Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Several

Medicinal Plants from North Sumatera

Rosliana Lubis

1,2

Department of Chemistry,Universitas Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Department of Biology, UniversitasMedan Area, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Keywords: Plant extract, Medicinal plant, Maceration, Phytochemical screening.

Abstract: The aim of this research is to evaluate the potency of ethanol extract of several medicinal plants from North

Sumatera as antimicrobial and its secondary metabolite composition was determined using qualitative and

quantitative analysis. The antimicrobial was evaluated to Escherichia coli, (E. coli) ATCC25922 and

Stapylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923 using ethanol extract of seven kinds of medicinal plant. The

antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zone of each extract. The phytochemical

screening showed the extract contained some secondary metabolites, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid,

steroid, tannin and saponin. The medicinal plant extracts has a potency as antimicrobial, especially to E. coli

ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. Based on the inhibition zone, the extract inhibited E. coli ATCC

25922 better than S. aureus ATCC 25923.

1 INTRODUCTION

WHO (World Health Organization) described that

75-79% of the population in the developing

countries used the traditional medicine to cure the

health issues. The utilization of traditional medicine

is based on the utilization of plant extract that

contained active secondary metabolites (N.

Prasannabalaji, 2012).

Plant extract can be functionalized as a

component of medicine (antimicrobial, antioxidant,

anticancer, antimalaria, immunomodulator and etc.)

that caused by the presence of bioactive components

in the plants (Itoandon, 2012). Those bioactive

components are called as secondary metabolites that

can be divided to be alkaloid, steroid, tannin,

essential oil, saponin, terpenoid, phenolic and etc

(Itoandon, 2012) and (Sunayana Nath, 2014). Those

secondary metabolites will give physicological

affect to human body (Itoandon, 2012). The active

compounds mostly have effect to inhibit the

microorganism (Prattipati Subhashini Devi, 2014).

The utilization of plant extracts and derivative

compounds as antimicrobial showed an increment,

this caused by many factors, such as (i) the

utilization of antibiotic caused a resistance effect to

the bacteria, (ii) the synthetic medicine has negative

effect to human body (iii) the slow degradation

process of syntetic medicine. The effectivity of

antibiotic commonly has a limit, this issue caused an

extremely resistance effect to some strain bacterial.

For the example, S. aureus can resistance to some

antibiotics and it can form a new strain of S. aureus

that called as MRSA (methicillin resistance

Staphylococcus aureus) (Itoandon, 2012).

The susceptibility of synthetic antibiotic leads

the researchers to discover and develop new kind

antibiotic based on natural product. The research in

the exploration of medicinal plant as antimicrobial

has been conducted by several researchers, such as

(i) Antibacterial activities of some Indian traditional

plant extracts (N. Prasannabalaji, 2012), Screening

of Phytochemicals and in Vitro evaluation of

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves,

Pods, and Bark Extracts of Acacia nilotica (L.)Del.

(Muhammad Bilal Sadiq, 2015), Antibacterial

Activities of Medicinal Plants Used for the

Treatment of Diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South

Africa (M.C. Mathabe, 2006), Preliminary

Phytochemical Screening and in Vitro Antibacterial

Activity of Anamirta cocculus (Linn.) Seed (Umer

Qadir, 2015), Preliminary Phytochemical Screening,

Plant Growth Inhibition and Antimicrobial Activity

Studies of Faidherbia albida legume Extracts

(Abeer M. Ismail, 2016), Chemical Composition,

380

Lubis, R.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Several Medicinal Plants from North Sumatera.

DOI: 10.5220/0009903400002480

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development (ICNRSD 2018), pages 380-384

ISBN: 978-989-758-543-2

Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, and in Vitro

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Crude

Extracts from Red Chili Seeds (Capsicum frutescens

L.) (Neelam Gurnani, 2016), Preliminary

Phytochemical Analysis sand Antimicrobial

Properties of Crude Extract of Combretodendron

macrocarpum Stem Bark (Itoandon, 2012). Those

researches indicated the medicinal plant extract have

potency as antimicrobial to several bacterial, such as

S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae.

Based on the consideration of the exploration of

medicinal plant that potent to be antibacterial, the

aim of this research is to evaluate the potency of

seven kinds of medicinal plants and it secondary

metabolite composition.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

The chemical reagent that used in this research was

pro analytic grade that obtained from Merck.

2.2 Plant Sample

Plant that used in this research was leave of

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb, Euphatorium

adoratum L and Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff, peel

of Citrus aurantifolia, Allium cinense, stem of

Tinospora crispa L., and the root of Talinum

paniculatum. Jacq.(Gaertn). The plants were

obtained from regency of Langkat, North Sumatera

and collected around January-February 2017.

2.3 The Preparation of Sample

The collected plant was washed and air-dried for 5

days at room temperature (no direct contact with the

sunlight). The dried sample was grounded until fine

powder was obtained (N. Prasannabalaji, 2012).

2.4 The Extraction of Sample

500 g of sample powder was macerated using

ethanol 70% at room temperature for 24 h. This step

was repeated for three times. The obtained filtrate

was concentrated with rotary evaporator

(Syamsuddin Abdillah, 2015).

2.5 The Phytochemical Screening

The phytochemical screening was conducted to

evaluate the secondary metabolite, such as alkaloid,

flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, steroid, and tannin.

2.5.1 Alkaloid

0,2 gr crude extract was added with 2 ml H

.The

obtained filtrate was reacted with Dragendorf

reagent. The presence of orange-red precipitate

indicated the presence of alkaloid (Wisal

Muhammad Khan, 2016)

2.5.2 Flavonoid

Some drop of HCl was added to the plant extract.

The presence of red colour solution indicated the

presence of flavonoif (Abeer M. Ismail, 2016).

2.5.3 Terpenoid

5 ml of plant extracts was added with 2 mL of

chloroform and 3 mL of H

. The presence of

reddish-brown ring showed the presence of

terpenoid (Abeer M. Ismail, 2016).

2.5.4 Saponin

0.5 g of plant extract was dissolved in aquadest and

shaken. The presence of continues foam indicated

the presence of saponin (Abeer M. Ismail, 2016)

2.5.5 Steroid

2 mL of anhydride acetic and 2 mL H

was

added into 5 mL plant extract. The presence of

violet-blue colour indicated the positive reaction for

steroid. (Abeer M. Ismail, 2016)

2.5.6 Tanin

0.2 g of extracts was dissolved in aquadest. This

solution was heated up and the filtrate was reacted

with FeCl

. The dark green colour indicated the

positive reaction for tannin (Wisal Muhammad

Khan, 2016).

2.6 Antibacterial ActivityAnalysis

The microorganism that used in this research was S.

aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922. The

agar well diffused was used to determine the

antibacterial activity of each extract (M.C. Mathabe,

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Several Medicinal Plants from North Sumatera

381

2006) and (Noureddine Gherraf, 2017).

Chloramphenicol was used as the standard.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This research was focused on phytochemical

screening and antibacterial activity of seven kinds of

ethanol extract of medicinal plant from North

Sumatera. The plant that used in this research was

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb, Graptophyllum

pictum L. Griff., Citrus aurantifolia, Allium cinense,

Euphatorium adoratum L., Tinospora crispa L., and

Talinum paniculatum. Jacq.(Gaertn) (Figure 1).

3.1 The Phytochemical Screening

The phytochemical screening result of seven species

medicinal plant from North Sumatera was

summarized in Table 3.1

Table 3.1: The phytochemical screening result of seven

species medicinal plant from North Sumat

era

Extracts

Results

A B C D E F

Leaves of

Pandanus

amaryllifolius

Roxb

+ + + + + -

Daun

Handeuleum

(Graptophyllum

pictum L. Griff.)

+ + + - - +

Kulit Jeruk Nipis

(Citrus

auranti

olia)

+ + + + + +

Bawang batak

(

llium cinense)

- + + + + +

Daun Kirinyuh

(Euphatorium

adoratum L)

+ + + + + +

Batang brotowali

(Tinospora crispa

L.).

+ + + + + +

Leaves of

Graptophyllum

pictum L. Gri

+ + + + + +

(+) :positive ; (-) : negative; A : alkaloid;B:

flavonoid; C : steroid; D: terpenoid; E : tanin; dan F

: saponin

3.2 Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plant

extracts against E. Coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus

was displayed in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: The antimicrobial activity of the medicinal

plant extracts against E. Coli and S. aureus

Sample Concetra

tion of

Extract

(mg/ mL)

Diameter of

inhibition zone

(mm)

E.coli

(ATCC

25922)

aureus

(ATCC

25923)

Leaves of

Pandanus

amaryllifolius

Roxb

0 0,0 0,0

50 7,5 6,7

100 9,1 8,5

150 11,6 10,2

200 14,1 13,1

250 16,5 15,2

Leaves of

Graptophyllu

m pictum L.

Griff.

00 0

50 13,6 12,8

100 16,0 15,6

150 19,6 16,2

200 21,2 17,6

250 22,5 18,7

Citrus

aurantifolia

0 0,0 0,0

50 12,6 10,2

100 15,4 13,3

150 16,6 14,8

200 17,3 15,6

250 18,4 16,7

Allium cinense 00 0

50 9,0 7,0

100 11,0 8,0

150 13,0 10,0

200 14,0 12,0

250 14,3 12,0

Euphatorium

adoratum L

0 0,0 0,0

50 8,0 5,0

100 10,0 9,0

150 13,0 10,0

200 14,0 12,0

250 19,0 12,0

Tinospora

crispa L.

0 0,0 0,0

50 10,3 8,2

100 13,4 12,4

150 15,6 14,2

200 18,2 16,1

250 20,5 18,6

Talinum 0 0,0 0,0

ICNRSD 2018 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

382

paniculatum.

Jacq.(Gaertn)

50 10 5,0

100 10,1 9,0

150 10,0 10,0

200 10,0 11,0

250 11,0 12,0

Cloramphenic

31,0 22,0

3.3 Discussion

The phytochemical screening result or seven

medicinal plant extracts indicated the presence of

alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, tannin and

saponin, except in the leaves of Graptophyllum

pictum L. Griff. Terpenoid and tannin was not

detected. Also, saponinin the leaves of Pandanus

amaryllifolius Roxb was not detected.

The antibacterial activity of seven medicinal

plant extracts was determined using agar wall

diffused against two strain of bacterial, such as E.

coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923

(Stephen J. Cavalieri, 2005). The result showed all

of those extract can inhibit both bacteria. The

antibacterial activity was increased with the increase

of the extract concentration. In the high

concentration of extract the presence of the active

component is higher than in the lower concentration.

It has linear correlation to the antimicrobial activity

of the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of extract

against E. coli ATCC 25922 was higher than S.

aureus ATCC 25923. The inhibition zone in the

inhibition of E. coli ATCC 25922 was 7.5-22.5 mm

and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was 5-18.7 mm.

Figure 1: The collected sample from North Sumatera

4 CONCLUSIONS

The evaluated medicinal plant extracts have several

secondary metabolites, such as alkaloid, flavonoid,

terpenoid, steroid, tannin, and saponin. In general,

those ethanol extracts showed a greatest inhibition to

E. coli ATCC 25922 than S. aureus ATCC 25923.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors thanks to Laboratory of Natural Product

Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara and

Laboratory of Chemistry, Universitas Medan Area

for the facility that supported this research.

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