Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting

(Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi,

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

Isnaini

*, Lia Y. Budiarti

, Noor Muthmainah

, Dimas S. Baringgo

, Ririn Frisilia

Nanda Sulistyaningrum

, Irawati F. Batubara

, Wuri Sofiratmi

, Wiresa D. Renalta

Departement of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South

Borneo, Indonesia

Departemen Mikrobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South Borneo,

Indonesia

Student of Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South Borneo, Indonesia

Keywords: Melastoma malabathricum L, Karamunting, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

Abtract: Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum Linn) is native spesies from Borneo. This plant is easily found in

Borneo as shrub. M. malabathricum L has not been used optimally, only considered a pest. M.

malabathricum L contains flavonoid, saponin, tanin and alkoloid, which serve as antibacterial agents. In this

study we tested the antibacterial activity of M. malabathricum L leaves and flowers against bacteria

Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Testing of antibacterial activity using diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zone formed around the

paper disk. The results of phytochemical scheming of ethanol extract of the leaves indicates M.

malabathricum L to contain flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid, and flowers to emit flavonoid, saponin

and tannin. Profoundly, its ethanolic exttract of the leaves have the antibacterial agents respectively lead to

the most effective inhibitory effect 28.2 mm in diameter on Salmonella typhi, and that of its flowers of 27.2

mm on Escherichia coli.

1 INTRODUCTION

Melastoma malabathricum L (karamunting) is a

native species from South Borneo. This plant is

easily found in Borneo as shrub. M. malabathricum

L has not been used optimally, only considered a

pest. Based on the study, M. malabathricum L

flowers contain flavonoid, saponin, and tannin

components (Isnaini et al., 2010). Flavonoid have

activity as antioxidant (Unoufin et al., 2017),

anticancer (Raffa et al., 2017), antibacterial

(Unoufin et al., 2017).

Flavonoid contained in the flower of M.

malabathricum L, namely quercetin, kaempferol,

and antosianin (Janna et al., 2006; Isnaini et al.,

2017). Quercetin, kaempferol and anthocyanin are

antibacterial (Borrás-Linares et al., 2015; Valle et

al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017).

Each part of the plant has a different activity

because of the different content. Antibacterial

activity of melaboma malabathricum L. leaves and

flowers is unknown in bacterial Salmonella typhi

ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 Materials

The research materials used were flower and leaves

M. malabathricum, isolate Salmonella typhi ATCC

14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which was

cultured in Microbiology Laboratory of Medical

Faculty UNLAM, ethanol 70%, so that Mc conkey,

Mueller Hinton (MH), CMC-Na, sterile aquades,

blank disc paper, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI),

standard solution of Mc farland I of 3.108 cfu / ml,

standard ampicillin disk, standard chloramphenicol

disk

2.2 Extraction

Leaves and flowers of M. malabathricum L obtained

in Kelurahan Guntung Manggis, Banjarbaru, South

Kalimantan. Identification of plant species to be

studied was done by Basic Laboratory of Faculty of

Biology MIPA UNLAM with sample no. 095/TS-

02/011. Extraction was done by maceration method

using 70% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1: 5 and

soaked for 24 hours with 3 repetitions. The

Isnaini, ., Budiarti, L., Muthmainah, N., Baringgo, D., Frisilia, R., Sulistyaningrum, N., Batubara, I., Soﬁratmi, W. and Renalta, W.

Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.

DOI: 10.5220/0009846600002406

In Proceedings of BROMO Conference (BROMO 2018) - Symposium on Natural Product and Biodiversity, page 1

ISBN: 978-989-758-347-6

ethanolic extract will be evaporated using a rotary

evaporator at a low pressure with a temperature of

60 ° C until a thick ethanolic extract is obtained.

2.3 Phytochemical Screening

The phytochemical screening used ethanol extract.

The identiﬁcation of alkaloids using Dragendorff

reagent. The ﬂavonoids were identiﬁed using

magnesium. The identification of tannins were

used 1% FeCl and identification of saponin used

olive oil, if the extract have saponin will have stable

emulsion (Moreira, 1979; Buveniswari et al., 2011)

2.4 Preparation of Bacteria

The bacteria used in this study was grown on a

medium for Mc conkey. After that it was incubated

in the incubator for 24 hours at 370C. The colonies

have good colonies are selected, which form round

colonies rather convex, clear and slippery then

grown on BHI seedling for 6 hours at 37

C. Further

dilute the suspension with sterile aquades until the

turbidity is proportional to the standard of Mc

Farland I (3.108 cfu / ml).

2.5 Antibacterial Test

Microorganism standardized with Mc Farland I,

smeared with sterile cotton swabs on MH agar

medium, then blank paper disks immersed in leaves

and flowered ethanol extract of M. malabathricum L

for 3 hours were placed on MH medium then

incubated at 37° C for 24 hours . How to measure

antibacterial power by measuring the diameter of a

radical zone using a ruler in millimeters.

Replication is done 3 times.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Results of phytochemical screening of ethanolic

extract from leaves and flowers of M.

malabathricum L showed in table 1. In the extract

ethanolic from leaves of M. malabathricum L

content flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and tannin, but

in the flowers there is not have alkaloid.

Table 1: The content of phytochemical compounds on M.

malabathricum L

Compds

Leaves

Flowers

Flavonoid

Alkaloid

Saponin

Tannin

Results of activities antibacterial from ethanolic

extract from leaves and flowers of M.

malabathricum L showed in figure 1 and figure 2.

Figure 1: Zone of Growth Inhibition caused ethanolic

extract of M. malabathricum L leaves

Extract ethanolic from leaves M. malabathricum

L has the greatest activity in bacterial S. Thypii,but

extract ethanolic from flowers M. malabathricum L

has the greatest activity in bacterial E. coli.

Differences in phytochemical content of extract

ethanolic from leaves and floers cause different

activities. The extract ethanolic from flower does

not contain alkaloid compounds, so the activity

antibacterial is more effective for E. coli.

Figure 2. Zone of Growth Inhibition caused ethanolic

extract of M. malabathricum L flowers

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds. The

flavonoid derivative in the hydroxyl group in the β

ring is more active against microorganisms than in

the 2-OH group (Maftuch et al., 2016). This

suggests that the target of this component is a

lipophilic compound through a bacterial membrane.

Flavonoids have the ability to form complexes with

soluble extracellular proteins and bacterial cells

(Bilal et al., 2017). There are three mechanisms of

flavonoids, which inhibit nucleic acid synthesis,

inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function and inhibit

energy metabolism (Maftuch et al., 2016).

Alkaloids form intercellate with double helix

DNA and uncouple respiration (Bilal et al., 2017).

Tanin is a phenolic polymeric compound. The

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

antimicrobial metabolism of tannins is associated

with microbial adhesion inactivation, enzyme cell

envelope transport protein, causing toxicity in

bacterial filaments, and tannins also bind to protein

walls to inhibit bacterial growth (Pandey and

Kumar, 2013).

4 CONCLUSION

The differences in phytochemical content of leaves

and flowers of M. malabathricum L cause

differences in antibacterial activity

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

Thanks to the Medical Faculty of the University

Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin in South Borneo,

which has provided grants to this research

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Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi,

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus