried out individually or generally

accompanied by a caregiver.

(b) HPA in a fitness park (7). Activity carried

out individually or in groups of 2 people generally. It

should be noted that only 1 of the fitness parks (out of

the 3 visited one) was used by elderly people.

out in groups.

(d) Yoga (Point 8). Group activity organised by

the association on a regular basis.

(e) Rest in a bench area (Point 1, 6, 7 and 8).

Activity generally carried out in groups of 2 or 3

people.

5.3 Characterisation of Healthy Urban

Spaces

We have identified 8 urban spaces as places for HPA

or meetings for the elderly. From these, 4 of them are

urban parks, 1 is a large urban park, 1 is a large

square, another is a petanque court, and the last one is

a garden with an orchard which belongs to a

neighbourhood association. In order to characterise

these spaces, a series of surveys were carried out with

the elderly users (with a sample of 10 people

surveyed: 8 women and 2 men, all of them over 65

Figure 1: Map of Bailen-Miraflores with observations points (by authors) and accesibility barriers (identified and mapped by

students of Architecture Degree, University of Malaga). Source: Own elaboration.

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Table 1: Results of surveys in observation points. Source: Own elaboration.

Questions Point 1 Point 4 Point 6 Point 7 Point 8

Type of space Urban park Petanque court Large square Large urban park Garden

Time of use Morning Afternoon

Morning and

afternoon

Morning and

afternoon

Afternoon

Address

Marcelo del Olmo

Street

Jorge Loring Street

María Teresa

Cabreras Square

North Park Gamarra Garden

N of surveys 4 1 2 2 2

Gender

Female (75%)

Male (25%)

Female (100%) Female (100%)

Female (50%)

Male (50%)

Female (50%)

Male (50%)

Frecuency of use No (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%)

Appropiated furniture No (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%)

Appropiated

pavement

No (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%)

Accesibility No (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%) Yes (100%)

years of age) and 8 observations were made in the

area (in which we recorded the necessary data for

their characterisation).

From the surveys’ results, the factor of proximity

between dwellings and the urban spaces is identified

as a determining factor for the practice of HPA or

rest/meeting. Only 2 respondents did not live in the

immediate vicinity. In most cases, older users are

satisfied with the physical conditions of the

environments, except in four of the parks, with

complaints about their maintenance, and the type of

users (in their words, "drug addicts" and "young

people who come to smoke"). These four parks are

located in the Haza de Campillo neighbourhood, and

present the same problems due to their proximity to

each other (1, 2, 3, 5). However, of all of them, park

1 is the one most used by the older population,

although only in the mornings. The large square (6)

lacks furniture and vegetation, while the spaces (7)

and (8) have very positive comments.

Thanks to the interviews, the main routes to the

rest areas have been identified, which coincide with

the public spaces with the lowest concentration of

accessibility barriers. On the other hand, based on the

observations made by the authors, some specific

problems have been identified in each of the urban

spaces, such as the lack of furniture (benches), the

lack of maintenance and cleanliness or the lack of

shade or vegetation, among others. From all analysed

urban spaces, parks 1, 2, 3 and 5 have been identified

as areas with a need of intervention.

5.4 Collaborative Digital Mapping of

Spaces and Activities for Active

Ageing

The mapping of spaces and activities for active

ageing in the city proposed by this work belongs to

the group of information platforms explained in

section 2, but unlike the analysed examples, one of its

particularities is the incorporation of geographic

information systems (GIS), which allows the

visualisation and geolocation of activities and healthy

habits in the city (see Figure 3). On the other hand,

one of the problems of many websites and digital

platforms is the need for constant updating by their

creators (governmental entities, associations or

others). In the case of the proposed platform, the

information is or can be uploaded by the users

themselves, updated in real time and in a

collaborative way. Furthermore, it is not necessary to

This type of platform could be implemented in

initiatives such as the Global Network of Age-Friendly

Cities and Communities, which is a project promoted

by the WHO aimed at creating environments and

services that promote and facilitate active and healthy

ageing (in Spain is promoted and coordinated by the

IMSERSO - www.ciudadesamigables.imserso.es).

Collaborative Mapping of Urban Spaces for Active Ageing in the City

213

Figure 2: Physical activities carried out by older people in the Bailén-Miraflores district in Málaga, registered in the digital

platform www.activamalaga.com. Source: Own elaboration.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Through a study that focuses on ageing, urban design

is approached from the attention to the needs of the

elderly. By thinking on elderly, we understand that it

is possible to solve other problems for the benefit of

all age groups. According to the conclusions of the

focus groups, the elderly residents in these

neighbourhoods actively use public spaces for

healthy activities. Although the overall assessment of

these spaces is positive, there are problems of

maintenance, accessibility, lack of certain furniture.

There is also a certain lack of knowledge about some

of the existing facilities. The possibility of using this

platform is highly valued, despite the digital gap.

The use of the platform:

- It generates information that helps to think about

city spaces, their design and functions to

respond to the collective needs of the elderly,

creating quality spaces for the entire population

and favouring an active and healthy lifestyle. In

particular, it has made it possible to identify the

urban spaces actually used by the older

population (1, 4, 6, 7 and 8).

- It helps decision making by local

administrations and technicians to favour this

transformation and solve the problems

demanded by their users.

- It generates information in a collaborative way

among citizens to promote the use of sport in

urban spaces in a self-organised way. In

addition, it is a permanent digital structure for

citizen participation, managed and maintained

by the inhabitants. It encourages the direct

participation of citizens in the process of health

promotion through the possibility to get

involved them in the mapping of spaces and in

the annotation of their qualities or deficiencies.

- Through survey-interviews and information on

needs, citizens participate in decision-making,

in the design, implementation and evaluation of

the actions carried out by the administrations. In

this way, urban spaces respond to the new needs

of a population that lives longer and wants to

live in better conditions for as long as possible.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is part of the research project

Neighbourhood co-operatives of older people for

active ageing in place. Implications for the

improvement of forced loneliness in large cities

(PY20-00411) belonging to the call of the Junta de

Andalucía (Consejería de Transformación Económica,

Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades).

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