Public Perceptions on the Problems of Kuranji River Basin

Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia

Rudi Febriamansyah

and Finna Nurpasari

Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University.Kampus Unand Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia

Graduate Program, Andalas University, KampusUnand Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Public perceptions, River Basin Management, West Sumatera.

Abstract: Batang Kuranji is one of the main rivers that divide the city of Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia from the

Bukit Barisan mountains in the east to the Indian Ocean in the west, with a length of about 25 km, and a

river basin area of 202.7 Km

. Over the last three decades, there has been an increase in the frequency of

problems caused by the declining quality of watershed management, such as upstream landslides, and

flooding downstream in urban areas. This study attempts to explore and identify the watershed management

issues, from upstream to downstream, based on community perspectives along the river basins: upstream,

middle and downstream. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were applied through surveys

with respondents, semi structured interviews with key informant and Focus Group Discussion with

stakeholders. In general, each community group along the river basin has a similar view of the more

frequent flooding problems and the higher of flood. However, the factors that cause the problems for each

community are different with each group blaming one another. This study explores these differing views

between groups and provides recommendations for policy makers towards integrated management.

1 INTRODUCTION

For over 20 years the world has acknowledged the

integrated nature of water resources management

and has worked together to form acceptable

agreements. First initiated at the United Nation

Water Conference (UNWC) in Mar de Plata,

Argentina 1977 and then formed on United Nation

Conference Environment (UNCED) and

Development in 1989 (Sheuman, 2001). One of the

key elements of integrated natural resource

management is the need to involve stakeholders in

the decision-making process. This means

coordinating policy at all levels from national

ministries to local government or community based

institution (GWP (Global Water Partnership), 2000).

Current management patterns should be

transformed towards adaptive management,

integrating all stakeholders and holistic in the sense

of incorporating elements that support the

sustainability of water resources, i.e. environment,

technology, economy, institutional, and cultural

characteristics. Important terms related to integrated

management are Integrated Water Resources

Management (IWRM), Integrated Water

Management (IWM) and River Basin Management

(RBM). Though there are some differences between

them, they all emphasize a process that is

coordinated and the relationship between

sustainability and economic and social welfare

(Stalnacke & Gooch, 2003). The development of the

concept is due to the issues of water resources that

trigger the tragedy of the commons due to the

diversity of interest in the use of water causing

scarcity of water resources, and causing conflicts in

various places. In addition, the problems and

challenges in water resources management practices

in Indonesia imply that the government is 'milking'

other parties (Sriyono, 2015). Several challenges

facing developing countries today include; cost and

benefits being distributed unevenly, conflicting uses,

the useof technology, uncertainty in watershed

management and implementing the participatory

approach (Kerr, 2007). Because water is limited,

participatory approach should be implemented

between users, planners and a policy maker at all

levels, the important role of women, and knowing

generally that water has economic value (GWP,

2004).

Febriamansyah, R. and Nurpasari, F.

Public Perceptions on the Problems of Kuranji River Basin Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009903500002480

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development (ICNRSD 2018), pages 385-392

ISBN: 978-989-758-543-2

385

This paper explores community perceptions on

current issues and challenges, particularly on case

studies in one of the developing regions of

Indonesia. Was the concept of IWRM able to

address the problems and community conflicts of

water use?

2 METHODOLOGY

This research uses an exploratory approach with

qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.

Surveys were used to identify the community

perspective on the problems of the Kuranji River

from upstream to downstream. In addition,

qualitative data are collected from key informants by

using semi-structured interviews method and Focus

Group Discussion is done with relevant

stakeholders.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Study Area

Batang Kuranji watershed is one of the watersheds

in Padang City which has an area of 202.7km

stretching from Pauh sub-district to North Padang

subdistrict and ending at the Indian Ocean.

The Kuranji River Basin originates in Sikai

Mountain and covers the Lambung Bukit sub-

district, Pauh sub-district. While the middle part of

Batang Kuranji includes other sub-districts of Pauh

sub-district and some sub-districts of Kuranji

District. The downstream area covers part of Kuranji

sub-district, Nanggalo sub-district and North Padang

sub-district.

Based on the GIS analysis, the Batang Kuranji

River Basin has a 202.70 km

watershed with the

main river length of 32.41 km and the total length of

the main river and other rivers within the watershed

are 274,75 km, thus the drainage density of the

Kuraanji River Basin reaches about 1.36 km/km

Batang Kuranji catchment area is a Bird Furtype

with a very high gradient with 1.36/km river density

with sub-watershed: Kuranji riverbed area is 19.86

with the main river length of 14.66 km, sub-

watershed Batang Belimbing 62.64km

with main

river length 17.08 km, Batang Sungkai Sub-basin

6km

with main river length 3.63 km, Batang

Janiah/Karuah-basin 82.26 km

with the length of

18,86 km, and Limau Manih sub-basin 31,93 km

with the main river length 16,42 km. The width of

the river in the middle of the Kuranji basin averages

50- 80m with a depth of 2m-3 m. The downstream

area of Kuranji basin has a width of 80m with an

average water

depth of 2m-3m.

Kuranji watershed is one of the existing river

basins in the city of Padang that stretches from Bukit

Barisan National Park to the District of North

Padang. Kuranji River Basin is the largest watershed

among several watersheds in the city of Padang.

This makes the Kuranji watershed as one of the main

water resources used for agricultural irrigation and

clean water. Kuranji River Basin area is also made

and important settlement for communities. The

Batang Kuranji in Padang city was also chosen

because it is one of the largest river basins in the

four river basin in Padang City, which is the main

source of water for agriculture and clean water for

most of Padang's inhabitants.

In general, Kuranji watershed catchment area in

the upstream area is still relatively good compared to

other watersheds. However, in recent years, there

have been floods in several areas along the Kuranji

watershed, causing destruction of the sub-watershed

of Limau Manih. Flash floods that hit the city of

Padang several years ago caused much damage to

the community and local government. The flooding

incidents were also closely related to the decrease in

land cover and high rainfall. In addition, differences

in river flow altitude are also one of the causes.

There are several factors that cause flooding.

These factors are natural conditions (geographical

location of the region, ground conditions, river

geometry and sedimentation), natural events (rainfall

and duration of rain, tides, backflows from major

rivers, river basin damming due to landslides,

sedimentation and cold lava flows), and human

activities in land-use changes that impact on

catchment areas which then affect the conditions and

changes in runoff changes (Irsyad & Ekaputra, 2015;

Kerr, 2007).

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386

3,3%

86%

10.7%

frequently occasionaly inrequently

In addition, a very significant difference in

height between the upstream, downstream and the

middle if the upstream of the water flow increases

can cause the downstream area to beflooded. These

floods can cause landslides that occur in the

upstream and downstream. Many community homes

and other infrastructure can be damaged by disasters

like these.

3.2 Public Perception on the Problems

in the Upstream Area

The upstream area of the Kuranji watershed is

located in the villages of Lambung Bukit, Pauh sub-

district with a total area of 38.80 km

. In this area

there are still rice fields, dense forests and

community settlements. In general, the social-

economic condition of the people of Lambung Bukit

village is the average livelihood as a farmer. The

population only reaches 3,650 people with a

population density of 94 people per km. The average

temperature in this region ranges from 23-28

C, with

an average rainfall of about 60.61 mm/month. The

peak of the rainy season occurs between October

and December. The recorded rainfall data from the

Climate Station in Batu Busuk shows that the

average annual rainfall in this basin is about 3,582

mm, and the highest in 2016 at about 4,549 mm.

Land use in highland watersheds is dominated by

protected forests and community-owned mixed

gardens (parak). These parak are generally grown

by highlanders with hard crops as the second source

of their income after rice farming and home gardens

near their settlements, such as durian, petai,

rambutan. Even in the last ten years, a number of

community members have tried to cultivate cacao

plants on the ground. Demographically, based on

survey results of respondents, the average age of

households living upstream about 45 years, where

one-third of them (33%) have lived there since they

were born. Approximately 36% of households are

migrants from outside the upstream areas who move

there after marriage. In general, nearly 50% of them

have lived in this upstream area for more than 40

years.In the context of livelihood strategies for their

daily life, 26.7% of HH (Households) have a high

dependence on upstream farming, while 67% of HH

rely on dryland and upland rice fields. Almost all

households mentioned that they have durian trees

and others such as petai and rambutan in their home

gardens and parak near the house.

ure 1: The Ma

of Kuran

i Watershe

Public Perceptions on the Problems of Kuranji River Basin Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia

387

Figure 2: Perception of Respondent to the Frequency of

Landslide.

The upstream Kuranji river catchment area is a

protected forest area. Key informants from this study

suspect that since forest cover degradation in

upstream catchment areas has reduced, this has

threatened the sustainability of their agricultural

activities downstream. For the past 10 years, local

residents have assumed that high rainfall in the

upstream during the rainy season will cause erosion

and flooding in their fields. Theyonly feel safe to

cultivate their fields in the dry season rather than the

rainy season. The high flow of water rainfall that

suddenly causes floods from the hills often resulting

in landslides in several locations.

Based on a survey respondents, about 3.3% of

respondents said landslides often occur around their

residential location, 86% of them said the

occurrence sometimes is not frequent, and the rest

says it rarely happens (Figure 2). Key informants

interviewed have also reinforced the problem of

floods and landslides in this area. Accordingly, all

this is closely related to the development of massive

timber exploitation in the upper reaches in the 80-

90s.

Figure 3: Knowledge of respondents about the availability

of Commercial Timber in Upstream.

The majority of respondents (50%) stated that

there is still considerable commercial timber

available in protected forest areas (Figure 3).

Furthermore, the majority of respondents (67%) also

stated that timber trees that are still available in

protected forests are mostly of a diameter of 40-

70cm.Only 6.7% of respondents stated that there

were still trees with diameters greater than 100cm.

Types of wood trees that exist in these forest

areas are bayur, mahony, kalek, and timbalun.

Currently, public awareness of land cover conditions

in upstream areas is higher than before. the mix-

garden (parak) has begun with the conception of

agroforestry, where existing wood species are

preserved or newly planted, such as durian and

petai. The upstream area is one of the areas that

needs conservation, one of them with reforestation

to increase the ability to withstand runoff. A

conservation area is a recommendation to reduce the

risk of flood disaster and erosion is LimauManih,

hillside, GunungSarik, Kuranji and LubukMinturun.

3,3%

86%

10.7%

frequently occasionaly inrequently

67%

6,7

Diamateroftrees≥40‐70cm

Diameteroftress≥100cm

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Figure 4: Community Participation at theUpstream Area

on Community Forestry Training Group

The Community Forestry Group, established in

2016, will be the main platform for communities in

the upstream watershed of Kuranji watershed to

contribute to conserving forests, preventing illegal

logging models while ensuring better local

livelihoods. To date, only 16.7% of respondents

have received training related to Community

Forestry Group activities, 83.3% of respondents

stated that they have not studied or even know much

about the activities of this group (Figure 4).

In the newera there was a policy on a five-year

development program (PELITA) in Indonesia that

led to massive logging to convert forest areas into

shifting cultivation areas. This is where the origin of

common problems that occur in the upstream area

that some people provide information that at the

time of high rainfall 5 to 10 years laterthreatened

paddy fields, thus threatening the livelihood of

farmers who seek paddy field farming. It was

delivered because the area of paddy fields adjacent

to the upper river basin area Kuranji stems of the last

few years are often submerged due to landslides.

In addition, the increasing rainfall that suddenly

caused flash flooding from the hills. This makes the

occurrence of erosion of mud accompanied by water

from the slope of the hill in the upstream area of

Batu Busuk village. As a result, the business of

horticulture farms such as chilli was affected and

damaged. Key informants mentioned that the

upstream ecosystem in the protected forest area is

still good but in the slopes a road is being built to

connect the village on the hill, so it is that if there is

high rainfall intensity it will be directly causing

floods that hit the upstream areas especially affected

paddy fields and cultivated areas under the slope of

the hill.

Then the problem that occurred from the issue of

flash flood in 2012 is the average society still not

care about the environment as it is throwing

household waste into the rivers. So there is a

blockage in the primary channels of the river flow

from upstream to the middle and downstream areas.

3.3 Public Perceptionson the Problems

in Themid-Stream Area

The central area of the Kuranji watershed is located

along Kuranji sub-district where the river flow

includes five villages namely Kuranji, Korong

Gadang, Kalumbuk, Laweh and Surau Gadang,

Gurun Laweh. Types of livelihoods are farmers to

employees.

3.3.1 Public Activities

The middlestream area of the Kuranji watershed is a

vital area in the management of Kuranji watershed

and for maintaining the ecosystem balance of the

Kuranji watershed. Community activities that utilize

the central area watershed will have an impact on the

community in its middle and downstream areas.

Various kinds of community activities are in the

middle of watersheds identified are agriculture,

illegal logging, factory industry, land clearing for

housing and sand mining into activities that affect

the balance of watershed ecosystems.

The middle section is mainly planted with paddy

fields 2-2,5 times in a year. Agricultural activities

are mostly done in Surau Gadang and Laweh Gurun.

Farmers in these two regions simultaneously plant

paddy field to ensure all farmers obtain the water

equally through regulations established by Farmers

Water User (Perkumpulan Petani Pengguna

Air/P3A). The land in both urban villages is difficult

to be planted horticulture commodities. This is

because when rains are heavy it is difficult to

dispose of excess water in their farms. Relatively flat

topography, land use and poor drainage are the main

causes of this. This has worsened the condition of

the middle zone, especially agricultural activities

that require a lot of water at the beginning of the

planting period.Industry plant built in the middle of

adding a series of existing activities. Construction of

factories that began with the reasons to build a pond

has now continued and changed with the drinking

water industry. The development of the factory

industry will obviously add to the problems that

17%

83%

Followed Yetfollow/unknown

Public Perceptions on the Problems of Kuranji River Basin Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia

389

occur in the middle of the watershed. This is proven

by changes in water quality in the middle of Kuranji

watershed.

Other activities include land conversion for

illegal housing and mining of sand. land clearing

created new problems that further aggravate the

condition of water quality flowing through the

middle of Kuranji watershed. According to the

responder's statement, the quality of water flowing

through the Kuranji watershed after the housing

construction can no longer be used directly for

bathing or washing the face. This is because the

colour and smell of water has changed, it was not as

clear as before.

3.3.2 Problems in the Middle-Stream Area

Heterogeneity of activities and interest in the middle

of Kuranji River Basin certainly causes obstacles for

both environment and society. These include

changes in the quality and quantity of water

resources, making accusations between upstream

and central areas, rivers and irrigation networks as

dump trucks, mutual cooperation in the maintenance

of irrigation networks began to fade, unfair water

distribution, irrigation network conditions, which is

not yet environmentally friendly, there was no

integration of water resource utilization and disaster

mitigation system and the land use change into

residential areas.

The quality of water resources flowing down the

middle of Kuranji watershed progressively

decreases. This is evident from the change of colour

and its smell - the water that flows through the

middle of this region is black and has an unpleasant

smell. While from the side of quantity, the water that

flows the middle area of Kuranji watershed is used

for many fields and wells of citizen.

The Kuranji watershed as a source of water for

household and agricultural needs is unable to meet

that need again today. Increasingly reduced water

supply for agriculture and unfavourable water

quality flowing into the paddy fields makes this a

problem that must be solved.

In addition to water resources problems that must

be solved, also other problems arising due to rivers

and irrigation networks as garbage dumps. These

problems cause a sustainable impact on the

environment and socioeconomic communities.

Waste discharged into rivers and irrigation networks

will lead to accumulation of waste in the upstream to

downstream areas. So some of the garbage carried

will be a source of disaster for the people in the

middle and downstream more mainstreamadding by

industry waste activities. So this raises a new

problem for the community that is the conflict of

mutual accusation between society.

3.4 Public Perception on the Problems

in the Downstream Area

The downstream area of the Kuranji watershed area

located in the district of Padang Utara. This area is

generally crowded by residential and commercial

areas. The total area is 1.12 Km

. for its own

downstream area on its right is the West Air Tawar

village. As the livelihood of the average citizen is

the trader.

The downstream part of the Kuranji watershed

starts from the back of the Basko Hotel towards the

estuary of the sea. Throughout this region, a "canal

flood" has been built to anticipate flooding which

has resulted in the erosion of the river bank. In

addition, there are two connecting bridges and one

Train Bridge. On the edge of the canal river there are

residential areas and also various kinds of human

activities.

The conditions in this section are strongly

influenced by human activities. Water colour

changes that occur in downstream hence can know

the quality of water flowing from upstream to

downstream. Where the water that flows down to

downstream is no longer as clear as water upstream.

The colour of blackened water more dominates.

Meanwhile, the water will meet directly at the sea.

In the downstream area of the Kuranji watershed

no longer exists mangrove forest. In addition, this

area also does not have agricultural land as in the

middle and upstream areas. The average community

livelihoods in this area are as fishermen and traders.

The more diverse community activities

downstream area of this Kuranji watershed is added

environmental problems and social communities

increased. Some problems arising from the various

activities that occur in the downstream area of

Kuranji watersheds such as floods, waste piles, fish

catch decreased, loss of mangrove forest area,

sedimentation of Kuranji watershed, an damage to

the Kuranji watershed area every year, and the

absence of river basin management mechanism.

Flood disasters are a problem occurring almost every

year in the downstream area of Kuranji watershed. A

large water discharge during the unstoppable rainy

season will directly inundate most of the

downstream area. The rising sea level that coincides

with the arrival of water from upstream and central

areas further exacerbates this situation. Since the

great flood in 1989, the city government tried to find

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help to overcome the problem. So finally in 1990 the

canalization of watersheds from Japan for the entire

river area in West Sumatera. Until now the floods in

the downstream region always occur every year but

not as severe as previous years.

The Floods which occurred each year is reaching

4 meters to meet the flood canals that have been

made. At the time of this research survey conducted

high water level that seemed to meet ¾ part of the

canal flood that has been built. It is suspected that

the flood problem occurring in every year is not only

caused by community activities in upstream areas

but also in the middle and downstream areas. Large

water flows and floods that occur every year not

only harm the community. Large direct water

currents will also carry sand or soil particles from

upstream to downstream. the dam function did not

work properly barrier rock or wood forest that

flowing from upstream. If this process occurs

continuously will appear deposition of sand or soil

called sedimentation.

Some community members in the downstream

section work as fishermen. Theor catch was more

when pre-construction of canal flood because fish

and another marine biota still often appeared in the

watershed area. The problem today felt difference by

the fishermen after the river basin development is

the difficulty of getting enough catches to meet the

economic needs of the fishing communities. This is

causing some fishermen to switch their livelihoods.

Many of fishermen have to catch fish in the ocean

area further away from the downstream area of this

Kuranji watershed. This is different compared to

before the canal was built when fishermen could

catch the fish in the watershed area alone without

having to go to sea.

The development of a flood canal project that

aims to reduce the risk of floods received by the

community requires clearing land in the downstream

area of the Kuranji watershed. So that causes some

of the mangrove forest area downstream area is cut

down. The loss of part of the mangrove forest area in

this area causes the balance of the downstream

ecosystem downstream. Some marine organisms that

live in symbiosis with mangroves or mangrove trees

to be moved to choose an area that suits their

required habitat. This lost mangrove forest area

needs to be the government's attention.

Complicated problems in the downstream area of

this Kuranji watershed. ranging from floods,

garbage, and sedimentation and also more worrying

to some people in this area is the degradation of land

that they occupy today. This is felt by the people

who live near the canals. The respondents said that

almost every year the surface of this land dropped

approximately 2 - 4 cm. They felt a deeper gap was

forming downstream at the end near the sea area.

This is a concern for some people. However, there

has been no special attention from the local

government.

The problems along the river basin are holistic,

multi-functionality of river basin, a different interest

that encourages conflict, all parties needed to

manage conflict, uncertainty alternative and result

because of disregard the decision process, the

meaning is law not beyond criticism (Mostert,

1999).

Watershed management is needed for the

realization of clean and safe river basins. The current

problem that is felt by some people in the

downstream area of Kuranji watershed is the

absence of comprehensive watershed management.

So this creates new problems that keep popping up

in the downstream area. For example, currently, the

water flowing downstream is black and brown. this

proves that in the upstream and central areas and

some downstream areas still occur waste disposal in

randomly to the city either household waste or

industry. This waste disposal is not yet well-

managed. So this causes losses in the downstream

community.

Problems that occur in downstream areas Kuranji

watershed needs to be a concern for the community

and government and the private sector. In the

conditions that occur as now, it is supposed to

downstream part of this Kuranji watershed done

improvements both physical buildings and

governance. But it is very unfortunate. Until now the

city government of Padang itself has not done much

for this area. It is required that the rules are

comprehensive and capable of coordinating all

parties involved in handling the Kuranji river basin

as common pool resource. Regarding resolving

water damage, synergy is needed between regions in

the form of role-sharing between the Province,

district sub-district, and or villages at upstream and

downstream areas. Integrated watershed

management should keep attention to the

relationship between a sector with the activities

sector to water supply because its component will

affect the other sectors (Handayani, 2013).

Various methods can be applied to conflict

resolution efforts in river basin basins, especially as

irrigation problems can be solved by analytic

hierarchical model. The model is utilized along the

river by involving the farmers on data assessment

(Febriamansyah, 2006). Furthermore, for conflicts

resolution that involving many parties, it is

Public Perceptions on the Problems of Kuranji River Basin Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia

391

necessary to do various stages of compromise to

reach an agreement whereby one party receives

compensation for the achievement of conflict

resolution. integrative conflict among conflicting

users by adding mediator roles. The resolution of

conflicts within the natural resources in Indonesia

could through mediation, reconciliation and

negotiation, which then establishes a communication

forum in resolving disputes and or through

arbitration if necessary (IWRM, 2018).No

optimization participatory approach based on the

IWRM and Dublin principle concept on river basin

Kuranji issues becomes the preliminary information

for decision makers to better maturing the rules and

utilize platform and forums active in dealing with

water resources issues. Water resources have

become common pool resources so many parties are

involved and the challenges faced become more

complex. collective action among users are needed

in the watershed system (Kerr, 2007).

4 CONCLUSION

Too late people realize water resources are a shared

resource and by that time the problems are

mounting. The current impact is still a lack of

understanding of the public that water is to be an

integral part of nature which is not separate within a

single system. This is evident in the case of river

basin water users against the problems faced today.

There are parties involved and pollute and destroy

the environment has not been dealt with firmly. To

be concluded that the management of water

resources Kuranji is not in accordance with the

principles of water use agreed to the world. the

emphasis in participatory approaches has not been

met as seen from the inadequacy of forums that

bridge the problems faced by the community to be

acted upon immediately by decision makers.

In addition, we need to strengthen legal

enforcement that binding to IWRM concept at basic

level to general level. On the other hand, integrated

management with experts to apply the rules and find

conflict resolution form some insight by scientist,

policy makers, users and the public is to be a

requirement.

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