The Exposure of Emission Gas Pollutant to Residential Area

around the Industrial Area: Case Study - Medan Star Industrial Area

Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang District

Rosdiana Tiominar Panjaitan

, Harlem Marpaung

, Wirsal Hasan

Master Program of Natural Resources and Environment Management, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Kawasan Industri Medan Star, Exposure, Gas Pollutant, Gauss Model.

Abstract: The objective of the research was to find out to what extent the exposure of emission gas pollutant SO

, and CO from immovable and movable sources in the Operational KIM (Medan Industrial Area),

Tanjung Morawa Star and to find out the people’s attitude and perception in the vicinity on the activity of

KIM Star, Tanjung Morawa. Based on the result of measurement and calculation, the value of air emission

is still in accordance with the quality standard required in the Government Regulation No. 41/1999. The

result of interview showed that people’s attitude and perception in the vicinity on the operational of KIM

Star Tanjung Morawa is relatively good. The result of the calculation showed that emission exposure from

KIM Star Tanjung Morawa is smaller than the activity of transportation (mobile source). The cumulative

calculation of air emission from immovable source showed that the value produced would decrease 50%-

70% in each additional distance of 400 m - 500 m.

1 INTRODUCTION

Tanjung Morawa is one of the sub-districts in Deli

Serdang District, North Sumatera which is one of the

biggest contributors to the locally – generated

revenue of Deli Serdang District especially from the

industrial sector. The strategic location of Tanjung

Morawa Sub-district is close to downtown Medan

and the Balmera toll road (Belawan, Medan,

Tanjung Morawa) has made this area one of the

important industrial centers in North Sumatra.

Medan Industrial Area (MIA) Star Tanjung Morawa

is an industrial area located in Tanjung Morawa

Sub-district has provided substantial benefits to the

improvement of the economy and development

progress around it (Kompassiana, 2015). But on the

other hand the existence of this industrial area has

resulted in a decrease in environmental quality,

especially air quality. Industries operating in this

region use fossil fuels that produce exhaust gases

that can cause air pollution.

According to Sugiarti (2006), the most dominant

air pollutant gas affecting human health is Carbon

Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NO2), and Sulfur

Oxide (SO2). The components of air pollutants

mentioned above can pollute the air individually - or

can pollute together. The effect of air pollutant gas

on human health can have direct or indirect effects

such as; damaging the composition of blood

hemoglobin, ARI disease, throat irritation,

pneumokinosis, cardiovascular and cancer. The

influence of air pollutant gas on human health has

resulted in anxiety in the community living around

MIA Star Tanjung Morawa that can cause the

impact of derivatives in the form of negative

attitudes and perceptions on the existing industrial

activities in the region. Public perception of

pollutant substances depends on the knowledge /

education and experience. Residents who are around

the MIA Star a variety of habits of society is also

different from the issue of this pollutant substance.

Emissions from factory and motorized chimneys

arising from the operation of MIA Star Tanjung

Morawa enter the air and can move from the source

point in the other direction to form the pattern of

ambient air distribution according to the dominant

wind direction (Wardani, 2003). This situation

caused a decline in ambient air quality at MIA Star

374

Tiominar Panjaitan, R., Marpaung, H. and Hasan, W.

The Exposure of Emission Gas Pollutant to Residential Area around the Industrial Area: Case Study - Medan Star Industrial Area Tanjung Morawa Sub District, Deli Serdang District.

DOI: 10.5220/0009903300002480

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development (ICNRSD 2018), pages 374-379

ISBN: 978-989-758-543-2

Tanjung Morawa, which was inhaled every second

by the surrounding community. For this reason, it is

necessary to identify the pattern of ambient air

distribution around MIA Star Tanjung Morawa to

find out how far the ambient emission movement

has exceeded the threshold. This is very important

for efforts to anticipate, prevent and regulate the

effects of air pollution

An estimate of the extent to which the emission

exposure is stopped can be obtained by using the

Gauss dispersion model. According to Bakar (2006)

the Gauss dispersion model was used to determine

the distance of emission exposure produced by

industrial activities and its supporting activities at

MIA Star Tanjung Morawa. The exposure distance

produced by the Gauss dispersion model will show

the location and area affected by the most

contamination, the furthest distance from the

pollution range in certain wind conditions shifting

the position of the largest contamination with the

occurrence of weather changes, as well as reduced or

increased levels of pollutants in the most

contaminated locations in accordance with effective

height differences emission.

2 REVIEW OF REFERENCES

Air is a mixture of several gases whose ratio is not

fixed, depending on the state of air temperature, air

pressure and the state of the surrounding

environment. Air contains a certain amount of

oxygen, is an essential component of life, both

humans and other living things. Normal air is a

mixture of gases including 78% N2; 20% O2; 0.93%

Ar; 0.03% CO2 and the rest consists of neon (Ne),

helium (He), methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2).

Conversely, if there is an addition of other gases that

cause interference and changes in the composition, it

is said that the air is polluted / polluted. The entry of

foreign substances or substances into the air always

causes changes in air quality. The entry of foreign

materials or substances does not always cause air

pollution. Referring to the definition, new air

pollution occurs if the entry of foreign substances or

substances causes air quality to drop to the level

where human life and animals are disturbed or the

environment does not function as it should

(Wardana, 2001).

According to PP RI No. 41 of 1999 concerning

Control of Air Pollution, the source of the causes of

air pollution (by human activities), can be grouped

into:

1. Movable sources, which is derived from

transportation / motorized vehicle activities;

2. Specific movable sources, those originating from

trains, aircraft, ships and other heavy vehicles;

3. Stationary sources, which originates from a fixed

emission source somewhere. Then these sources

are grouped back into sections, ie point source,

source source, area source, and line source.

4. Specific immovable sources, which come from

forest / land fires and waste burning.

Air quality standards are the threshold of

pollutant concentrations that are considered harmless

to living things. This air quality standard is

presented in weight per unit volume per unit time.

Relating to the maximum value of emission

concentrations in ambient air, this has been

regulated in Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999.

Nitrogen oxide is often referred to as NOx

because nitrogen oxide has two different forms of

nature, namely NO2 gas and NO gas. The nature of

NO2 gas is colorless and smelly, while NO gas is

colorless and odorless. NO2 gas color is brownish

red and smells sharp nose sting. NOx air pollution in

the air comes primarily from the combustion gases

resulting from combustion generators from

stationary power station generators or engines using

natural gas fuel. Toxicity of NO2 gas is four times

stronger than NO gas toxicity. The body organs that

are most sensitive to NO2 gas pollution are the

lungs. Lungs contaminated by NO2 gas will swell so

that people who have difficulty breathing can lead to

his death (Wardhana, 2001).

Sulfur oxide gases or often written with SOx

consist of SO2 and SO3 gas which both have

different properties. SO2 gas smells strong and not

flammable. Air that has been contaminated SOx,

causing humans to experience respiratory problems.

This is because the easy SOx gas becomes the

smoke that attacks the mucous membranes of the

nose, throat and other respiratory tract to the lungs.

The SOx gas attack causes irritation to the affected

part of the body (Wardhana, 2001).

In this study Gauss dispersion model was used to

calculate the estimated large gas pollutants. The

concentration of pollutants from gases and aerosols

(particles less than 20 microns in diameter) at x, y, z

from continuous sources with high effective H

emissions, formulated in equations:

(1)

The Exposure of Emission Gas Pollutant to Residential Area around the Industrial Area: Case Study - Medan Star Industrial Area Tanjung

Morawa Sub District, Deli Serdang District

375

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials and Tools

Equipment used in this research is divided into two

groups, namely hardware and software. The

hardware used in this research is Global Positioning

System (GPS) used to provide geographical

reference of observation location, computer used to

process, analyze data and present result of data

analysis in the form of map, digital camera used for

documentation of actual condition in field, tape

recorder / used to record interviews conducted with

resource persons, stationery is used to record data

and interviews, and printers are used to print data

and maps. The software used in this study is

Microsoft Excel 2007 used to perform tabular data

calculations, Microsoft Office 2007 is used to

present the report of research results, GIS is used to

describe the spread of emissions in the form of

maps.

Materials used in this study include

climatological data including: air temperature, wind

direction and speed, rainfall, sub-district data in

numbers, demographic data, health data and

nutritional status and ambient air measurement data

4 METHOD OF PROCESSING

AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Climatology

Climatological data processing will produce wind

speed and dominant wind direction.

4.2 Gauss Dispersion Model

The Gauss disperssiom model is used to calculate

the amount of exposure to emissions produced by

immovable and operational moving sources of MIA

Star Tanjung Morawa. The amount of exposure is

calculated based on the distance in the direction of

the dominant wind direction.

4.3 Interview with the Community

Data processing from interviews with the

community will be carried out in a tabulative

manner, while data analysis will be carried out with

quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Analysis of Calculation of

Immovable Resources

The calculation of point sources originating from the

operation of a stationary source machine such as a

boiler and generator at MIA Star Tanjung Morawa

has resulted in a pattern where the magnitude of the

emission concentration in terms of distance will be

affected by the value of x (the downwind distance

along the centerline flume of the emission source)

and the value y (crosswind distance from centerline

flume). The large concentration of emissions

generated by MIA Star Tanjung Morawa activity is

the cumulative emission generated by the companies

in the region. In detail the amount of emissions

produced at points STU-1, STU-2, and STU-3 are

listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Calculation of total emissions generated point

sources at MIA Star Tanjung Morawa.

Observation

location

Units

Emission concentration

(

µg

r/Nm

)

CO SO

STU-1 µg/Nm

3,5758 28,1175 1,9829

STU -2 µg/Nm

1,3600 9,4941 0,9067

STU -3 µg/Nm

0,4862 3,6715 0,2928

Remarks : QS according to PP No. 41 Year 1999

= 400 µgr/Nm

, CO = 30.000 µgr/Nm

, dan SO

900 µgr/Nm

Figure 1: Figure of Concentration Emission Pattern of NO

from Industrial Area at STU-1, STU-2, and STU-3.

ICNRSD 2018 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

376

Figure 2: Figure of Concentration Emission Pattern of CO

From Industrial Area at STU-1, STU-2, dan STU-3.



Figure 3: Figure of Concentration Emission Pattern of

from Industrial Area at STU-1, STU-2, dan STU-3.

Based on Table 1. it is known, to concentration

emission of NO2 on STU-1 (distance of 100 m from

the outer wall of MIA Star Tanjung Morawa to the

Northeast) at 3,575830737 μg / m3, at STU-2

(distance of 500 m from the outer wall of the Area

Medan (Star) Industry Tanjung Morawa towards the

Northeast) is 1.360011811 μg / m3, and in STU-3

(1000 m distance from the outer wall of MIA Star

Tanjung Morawa towards the Northeast) is

0.48621631μg / m3. In STU-2 it decreased from

STU-1 by 2.215819 μg / m3 or by 61.91%. In STU-

3, it decreased from STU-2 by 0.873796 μg / m3 or

by 64.24%.

Concentration Emission of CO in STU-1

(distance of 100 m from the outer wall of MIA Star

Tanjung Morawa to the Northeast) of 28.11748208

μg / m3, at STU-2 (distance of 500 m from the outer

wall of MIA Star Tanjung Morawa towards

Northeast) amounting to 9,494124521 μg / m3, and

in STU-3 (1000 m distance from the outer wall of

MIA Star) Tanjung Morawa towards the Northeast)

of 3,671518995μg / m3. In STU-2, it decreased from

SKU-1 to 18,62336 μg / m3 or 66.23%. In STU-3 it

decreased from STU-2 by 5,822606 μg / m3 or by

61,23%.

The concentration emission of SO2 at STU-1

(100 m distance from the outer wall of MIA Star

Tanjung Morawa to the Northeast) is 1.982875317

μg / m3, at STU-2 (200 m distance from the outer

wall of MIA Star Tanjung Morawa to the Northeast )

of 0.906727076 μg / m3, and at STU-3 (500 m

distance from the outer wall of MIA Star Tanjung

Morawa to the northeast) of 0.292768841 μg / m3.

In STU-2, it decreased from STU-1 by 1,076148 μg

/ m3 or by 54.72%. The STU-3 experienced a

decline from SKU-2 of 0.613958 μg / m3 or 67.77%.

5.2 Analysis of Calculation of Movable

Resources

The reference point for determining the distance of

emission source source to STU-1, STU-2 and STU-3

was taken at the center point of MIA Star Tanjung

Morawa location. The value of σ_y and σz is based

on distance (x) refers from PT F to STU-1, STU-2

and STU-3. The calculation results of the SO2, NO2

and CO emission exposure from immovable sources

in KIM Star Tanjung Morawa are listed in Table 2

Table 2: Calculation Results of exposure to SO2, NO2 and

CO emissions from mobile sources at MIA Star Tanjung

Morawa to STU-1, STU-2 and STU-3.

Parame

Unit QS

STU-1

STU-

µg/N

400

16.457

6.852

4.981

µg/N

30,0

161.44

67.21

48.86

µg/N

900 0.0145

0.006

0.004

*) Government Regulations No. 41 Tahun 1999

The Exposure of Emission Gas Pollutant to Residential Area around the Industrial Area: Case Study - Medan Star Industrial Area Tanjung

Morawa Sub District, Deli Serdang District

377

5.3 Comparison of Exposure Emissions

from Immovable Sources, Moving

Sources and Measurement Results

of the STU-1 (100 m)

Table 3: Comparison of Exposure Emissions from

immovable sources, moving sources and measurement

results of the STU-1 (100 m).

Emission

Sources

Units

Paramete

CO SO

Immovabl

e sources

µgr/Nm

3.5758 28.1175 1.9829

Movable

sources

µgr/Nm

16.4576

161.446

0.0145

Measurem

ent results

µgr/Nm

33.4500

903.000

16.7000

Quality

Standar

µgr/Nm

400 30,000 900

*) Government Regulations No. 41 Year 1999

5.4 Comparison of Emission Exposure

from Immovable Sources, Moving

Sources and Measurement Results

in STU-2 (500 m)

Table 4: Comparison of Emission Exposure from

immovable sources, moving sources and measurement

results in STU-2 (500 m)

Emission

Sources

Units

Paramete

CO SO

Immovabl

e sources

µgr/Nm

1.3600 9.4941 0.9067

Movable

sources

µgr/Nm

6.8500

67.217

0.0060

Measurem

ent results

µgr/Nm

12.030

300.00

7.4300

Quality

Standar

µgr/Nm

400 30,000 900

*) Government Regulations No. 41 Year 1999

5.5 Comparison of Emission Exposure

from Immovable Sources, Moving

Sources and Measurement Results

in STU-3 (1000 m)

Table 5: Comparison of Emission Exposure from

immovable sources, moving sources and measurement

results in STU-3 (1000 m)

Emission

sources

Units

Paramete

CO SO

Immovabl

e sources

µgr/Nm

0.4862 3.6715 0.2928

Movable

sources

µgr/Nm

4.9810 48.8640 0.0040

Measurem

ent results

µgr/Nm

5.4500

124.000

3.4900

Quality

Standar

µgr/Nm

400 30,000 900

*) Government Regulations No. 41 Year 1999

The calculations of emission exposure from mobile

sources in STU-1 for the parameters of NO2, CO and

SO2 were obtained by 16.4576 μgr / Nm3, 161,4469

μgr / Nm3, and 0.0145 μgr / Nm3, respectively. The

calculations of emission exposures from mobile

sources in STU-2 for the parameters of NO2, CO and

SO2 were obtained by 6.85 μgr / Nm3, 67,217 μgr /

Nm3, and 0.006 μgr / Nm3, respectively. The

calculations of emission exposure from mobile

sources in STU-3 for the parameters of NO2, CO and

SO2 were obtained by 4.981 μgr / Nm3, 48.864 μgr /

Nm3, and 0.004 μgr / Nm3, respectively. The results

of the calculation of the amount of ambient emission

exposure from the moving source is greater than the

immovable source. There is a difference between the

results of the calculation and the results of direct

measurement, where the large emissions based on the

calculation is smaller than the measurement results

made. The difference is caused by the existence of

other industrial activities outside the area and the

activity of vehicle transportation around the point of

measurement, especially from Medan-Tanjung

Morawa road.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the discussion in the previous

section the conclusions that can be drawn from this

study are as follows:

1. The cumulative calculation of the emission

exposure from MIA Star Tanjung Morawa

operational inactive sources at a distance of 100

m, 500 m, and 1000 m shows that the resulting

ICNRSD 2018 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

378

value will be reduced by 50 -70% at each

distance of 400-500 m.

2. The results of calculating the amount of ambient

emission exposure at a distance of 100 m, 500 m,

and 1000 m from transportation activities

(moving sources) are greater than the plant's

operational activities (non-moving sources).

3. Emission exposure at STU-1, STU-2 and STU-3

locations is not only sourced from KIM Star

Tanjung Morawa's operations, but also

influenced by industrial activities and

transportation around the activities.

4. The attitude and perception of the surrounding

community towards pollution caused by the

operation of MIA Star Tanjung Morawa is still

relatively good.

7 SUGGESTIONS

1 Considering the community's perception of

pollutant substances depends on their knowledge

/ education and experience, it is necessary to

conduct socialization to the community around

the Medan Industrial Area (MIA) Star by the

authorized agency.

2 Determination of the location of the industrial

area needs to pay attention to the distance to the

location of the residents.

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Morawa Sub District, Deli Serdang District

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