Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f
Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid
Sumaiyah
1
, Masfria
2
and Aminah Dalimunthe
3
1
Department of Technology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
3
Department of Pharmacology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Keywords: Analgesic, Rhaphidophora pinnata, acetic acid, percentage of writhing movements.
Abstract: Rhaphidophora pinnata, Araceae Family, were suspected able to reduce pain. This study aimed to
determine the effect of Rhaphidophora pinnata to reduce pain by acetic acid induced writhing response in
mice. This effect was examined by the acetic acid induced writhing response in mice. The animals were
divided into five groups (n=5) and received ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves at doses of
50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, Sodium CMC 0.5% as negative control and acetosal 200 mg/kg BW as positive
control. These preparations were given orally 30 minutes before the given acetic acid 3% (w/v) as the pain
inductor. Analgesic activity was measured by counting the percentage of writhing movements. The study
showed that all of dose ethanol extract of Rhapidophora pinnata gave significant pain reduction in mice
induced by acetic acid (p<0.05) compared to control group. The effective dose was shown by ethanol
extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata 50 mg/kg BW. Ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves can
reduce pain in mice induced by acetic acid.
1 INTRODUCTION
Rhaphidophora pinnata, Araceae Family, has been
traditionally used to relieve pain,cough, anti anemia
and antirheumatic. Some study have been
conducted on this plant to prove its pharmacology
activities such as bacterial infection, cytotoxic and
antimutagenic. Chloroform fraction of this plant can
inhibit proliferation on MCF-7 cell line (Masfria,
2015; Masfria, et al, 2017; Sumaiyah, et al, 2018).
This effect arises because Rhaphidophora pinnata
leaves contained some active compound such as
flavonoids, alkaloids, glicoside tannins and saponins
(Masfria, et al, 2017). Flavonoids may be
responsible for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)
enzyme in some plant. Sixty-four papers were found
concerning the potential analgesic activity of 46
flavonoids (Xiao, et al, 2016).
COX is enzyme that is responsible for the
formation of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid
and cause pain when the body tissue damage. If pain
disturbs activity of the body, an analgesic drug is
used for the relief of pain without losing
consciousness (Hasimun, et al, 2014). Conventional
analgesic drug can cause acute or chronic renal
damage when it is used frequently. So, there is a
need for effective analgesic without causing much
of adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the
effect of Rhaphidophora pinnata to reduce pain by
acetic acid induced writhing response in mice.
2 METHODS
2.1 Materials
Rhapidophora pinnata leaves were collected from
Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia and authenticated
by Biological Department of Faculty of Math and
Science, University Sumatera Utara, Medan. The
other chemical was used in this study: Acetosal
(Bayer), Acetic Acid 3% (Merck), Normal saline
(Widatra Bakti), and ethanol 96% pro analysis.
2.2 Preparation of Plant Extract
The dried powder of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves
were extracted by ethanol 96% using percolation
Sumaiyah, ., Masfria, . and Dalimunthe, A.
Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid.
DOI: 10.5220/0009845000002406
In Proceedings of BROMO Conference (BROMO 2018) - Symposium on Natural Product and Biodiversity, page 1
ISBN: 978-989-758-347-6
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
1
method. The percolat was concentrated in a rotary
evaporator until obtained the thick extract.
2.3 Analgesic Activity of
Rhaphidophora pinnata
Animals were allowed to acclimate for 14 days in
the cage separately before getting treatment. All of
animals has been given permission by the
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of
Biological Department Of Faculty of Math and
Science, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. Fifty
five of mice were randomly divided into 5 groups of
five animals each. Every group was treated as
follows: (1) Sodium CMC 0.5% as negative control;
(2) Acetosal 200 mg/kg BW as positive control;
ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata (EERP) at
dose 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively for
group of 3-5. This preparation were given orally 30
minutes before the given 0.5 mL/20 g BW acetic
acid 3% (w/v) as the pain inductor and then all of
the animals were observed for writhing behavior
which indicated by muscular contractions and
counted every 10 minutes for 60 minutes (Hasimun,
et al, 2014; Manivannan and Aeganathan, 2016).
The percent protection of analgesic was calculated
using the formula:
% protection= 100 - { (Wt / Wn ) × 100% } (1)
Where,
Wn = Number of writhes in negative control group,
Wt = Number of writhes in test group
The percent effectivity of analgesic was calculated
using the formula:
% Effectivity= { (Wt / Wp ) × 100% } (2)
Where,
Wp = Number of writhes in positive control group,
Wt = Number of writhes in test group
2.4 Statistical Analysis
All of experimental data were expressed in multiple
comparisons of Mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed
statistically by ANOVA and considered significant
at P< 0.05.
3 RESULTS
The acetic acid-induced writhing method was a
sensitive test to evaluate the effect of analgesics
drugs on visceral pain by releasing endogenous
mediators indirectly that stimulate nociceptive
neurons such as prostaglandins into peritoneum
(Xiao, et al, 2016; Hasimun, et al, 2014). In this
study, the analgesic effect of EERP in the acetic
acid-induced writhing model was shown in Fig 1.
Figure 1. Number of writhings of acetic acid induced
writhing for 60 minutes
The number of writhing responses were
significantly reduced in mice treated at dose of 50,
100 and 200 mg/kg BW compared to negative
control. But there were not increasing analgesic
activity by increasing doses. It means that effective
dose of EERP as analgesic was 50 mg/kg BW.
The percent protection of writhing was a
parameter that describes the protection of extract
against pain compared to the control. The percent
protection of pain of the treated group was
calculated from the mean writhing count of the
treated group and control group (Hasimun, et al,
2014; Marivannan and Aeganathan, 2016). The
result showed that EERP can protect the pain by
74.58, 60.41 and 55.647% compared to control
whereas acetosal showed 81.55% (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. The percent protection of analgesic of EERP
BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity
2
The percent of effectivity of analgesic of EERP were
shown in Fig 3. The data showed that percent
effectivity of EERP 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw
were 92.80, 73.39, and 68.30 % respectely.
Figure 3. The percent effectivity of analgesic of EERP
One of the active compound that contained by
Rhaphidiphora pinnata is flavonoid. Flavonoid
inhibits the release of endogenous substances
(arachidonic acid metabolites) in inflamatory
processes. Previous study showed that quercetin,
myricitrin, hesperidin, and dihydroxy flavones have
analgetic activity through some mechanism like
inhibition of cytokine and prostglandin production
or inducing nitrooxide production (Waldiceu, et.al,
2012). The result of this experiment alleged that The
mechanism of Rhaphidophora pinnata as analgesic
was mediated by peripheral process (Hasimun, et al,
2014; Manivannan and Aeganathan, 2016; Hijazi, et
al, 2017; Couto, et al, 2011).
4 CONCLUSION
The study concluded that ethanol extract of
Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves can reduce pain in
mice induced by acetic acid.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very much indebted to University of
Sumatera Utara for the financial support by
TALENTA to carry out this study.
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Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid
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