Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Definition of
Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components
(+COOK +PAN +HOT +DRYING)
Ngusman Abdul Manaf
1a
, Abdurahman
2b
, Jupriani
3c
, Siti Ainim Liusti
1d
,
Ridha Hasnul Ulya
2e
, Arif Adrian
4f
, Diana
5g
and Elida
6h
1
Indonesia Literature Studies Program, Fakulty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
2
Education of Indonesia Language and Literature Studies Program, Fakulty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri
Padang, Padang, Indonesia
3
Fine Arts Studies Program, Fakulty of Language and Art, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
4
Education of Indonesia Language and Literature Studies Porgam, Magister Programs, Fakulty of Language and Art,
Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
5
West Sumatra Provincial Language Center Office, Padang, Indonesia
6
Study Pogram Culinaary Education, Departement of Family Welfare Education, Fakulty of Tourism and Hospitality,
Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
{jupriani.jupriani, dianapdg12345}@gmail.com
Keywords: Components of Meaning, Definitions, Cook Terms. Cohyponym Rendang, Lexicon.
Abstract: The term rendang has a similar meaning with other terms in the field of cooking which can confuse language
users. Definitions of these terms need to be formulated briefly and accurately, but until now such definitions
have not been formulated. The purpose of this article is to identify cooking meaning components
(+COOKING +WOODEN +HOT +DRYING), to identify the structure of the meaning components of these
terms, to formulate formal definitions of these terms. The data source for this research is the Indonesian
language spoken by Indonesian speakers who are members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra
Province, Indonesia who usually cook randang and the Big Indonesian Dictionary, edition V, which is updated
in 2022 online. Data were collected by interviewing research respondents and studying documents in the Big
Indonesian Dictionary. The data were analyzed qualitatively based on semantic theory, especially the analysis
of meaning components, meaning relations, and definitions. The results of this study are that there are seven
culinary terms in Indonesian that have components meaning (+MEMASAK (COOK) + PANAS (HOT) +
WAJAN (PAN) +MENGERINGKAN +DRYING), namely menggoreng (frying), menyangrai (roasting),
menggongseng (roasting), menumis (sautéing), mendendeng (jerky), merandang1 (roasting), and merandang2
(cooking the meat by boiling it in coconut milk with spices and stirring continuously until the coconut milk
is dry).The results of this study contribute to semantics, especially about the components of meaning, to
lexicology, especially about the lexicon with meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN +DRYING),
and to lexicography, especially about definition formation.
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8196-8512
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-2258
c
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3544-2695
d
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9739-3714
e
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5481-6174
f
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1235-3677
g
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1566-1097
h
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-5627
Manaf, N., Abdurahman, ., Jupriani, ., Liusti, S., Ulya, R., Adrian, A., Diana, . and Elida, .
Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Definition of Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components (+COOK +PAN +HOT +DRYING).
DOI: 10.5220/0012506500003738
Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Innovation in Education (ICoIE 4 2022) - Digital Era Education After the Pandemic, pages 427-432
ISBN: 978-989-758-669-9; ISSN: 2975-9676
Proceedings Copyright © 2024 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
427
1 INTRODUCTION
A nuanced lexicon is a lexicon that has a slight
difference in meaning. Even though the difference in
meaning is slight, the nuanced lexicon still requires a
different usage context. The use of the lexicon that is
not appropriate in context and context results in
language impropriety.
The Indonesian lexicon with nuances of meaning
can be seen in the following examples: tujuan (goals)
and target (targets), cinta (love) and sayang
(affection), baik (good) and benar (right), sulit
(difficult) and rumit (complicated), menggoreng
(frying) and menyangrai (roasting), binatang
(animals) and hewan (animals), tumbuhan (plants)
and tanaman (plants), and others. A lexicon with
nuances of meaning needs to be defined accurately so
that it can be understood easily and precisely by
language users.
A number of people have conducted research on
the Indonesian language lexicon which contains
nuances of meaning, components of meaning, and
synonyms. Research on the nuances of the meaning
of the Indonesian language has been carried out by a
number of people. The results showed that there were
many Indonesian lexicons with nuances of meaning
(Wahyu, 2017), (Permatasari et al., 2018), (Oktami et
al., 2018), (Manaf et al., 2018), (Permatasari et al. ,
2019), (Oktami et al., 2019).
Research on the components of meaning in
various languages has been carried out by a number
of people (Cruse, 1986), (Pateda, 2021), (Manaf,
2010) (Setiyowati et al., 2017), (Wahyu, 2017),
(Ginanjar Bakdal et al. , 2013), and (Nirmala, 2010).
The results of the research show that the meaning of
words or terms is constructed by meaning
components. The components of meaning have a
shared meaning structure or general meaning and
special meaning.
Research on the meaning of words or terms that
are similar in synonyms has been carried out by a
number of people (Nida, 1975), (Lyons, 1977),
(Kutimskaya, 2021), (Setiawaty et al. 2021). (Utami,
2010), (Danglli, 2014), (Belov, 2017), (Yusanti &
Avianty, 2019), (Saputro, Eko Budi, 2022). The
results of the research show that words or terms are
synonymous because most of their meaning
components are the same.
Research on the relationship between vocabulary
and culture has been carried out by a language
researcher (Ermitati, 2014). The results of this study
indicate that cultural forms, whether in the form of
objects or intangibles, are encoded in language,
especially vocabulary.
The relationship between language signs and
meaning has been studied by a number of linguists
(Saussure, 1993), (Ogden, and Richards, 1972). The
results of this study produce two views about the
relationship between language signs and meaning.
The first view explains that meaning is the object
referred to by language signs (Saussure, 1993). The
second view is that meaning is a concept about
objects referred to by language signs (Ogden and
Richards, 1972).
2 METHOD
This research is a qualitative research with descriptive
method. The data source for this research is the
lexicon spoken by Indonesian speakers who are
members of the Minangkabau ethnic group in West
Sumatra, Indonesia. and Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (the Big Indonesian Dictionary), V Online
Edition (online) updated for the October 2022 period
compiled by a team from the Language Development
and Development Agency, Ministry of Education and
Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of
Indonesia (Aziz, et al., 2022).
The data was collected by interviewing the
respondents of this study, who are Indonesian
speakers who are members of the Minangkabau
ethnic group in West Sumatra, Indonesia who usually
cook randang and study documents in the Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The data is processed using
a qualitative method with the following steps: (1)
identify terms in the field of cooking which have
meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN
+DRYING), (2) identify references to terms and
identify the components of meaning of terms based
on observations of objects which the term refers to,
(3) combining the meaning components of the terms
into a formal definition. Furthermore, the data were
analyzed qualitatively based on the theory of
Component Analysis of Meaning and Definition
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Result
This section contains a description of the results of
the research, namely (1) Indonesian language terms
with meaning components (+COOKING +HOT
+PAN +DRYING), (2) structure of the meaning
components of these terms, (3) formulation of
ICoIE 4 2022 - The Fourth International Conference on Innovation in Education
428
definitions of these terms based on meaning
components every term.
3.1.1 Indonesian Terms with Meaning
Components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN
+DRYING)
Based on the results of data collection sourced from
Indonesian speakers who are members of the
Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra,
Indonesia and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia online
edition V, updated in 2022, Indonesian terms with
meaning components (+COOKING +HOT +PAN
+DRYING) ,namely menggoreng (frying),
menyangrai (roasting), menggongseng (roasting),
menumis (sautéing), mendendeng (jerky),
merandang
1
(roasting), and merandang
2
(cooking the
meat by boiling it in coconut milk with spices and
stirring continuously until the coconut milk is dry) .
Based on general-specific meaning relations, the
terms menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng,
menumis, mendendeng, merendang
1
dan merendang
2
are hyponyms for the word memasak (cooking).
Memasak has a more general meaning and the terms
menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,
mendendeg
1
, merendang
1
dan merendang
2
have more
specific meanings. Therefore, the terms menggoreng,
menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,
merendang
1
dan merendang
2
are included in the word
cooking.
Still also in general-specific meaning relations,
with even more specific relations, namely superiors
and subordinates, the relationship between the
menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,
mendendeng, merandang
1
dan meaendang
2
are
cohyponyms. Thus, these terms have an equal
meaning relation.
3.1.2 Structure of Component Meanings of
Terms with Meaning Components
(+COOKING +HOT +PAN +DRYING)
Table 1. List of Component Meanings of Terms
Menggoreng, Meyangrai, Menggongseng, Menumis, Mendendeng,
Merendang
1
, dan Merendang
2
.
Components of Meaning
Menggo-
reng
Meyang-
rai
Menggong-
seng
Menu
-mis
Menden-
deng
Meren-
dang
1
Meren-
dang
2
COOKING + + + + + + +
PAN + + + + + + +
HOT + + + + + + +
DRY + + + + + + +
DRY UNTIL FRAGILE ± + + - + + -
COOKING OIL ± - - + + - _
INGREDIENTS COOKED
VEGETABLES
± ± + + - -
A BIT TIME ± ± ± + - ± -
Description:
+ meaning components that are owned
- meaning components that are not owned
±components of meaning are owned or not owned
Based on the analysis of the components of meaning,
the terms
menggoreng, menyangrai, menggongseng,
menumis, mendendeng, merandang
1
dan merandang
2
are hyponyms of the word memasak (cooking). Memasak
has a more general meaning and the terms
menggoreng,
menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,
merandang
1
dan merandang
2
have components which
can be seen in table 1.
Based on table 1, it can be seen that the terms
menggoreng, meyangrai, menggongseng, menumis,
mendendeng, merandang
1
and merandang
2
have the
same meaning components, namely (+COOK
+USING A PAN, +USING HEAT +DRYING). On
the other hand, the terms menggoreng, menyangrai,
menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng, merandang
1
,
and merandang
2
have different meaning components,
namely (+DRY UNTIL FRUITFUL +USING OIL
+WHICH COOKED VEGETABLES OR SPICES,
and +FINED MATERIALS. The components of the
same meaning are called general meaning
components, and different meaning components are
called special meaning components or distinguishing
features (Pateda, 2001) and (Manaf. 2010).
3.1.3 Formulation of Definition of Terms
In the definition formulation activity, the components
of meaning resulting from observations of objects
Use of Meaning Components for Formulation Definition of Indonesian Cooking Terms with Meaning Components (+COOK +PAN +HOT
+DRYING)
429
referred to by language signs are collected according
to their respective terms. Based on the data in table 1
it can be collected the meaning components of each
term menggoreng, meyangrai, menggongseng,
menumis, mendendeng, merandang
1
, dan
merandang
2
. A definition of each of these terms is
formulated as follow.
Menggoreng (Frying) has a meaningful
component (+COOKING +USING A WOODEN
FRYING +USING HEAT + USING COOKING OIL
+MAKING IT MORE DRY ±WHICH
VEGETABLES OR SPICES ARE COOKED
±QUICK COOKING TIME). Based on the set of
meaning components, the following definition of the
term frying is formulated.
(1) Menggoreng is cooking using a frying pan
filled with heated cooking oil so that the ingredients
being cooked are cooked in a completely or partially
dry state. artificial, for example crackers.
Menyangrai (Roasting) has a meaningful
component (+COOKING +FRYING +HOT
+DRYING -OIL –VEGETABLES ±FAST). Based
on the set of meaning components, the following
definition of the term meyangrai is formulated.
(2) Meyangrai (Roasting) is cooking using a
skillet without cooking oil which is heated for a long
time or quickly depending on the ingredients being
cooked so that the ingredients are cooked in a dry
state, the ingredients being cooked are not vegetables,
but whole grains, for example peanuts, coffee, corn ,
spices, flour, or grated coconut.
Menggonseng (Roasting) has a meaningful
component, namely (+COOKING +PAN +HOT
+DRYING -OIL -VEGETABLES +FAST). Based on
the collection of meaning components, the following
definition of the term menggongseng is formulated.
(3) Menggonseng is cooking using a skillet
without cooking oil which is heated for a long time
or quickly depending on the ingredients being cooked
so that the ingredients are cooked in a dry state, the
ingredients being cooked are not vegetables, but
whole grains, for example peanuts, coffee, corn ,
spices, flour, or grated coconut.
Menumis (Sauteing) has a meaningful
component (+COOKING +PAN +HOT +DRYING A
LITTLE +LITTLE OIL +VEGETABLES AND
INGREDIENTS THAT ARE SOFT +FAST). Based
on the set of meaning components, the following
definition of the term menumis is formulated
(4) Menumis is cooking using a pan with a little
cooking oil which is heated in a short time by lifting
the food while it is still wet, the ingredients being
cooked are soft ingredients, such as vegetables,
chilies, onions and spices.
Mendendeng (Jerky) has a meaningful
component (+COOKING +PAN +HOT +DRYING
+LOTS OF OIL +STRICED MEAT OR OTHER
INGREDIENTS -HURRY). Based on the collection
of meaning components, the following definition of
the term mendeng is formulated.
(5) Mendendeng is cooking using a pan filled
with cooking oil, which is heated for a long time so
that the dried and seasoned thinly sliced meat
becomes dry or brittle.
Merandang
1
(roasting) has components of
meaning, namely +COOKING + FRYING +HOT
+DRYING -OIL, -VEGETABLES, and ±OLD.
Based on the collection of meaning components, the
following definition of the term merandang is
formulated.
(6) Merangdang
1
is cooking using a wok
without cooking oil, but sometimes using sand which
is heated for a short or long time depending on the
ingredients being randang so that the ingredients cook
in a dry state, the ingredients that are cooking are not
vegetables, but whole grains, for example peanuts ,
coffee, soy, rice, and spices.
Merandang
2
has a meaning components +
COOKING + PAN + DRYING - OIL + LONG
HEAT, - VEGETABLES. Based on the set of
meaning components, the following definition of the
term merandang
2
is formulated. Merandang
2
is
cooking by boiling ingredients in the form of sliced
meat or other ingredients cooked in coconut milk
which has been seasoned in a skillet which is heated
over low heat for a very long time (5-6 hours) and
stirred continuously until the coconut milk dry so that
only brown or black meat remains and the marinade
becomes a paste or dry.
4 DISCUSSION
The results of the study show that there are seven
terms which are hyponyms for the word memasak
(cooking) with meaning components (+COOKING
+HOT +FRIEND +DRYING), namely menggoreng,
menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,
merandang
1
, dan merandang
2
.. These terms have
different meaning component structures. Based on the
structure of the components of meaning, seven
definitions of terms are formed which have different
meaning relations between one term and another.
The seven terms have the same 4 components of
meaning, namely (+COOKING +HOT +PAN
+DRYING). These shared meaning components are
called common meanings or shared characteristics.
ICoIE 4 2022 - The Fourth International Conference on Innovation in Education
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The results of Nirmala's research (2010), Ginanjar
Bakdal, D. Subroto, & Sumarlam. (2013), and Manaf,
Juita, and Sari (2018) explain that the common
meaning or shared characteristics possessed by a
number of words or terms make these terms exist in a
single field of meaning and even become
cohyponims. In this regard, the 7 terms are in the
same field of meaning as memasak, in terms of
general and special meaning relations, namely
hyponymy. The 7 terms are hyponyms of the term
memasak. Thus, the 7 terms are cooking activities.
Still in hyponymic relations, according to Pateda
(2021) and Manaf (2010), the inter-terms
menggoreng, menyangrai, menumis, mendendeng,
merandang
1
, dan merandang
2
are cohyponyms
because they are both members of the hyponym of the
term memasak.
Of the 7 terms, there are 3 terms whose
components have exactly the same meaning, namely
menyangrai, menggonseng, and merandang
1
. The
three terms have components of meaning, namely
(+COOKING +FRYING +HOT +DRYING -OIL, -
VEGETABLES, ±OLD). Based on research results
(Kutimskaya, 2021), (Danglli, 2014), (Belov, 2017),
(Manaf et al., 2018), (Utami, 2010), (Yusanti &
Avianty, 2019), (Saputro and Budi, 2022) explains
that lexicons where most of the components have the
same meaning and can replace each other in the
context of the same sentence with relatively the same
meaning are synonyms. In this regard, the terms
menyangrai, mennggonseng, and merandang
1
are
synonymous because most of their meaning
components are the same and can be substituted for
each other in the context of the same sentence with
relatively the same meaning.
On the other hand, the 7 terms, have 4 different
meaning components, namely (±OIL ±DENT OF
COOKING ±INGREDIENTS TO COOK ±DRY
LEVEL OF FINAL RESULT). The results of the
research by Permatasari, Manaf, & Juita (2019),
(Oktami et al., 2019) show that different meaning
components are a distinguishing feature of the
meaning of terms so that the terms are not
synonymous, but simply cohyponyms.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that there are 7 terms
which are hyponyms of the term cooking which have
meaning components (+COOKING +HOT
+FRIEND +DRYING), namely menggoreng,
menyangrai, menggongseng, menumis, mendendeng,
merandang
1
, and merandang
2
. These terms have
different meaning component structures. Based on the
structure of the meaning components, 7 definitions of
terms are formed, with details of 4 terms with
different meanings and 3 terms with the same
meaning. The difference in the meaning of these
terms is caused by the difference in the components
of meaning, namely (±OIL ±During COOKING
±INGREDIENTS COOKED ±DRY LEVEL OF
FINAL RESULT). The results of this study
contribute to semantics, especially about the
components of meaning; contribute to lexicology,
especially the lexicon about cooking with meaning
components (+COOK +HOT +PAN +DRYING); and
contribute to lexicography, especially regarding the
formation of definitions using meaning component
analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the Chancellor and
Chair of the Institute for Research and Community
Service, Universitas Negeri Padang for facilitating
this research by providing financial assistance for
research implementation, namely Universitas Negeri
Padang 2022 PNBP funds with Chancellor's Decree
number: Padang number 933/UN35/KP/ 2021 on 8
December 2021 and Research Implementation
Contract number: 729/UN35.13/LT/2022 on 25 April
2022. We would like to thank Dr. Abdulrahman,
M.Pd. and Dr. Jupriani, M.Sn. as a member of the
research team, Dr. Novia Juita, M. Hum. and Dr.
Elida, M.Pd. as the validator of this research
instrument, Dr. Siti Ainim Liusti, M. Hum., Dr. Ridha
Hasnul Ulya, M.Pd., Arif Adrian,, Milan Zary, and
Diana, M.Pd. as collaborators in writing this scientific
article, our students Vina Yulia Sai, Cania Asti
Tanjung, Nadiah Masviva, Wemi Putri Chania,
Kartini, and Febuana Rosita as research data
collectors and processors. May Allah the Almighty
God give you the best reward. Amen.
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