organs and reproductive glands that make up the
reproductive system, modifications to the
reproductive system of various types of animal
groups.
Third, the male reproductive organs consist of sub
concepts of external reproductive organs, internal
reproductive organs, and accessory glands. The sub-
concepts of the external reproductive organs include
the structure of the penile structure, physiological
erectile tissue, and factors that affect erectile
dysfunction. Sub concepts of male internal organs
include gonads as sperm producers, development of
testicles, and various kinds of reproductive tracts. Sub
concept of accessory gland consists of seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, and bulboretra gland. The
concept of male reproductive organs is also still found
lack of understanding of concepts both from the
results of research conducted by Andrej & Rebeka
(2017) and Ramadhani (2016). Andrej & Rebeka
(2017) describe male reproductive organs that are still
difficult to understand including Scrotum, Vas
deferens, prostate gland, epididymis, seminal
vesicles, urethra, and bulboretra glands. The seminal
vesicles, urethra and bulboretra glands are organs that
have a very high failure rate of understanding,
reaching 97-100%. While the penis and testis are
reproductive organs that have a very high level of
understanding (± 74%).
Fourth, reproductive organs in women include the
sub concepts of external reproductive organs, internal
reproductive organs, and mammary glands. The
structure of the labia mayora, labia minora and other
supporting reproductive organs is included in the
study of this sub concept. The sub concepts of internal
reproductive organs include the structure of the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and
the mechanism of ovulation. The sub concept of the
mammary gland is defined as the structure and
function of the mammary gland itself. In this concept
also still found difficulties in understanding the
concept. Andrej & Rebeka (2017) explain the
conceptual understanding relating to the ovary,
fallopian tube, uterus, labia majora, labia minora,
cervix, clitoris and vestibular gland is still very low
(51-100%). Ramadhani et al. (2016) suggested that
the lack of understanding of concepts related to the
structure and function of reproductive organs was due
to the high use of intuition to answer the questions
given.
Fifth concept is gametogenesis consists of the
concepts of mitotic division and meiosis,
spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The sub concepts
supporting spermatogenesis include the stages of
sperm formation as the end result of spermatogenesis,
while the supporting sub concepts in oogenesis
include the stages of ovum formation, polar bodies,
the role of hormones in the development of ovum
formation. The concept of gametogenesis is one of the
concepts examined more deeply by Andrej & Rebeka
(2017), Ramadhani et al. (2016) and Chaniarosi
(2014). Andrej & Rebeka (2017) and Ramadhani
(2016) agree that this concept is still found to be low
in understanding of test participants. However,
research conducted by Chaniarosi (2014) illustrates
the opposite. Chaniarosi stated that the understanding
of the test participants on this concept was very good
(82.74%).
Sixth, the hormonal concept that controls all
physiological processes that occur in the reproductive
system, including the role of the hypothalamus in
producing GnRH and the role of FSH and LH in
sperm formation, the uterine cycle and the ovarian
cycle that are affected by hormones. The role of the
hypothalamus in producing GnRH is explained in
supporting sub concepts with respect to FSH and LH
that stimulate the formation of sex hormones, sex
hormones, and the role of sex hormones in women
and men. Sub concepts regarding the role of FSH and
LH in sperm formation are explained by supporting
sub concepts related to the role of sertoli cells and
leydig cells in producing other reproductive
hormones. While the sub concepts of the uterine cycle
and ovarian cycle are described in supporting sub-
concepts regarding the stages of the uterine cycle and
ovarian cycle, the role of hormones in the uterine and
ovarian cycles and the oestrous cycle in the primate.
The uterine cycle explains the process of
menstruation that is related to the ovarian cycle (Urry
et al., 2017). The sub-concept of menstruation is one
of the known concepts that still show a lack of
understanding of the concepts of the test participants
(Chaniarosi, 2014, Ramadhani et al., 2016). Only
37.5% of the test participants were known to
understand the concept well.
Seventh, the final concept of plastered mammals
and embryonic development are explained in the sub-
concept of fertility, embryo development in the
uterus, birth process and contraception. The sub-
concepts of fertilization include the development of
zygotes and embryos. Students are still identified as
having difficulties in understanding the concept of
fertilization; this can be seen from the question of sex
determinants for babies to be born (57.7%)
(Ramadhani et al., 2016). The concept of embryo
development is explained through supporting sub-
concepts regarding the stages of embryonic
development that occur in three trimesters, hormonal
regulation, and the physiological processes of the