ethnographical explanation, and 3)
ethnographical questions.
3. Making ethnographical notes, including field
notes, image recording devices, artifacts, and
other instruments, in order to describe the
cultural situation. In addition, ethnographical
notes should contain a short report, an expanded
report, field research journals, and analysis and
interpretations.
4. Asking descriptive questions that can be selected
from five types: grand tour questions, mini tour
questions, example questions, experience
questions, and original language questions.
5. Analyzing the ethnographical interviews by
applying the following sequences: 1) identifying
the problem, 2) collecting cultural data, 3)
analyzing the cultural data, 4) formulating an
ethnographical hypothesis, and 5) writing the
ethnography.
6. Making sure the domain analysis consists of
certain elements, such as a cover term, a
semantic relationship, included terms, and
boundaries.
7. Asking structural questions based on certain
principles, such as concurrence, explanation,
repetition, context, and cultural framework.
8. Carrying out a taxonomic analysis by applying
the following steps: 1) choosing the domain, 2)
identifying the substitute framework, 3)
searching the subset, 4) looking for the large
domain, and 5) making a temporary taxonomy.
9. Asking contrasting questions in order to find
different symbols.
10. Conducting a component analysis that is related
to the cultural symbols.
11. Finding the cultural theme.
12. Writing the ethnography.
4 ANALYSIS
4.1 Determining the Informants
In this research, we selected informants from Al-
Amin Islamic Boarding School as follows:
1. Ustad Najib is the Head of the Association and
Social Secretariat Office, and has the authority to
organize the fund of the santri’s parents or other
parties, managing expenses over one million
rupiah, controlling the staffing system, managing
meal expenses, and building cooperation with
outside parties.
2. Ustad Abu Abbas is the Head of the Caregiver
Board Secretariat Office and the Coordinator of
the Al-Amin Cooperative, and has the authority
to compile all budgets for book procurement
proposed by madrasah and pesantren.
3. Ustad Imaddudin is the Head of Madrasah
Aliyah (senior high school) and Al-Amin
Pesantren Cooperative (Al-Amin Koppontren),
and is responsible for authorizing the proposed
budgets for book procurement.
4. Ustad Agung is one of the teachers at Al-Amin
Islamic Boarding School, and is responsible for
creating the budgets for book procurement, along
with other teachers.
4.2 Informant Interviews
In the process of interviewing the informants, we
selected related staff who have been actively
involved with Al-Amin Islamic Boarding School for
the past three years. The detailed explanation of the
interview process is as follows:
1. The first informant was Ustad Najib, who was
interviewed twice, on August 16, 2016, and
December 28, 2016. The interview took place in
the Secretariat Office of the Association
(Mojokerto). Ustad Najib talked about the
general budget system for meal and book
expenses.
2. The second informant was Ustad Abu, who was
interviewed on November 20, 2016. The
interview resulted in a specific description
related to the budgeting system for meal and
book expenses.
3. The third informant was Ustad Imaddudin, who
was interviewed on December 25, 2016, in the
Madrasah Aliyah office. He discussed the
budgeting process for book expenses.
4. The fourth informant was Ustad Agung, who was
interviewed on December 28, 2016. He
explained the components of the book expenses
budget.
4.3 Ethnographical Notes
This field research was conducted during the period
of April 2016 to October 2017. At the beginning of
the process, we conducted an initial survey of the
budgeting system at Al-Amin Islamic Boarding
School. Then, the research topic of budgeting for
meal and book procurement expenses was
determined based on the results concerning the
percentage of spending costs, as mentioned in the
introduction section. Later, participatory observation
by Kafani Irawan has been done through joining as a
member of the finance department on April 4, 2016.