Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Definition of

Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components

(+COOK +PAN +HOT +DRYING)

Ngusman Abdul Manaf

, Abdurahman

, Jupriani

, Siti Ainim Liusti

Ridha Hasnul Ulya

, Arif Adrian

, Diana

and Elida

Indonesia Literature Studies Program, Fakulty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.

Education of Indonesia Language and Literature Studies Program, Fakulty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri

Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Fine Arts Studies Program, Fakulty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.

Education of Indonesia Language and Literature Studies Porgam, Magister Programs, Fakulty of Language and Art,

Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

West Sumatra Provincial Language Center Office, Padang, Indonesia

Study Pogram Culinaary Education, Departement of Family Welfare Education, Fakulty of Tourism and Hospitality,

Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

{jupriani.jupriani, dianapdg12345}@gmail.com

Keywords: Components of Meaning, Definitions, Cook Terms. Cohyponym Rendang, Lexicon.

Abstract: The term rendang has a similar meaning with other terms in the field of cooking which can confuse language

users. Definitions of these terms need to be formulated briefly and accurately, but until now such definitions

have not been formulated. The purpose of this article is to identify cooking meaning components

(+COOKING +WOODEN +HOT +DRYING), to identify the structure of the meaning components of these

terms, to formulate formal definitions of these terms. The data source for this research is the Indonesian

language spoken by Indonesian speakers who are members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra

Province, Indonesia who usually cook randang and the Big Indonesian Dictionary, edition V, which is updated

in 2022 online. Data were collected by interviewing research respondents and studying documents in the Big

Indonesian Dictionary. The data were analyzed qualitatively based on semantic theory, especially the analysis

of meaning components, meaning relations, and definitions. The results of this study are that there are seven

culinary terms in Indonesian that have components meaning (+MEMASAK (COOK) + PANAS (HOT) +

WAJAN (PAN) +MENGERINGKAN +DRYING), namely menggoreng (frying), menyangrai (roasting),

menggongseng (roasting), menumis (sautéing), mendendeng (jerky), merandang1 (roasting), and merandang2

(cooking the meat by boiling it in coconut milk with spices and stirring continuously until the coconut milk

is dry).The results of this study contribute to semantics, especially about the components of meaning, to

lexicology, especially about the lexicon with meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN +DRYING),

and to lexicography, especially about definition formation.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8196-8512

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-2258

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3544-2695

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9739-3714

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5481-6174

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1235-3677

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1566-1097

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-5627

Manaf, N., Abdurahman, ., Jupriani, ., Liusti, S., Ulya, R., Adrian, A., Diana, . and Elida, .

Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Deﬁnition of Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components (+COOK +PAN +HOT +DRYING).

DOI: 10.5220/0012506500003738

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Innovation in Education (ICoIE 4 2022) - Digital Era Education After the Pandemic, pages 427-432

ISBN: 978-989-758-669-9; ISSN: 2975-9676

427

1 INTRODUCTION

A nuanced lexicon is a lexicon that has a slight

difference in meaning. Even though the difference in

meaning is slight, the nuanced lexicon still requires a

different usage context. The use of the lexicon that is

not appropriate in context and context results in

language impropriety.

The Indonesian lexicon with nuances of meaning

can be seen in the following examples: tujuan (goals)

and target (targets), cinta (love) and sayang

(affection), baik (good) and benar (right), sulit

(difficult) and rumit (complicated), menggoreng

(frying) and menyangrai (roasting), binatang

(animals) and hewan (animals), tumbuhan (plants)

and tanaman (plants), and others. A lexicon with

nuances of meaning needs to be defined accurately so

that it can be understood easily and precisely by

language users.

A number of people have conducted research on

the Indonesian language lexicon which contains

nuances of meaning, components of meaning, and

synonyms. Research on the nuances of the meaning

of the Indonesian language has been carried out by a

number of people. The results showed that there were

many Indonesian lexicons with nuances of meaning

(Wahyu, 2017), (Permatasari et al., 2018), (Oktami et

al., 2018), (Manaf et al., 2018), (Permatasari et al. ,

2019), (Oktami et al., 2019).

Research on the components of meaning in

various languages has been carried out by a number

of people (Cruse, 1986), (Pateda, 2021), (Manaf,

2010) (Setiyowati et al., 2017), (Wahyu, 2017),

(Ginanjar Bakdal et al. , 2013), and (Nirmala, 2010).

The results of the research show that the meaning of

words or terms is constructed by meaning

components. The components of meaning have a

shared meaning structure or general meaning and

special meaning.

Research on the meaning of words or terms that

are similar in synonyms has been carried out by a

number of people (Nida, 1975), (Lyons, 1977),

(Kutimskaya, 2021), (Setiawaty et al. 2021). (Utami,

2010), (Danglli, 2014), (Belov, 2017), (Yusanti &

Avianty, 2019), (Saputro, Eko Budi, 2022). The

results of the research show that words or terms are

synonymous because most of their meaning

components are the same.

Research on the relationship between vocabulary

and culture has been carried out by a language

researcher (Ermitati, 2014). The results of this study

indicate that cultural forms, whether in the form of

objects or intangibles, are encoded in language,

especially vocabulary.

The relationship between language signs and

meaning has been studied by a number of linguists

(Saussure, 1993), (Ogden, and Richards, 1972). The

results of this study produce two views about the

relationship between language signs and meaning.

The first view explains that meaning is the object

referred to by language signs (Saussure, 1993). The

second view is that meaning is a concept about

objects referred to by language signs (Ogden and

Richards, 1972).

2 METHOD

This research is a qualitative research with descriptive

method. The data source for this research is the

lexicon spoken by Indonesian speakers who are

members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in West

Sumatra, Indonesia. and Kamus Besar Bahasa

Indonesia (the Big Indonesian Dictionary), V Online

Edition (online) updated for the October 2022 period

compiled by a team from the Language Development

and Development Agency, Ministry of Education and

Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of

Indonesia (Aziz, et al., 2022).

The data was collected by interviewing the

respondents of this study, who are Indonesian

speakers who are members of the Minangkabau

ethnic group in West Sumatra, Indonesia who usually

cook randang and study documents in the Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The data is processed using

a qualitative method with the following steps: (1)

identify terms in the field of cooking which have

meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN

+DRYING), (2) identify references to terms and

identify the components of meaning of terms based

on observations of objects which the term refers to,

(3) combining the meaning components of the terms

into a formal definition. Furthermore, the data were

analyzed qualitatively based on the theory of

Component Analysis of Meaning and Definition

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

This section contains a description of the results of

the research, namely (1) Indonesian language terms

with meaning components (+COOKING +HOT

+PAN +DRYING), (2) structure of the meaning

components of these terms, (3) formulation of

ICoIE 4 2022 - The Fourth International Conference on Innovation in Education

428

definitions of these terms based on meaning

components every term.

3.1.1 Indonesian Terms with Meaning

Components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN

+DRYING)

Based on the results of data collection sourced from

Indonesian speakers who are members of the

Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra,

Indonesia and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia online

edition V, updated in 2022, Indonesian terms with

meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN

+DRYING) ,namely menggoreng (frying),

menyangrai (roasting), menggongseng (roasting),

menumis (sautéing), mendendeng (jerky),

merandang

(roasting), and merandang

(cooking the

meat by boiling it in coconut milk with spices and

stirring continuously until the coconut milk is dry) .

Based on general-specific meaning relations, the

terms menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng,

menumis, mendendeng, merendang

dan merendang

are hyponyms for the word memasak (cooking).

Memasak has a more general meaning and the terms

menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,

mendendeg

, merendang

dan merendang

have more

specific meanings. Therefore, the terms menggoreng,

menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,

merendang

dan merendang

are included in the word

cooking.

Still also in general-specific meaning relations,

with even more specific relations, namely superiors

and subordinates, the relationship between the

menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,

mendendeng, merandang

dan meaendang

are

cohyponyms. Thus, these terms have an equal

meaning relation.

3.1.2 Structure of Component Meanings of

Terms with Meaning Components

(+COOKING +HOT +PAN +DRYING)

Table 1. List of Component Meanings of Terms

Menggoreng, Meyangrai, Menggongseng, Menumis, Mendendeng,

Merendang

, dan Merendang

Components of Meaning

Menggo-

reng

Meyang-

rai

Menggong-

seng

-mis

Menden-

deng

Meren-

dang

Meren-

dang

COOKING + + + + + + +

PAN + + + + + + +

HOT + + + + + + +

DRY + + + + + + +

DRY UNTIL FRAGILE ± + + - + + -

COOKING OIL ± - - + + - _

INGREDIENTS COOKED

VEGETABLES

± ± + + - - -±

A BIT TIME ± ± ± + - ± -

Description:

+ meaning components that are owned

- meaning components that are not owned

±components of meaning are owned or not owned

Based on the analysis of the components of meaning,

the terms

menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng,

menumis, mendendeng, merandang

dan merandang

are hyponyms of the word memasak (cooking). Memasak

has a more general meaning and the terms

menggoreng,

menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,

merandang

dan merandang

have components which

can be seen in table 1.

Based on table 1, it can be seen that the terms

menggoreng, meyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,

mendendeng, merandang

and merandang

have the

same meaning components, namely (+COOK

+USING A PAN, +USING HEAT +DRYING). On

the other hand, the terms menggoreng, menyangrai,

menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng, merandang

and merandang

have different meaning components,

namely (+DRY UNTIL FRUITFUL +USING OIL

+WHICH COOKED VEGETABLES OR SPICES,

and +FINED MATERIALS. The components of the

same meaning are called general meaning

components, and different meaning components are

called special meaning components or distinguishing

features (Pateda, 2001) and (Manaf. 2010).

3.1.3 Formulation of Definition of Terms

In the definition formulation activity, the components

of meaning resulting from observations of objects

Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Deﬁnition of Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components (+COOK +PAN +HOT

+DRYING)

429

referred to by language signs are collected according

to their respective terms. Based on the data in table 1

it can be collected the meaning components of each

term menggoreng, meyangrai, menggongseng,

menumis, mendendeng, merandang

, dan

merandang

. A definition of each of these terms is

formulated as follow.

Menggoreng (Frying) has a meaningful

component (+COOKING +USING A WOODEN

FRYING +USING HEAT + USING COOKING OIL

+MAKING IT MORE DRY ±WHICH

VEGETABLES OR SPICES ARE COOKED

±QUICK COOKING TIME). Based on the set of

meaning components, the following definition of the

term frying is formulated.

(1) Menggoreng is cooking using a frying pan

filled with heated cooking oil so that the ingredients

being cooked are cooked in a completely or partially

dry state. artificial, for example crackers.

Menyangrai (Roasting) has a meaningful

component (+COOKING +FRYING +HOT

+DRYING -OIL –VEGETABLES ±FAST). Based

on the set of meaning components, the following

definition of the term meyangrai is formulated.

(2) Meyangrai (Roasting) is cooking using a

skillet without cooking oil which is heated for a long

time or quickly depending on the ingredients being

cooked so that the ingredients are cooked in a dry

state, the ingredients being cooked are not vegetables,

but whole grains, for example peanuts, coffee, corn ,

spices, flour, or grated coconut.

Menggonseng (Roasting) has a meaningful

component, namely (+COOKING +PAN +HOT

+DRYING -OIL -VEGETABLES +FAST). Based on

the collection of meaning components, the following

definition of the term menggongseng is formulated.

(3) Menggonseng is cooking using a skillet

without cooking oil which is heated for a long time

or quickly depending on the ingredients being cooked

so that the ingredients are cooked in a dry state, the

ingredients being cooked are not vegetables, but

whole grains, for example peanuts, coffee, corn ,

spices, flour, or grated coconut.

Menumis (Sauteing) has a meaningful

component (+COOKING +PAN +HOT +DRYING A

LITTLE +LITTLE OIL +VEGETABLES AND

INGREDIENTS THAT ARE SOFT +FAST). Based

on the set of meaning components, the following

definition of the term menumis is formulated

(4) Menumis is cooking using a pan with a little

cooking oil which is heated in a short time by lifting

the food while it is still wet, the ingredients being

cooked are soft ingredients, such as vegetables,

chilies, onions and spices.

Mendendeng (Jerky) has a meaningful

component (+COOKING +PAN +HOT +DRYING

+LOTS OF OIL +STRICED MEAT OR OTHER

INGREDIENTS -HURRY). Based on the collection

of meaning components, the following definition of

the term mendeng is formulated.

(5) Mendendeng is cooking using a pan filled

with cooking oil, which is heated for a long time so

that the dried and seasoned thinly sliced meat

becomes dry or brittle.

Merandang

(roasting) has components of

meaning, namely +COOKING + FRYING +HOT

+DRYING -OIL, -VEGETABLES, and ±OLD.

Based on the collection of meaning components, the

following definition of the term merandang is

formulated.

(6) Merangdang

is cooking using a wok

without cooking oil, but sometimes using sand which

is heated for a short or long time depending on the

ingredients being randang so that the ingredients cook

in a dry state, the ingredients that are cooking are not

vegetables, but whole grains, for example peanuts ,

coffee, soy, rice, and spices.

Merandang

has a meaning components +

COOKING + PAN + DRYING - OIL + LONG

HEAT, - VEGETABLES. Based on the set of

meaning components, the following definition of the

term merandang

is formulated. Merandang

cooking by boiling ingredients in the form of sliced

meat or other ingredients cooked in coconut milk

which has been seasoned in a skillet which is heated

over low heat for a very long time (5-6 hours) and

stirred continuously until the coconut milk dry so that

only brown or black meat remains and the marinade

becomes a paste or dry.

4 DISCUSSION

The results of the study show that there are seven

terms which are hyponyms for the word memasak

(cooking) with meaning components (+COOKING

+HOT +FRIEND +DRYING), namely menggoreng,

menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,

merandang

, dan merandang

.. These terms have

different meaning component structures. Based on the

structure of the components of meaning, seven

definitions of terms are formed which have different

meaning relations between one term and another.

The seven terms have the same 4 components of

meaning, namely (+COOKING +HOT +PAN

+DRYING). These shared meaning components are

called common meanings or shared characteristics.

ICoIE 4 2022 - The Fourth International Conference on Innovation in Education

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The results of Nirmala's research (2010), Ginanjar

Bakdal, D. Subroto, & Sumarlam. (2013), and Manaf,

Juita, and Sari (2018) explain that the common

meaning or shared characteristics possessed by a

number of words or terms make these terms exist in a

single field of meaning and even become

cohyponims. In this regard, the 7 terms are in the

same field of meaning as memasak, in terms of

general and special meaning relations, namely

hyponymy. The 7 terms are hyponyms of the term

memasak. Thus, the 7 terms are cooking activities.

Still in hyponymic relations, according to Pateda

(2021) and Manaf (2010), the inter-terms

menggoreng, menyangrai, menumis, mendendeng,

merandang

, dan merandang

are cohyponyms

because they are both members of the hyponym of the

term memasak.

Of the 7 terms, there are 3 terms whose

components have exactly the same meaning, namely

menyangrai, menggonseng, and merandang

. The

three terms have components of meaning, namely

(+COOKING +FRYING +HOT +DRYING -OIL, -

VEGETABLES, ±OLD). Based on research results

(Kutimskaya, 2021), (Danglli, 2014), (Belov, 2017),

(Manaf et al., 2018), (Utami, 2010), (Yusanti &

Avianty, 2019), (Saputro and Budi, 2022) explains

that lexicons where most of the components have the

same meaning and can replace each other in the

context of the same sentence with relatively the same

meaning are synonyms. In this regard, the terms

menyangrai, mennggonseng, and merandang

are

synonymous because most of their meaning

components are the same and can be substituted for

each other in the context of the same sentence with

relatively the same meaning.

On the other hand, the 7 terms, have 4 different

meaning components, namely (±OIL ±DENT OF

COOKING ±INGREDIENTS TO COOK ±DRY

LEVEL OF FINAL RESULT). The results of the

research by Permatasari, Manaf, & Juita (2019),

(Oktami et al., 2019) show that different meaning

components are a distinguishing feature of the

meaning of terms so that the terms are not

synonymous, but simply cohyponyms.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that there are 7 terms

which are hyponyms of the term cooking which have

meaning components (+COOKING +HOT

+FRIEND +DRYING), namely menggoreng,

menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,

merandang

, and merandang

. These terms have

different meaning component structures. Based on the

structure of the meaning components, 7 definitions of

terms are formed, with details of 4 terms with

different meanings and 3 terms with the same

meaning. The difference in the meaning of these

terms is caused by the difference in the components

of meaning, namely (±OIL ±During COOKING

±INGREDIENTS COOKED ±DRY LEVEL OF

FINAL RESULT). The results of this study

contribute to semantics, especially about the

components of meaning; contribute to lexicology,

especially the lexicon about cooking with meaning

components (+COOK +HOT +PAN +DRYING); and

contribute to lexicography, especially regarding the

formation of definitions using meaning component

analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the Chancellor and

Chair of the Institute for Research and Community

Service, Universitas Negeri Padang for facilitating

this research by providing financial assistance for

research implementation, namely Universitas Negeri

Padang 2022 PNBP funds with Chancellor's Decree

number: Padang number 933/UN35/KP/ 2021 on 8

December 2021 and Research Implementation

Contract number: 729/UN35.13/LT/2022 on 25 April

2022. We would like to thank Dr. Abdulrahman,

M.Pd. and Dr. Jupriani, M.Sn. as a member of the

research team, Dr. Novia Juita, M. Hum. and Dr.

Elida, M.Pd. as the validator of this research

instrument, Dr. Siti Ainim Liusti, M. Hum., Dr. Ridha

Hasnul Ulya, M.Pd., Arif Adrian,, Milan Zary, and

Diana, M.Pd. as collaborators in writing this scientific

article, our students Vina Yulia Sai, Cania Asti

Tanjung, Nadiah Masviva, Wemi Putri Chania,

Kartini, and Febuana Rosita as research data

collectors and processors. May Allah the Almighty

God give you the best reward. Amen.

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